Lichen Ecology

abundant Academic Press acid Ahti air pollution algae algal Antarctic Peninsula Antarctica apothecia Arctic areas arid Aspicilia association Australia Bacidia bark Barkman boreal boreal lichen boreal zone British Isles Bryologist bryophytes Buellia Caloplaca Canada caribou Cetraria circumpolar Cladonia colonization conizaeoides corticolous crustose lichens Culberson D. L. Hawksworth Degelius desert lichens developed dispersal dominant ecology environment environmental epiphytic fauna feed fenn Flechten foliose Follmann forest fruticose furfuraceae genera genus growth rate habitats Hale hemiboreal invertebrates Islands Kärenlampi Laundon Lecanora Lecidea Lesdain lichen communities lichen flora lichen species Lichenologist Lobaria London macrolichens mites mosses moth muralis North America northern number of species occur Ochrolechia Parmelia Parmelia saxatilis Peltigera Pertusaria Physcia phytosociological plants psocids Ramalina range regions reindeer Rhizocarpon rock saxicolous Scotter Seaward soil South southern studies substrate subzone surface tardigrades taxa taxonomic terricolous thalli Thomson trees Umbilicaria Usnea vegetation Verrucaria Xanthoria parietina