Black Writers in French: A Literary History of Negritude

Aimé Césaire Alioune Diop American André Breton Anthologie artistic assimilation authors Banjo Batouala Birago Diop black writers Cahier d'un retour Césaire's chap civilization Claude McKay colonial colored critic David Diop Editions Etienne Léro Europe European expression feel française France Frantz Fanon French Gilbert Gratiant Glissant Gratiant griots Haitian Ibid ideas influence J. P. Sartre Jacques Kesteloot L. S. Senghor L'Etudiant Noir l'homme Langston Hughes language Légitime Défense Léon Damas literary literature Madagascan magazine Martiniquan Martinique Mongo Beti native nègre negritude Negro African nigger novel original Orphée noir Ousmane Paris Paul Niger poems poésie poète poetic poetry poets political Présence Africaine published Rabemananjara race racial racism reality René Maran René Ménil retour au pays revolt rhythm Senegalese social soleil song style surrealism surrealist Suzanne Césaire terre themes tion tom-tom traditional translated Translator's note Tropiques universal West Indian West Indies Western words yeux young