China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution

administration Anhui army authorities barbarians became Boxers British Canton capital central century China China Merchants Chinese Ci-xi compradors concessions Confucian consul cotton customs districts dynasty economic Emperor enterprises factories foreign powers French Fujian Fuzhou gentry guan du shang Guangdong Guangxi Guangxu Emperor Guizhou handicraft Hankou Hong Kong Hong-zhang Hubei Hunan important industry Japan Jiangsu Jiangxi Kang You-wei land leaders lijin Manchu mandarins military million taels mines Ming missionaries missions modern Moslem Nanking Nian officials open ports Opium Wars organized peasants Peking percent political popular production profits provinces Qing railway rebellion rebels reform regions Restoration revolt scholars secret societies Shandong shang ban Shanghai Shanxi Shenxi Sichuan Sino-French Sino-French War social taels Taiping Tang Tientsin tion Tongzhi trade traditional treaty West Western yangwu movement Yuan Yunnan Zeng Guo-fan Zhang Zhi-dong Zhejiang Zhili ziqiang Zongli Yamen Zuo Zong-tang