The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political RevolutionPrinceton University Press, 1994 - 338 pages When The Birth of Fascist Ideology was first published in 1989 in France and at the beginning of 1993 in Italy, it aroused a storm of response, positive and negative, to Zeev Sternhell's controversial interpretations. In Sternhell's view, fascism was much more than an episode in the history of Italy. He argues here that it possessed a coherent ideology with deep roots in European civilization. Long before fascism became a political force, he maintains, it was a major cultural phenomenon. This important book further asserts that although fascist ideology was grounded in a revolt against the Enlightenment, it was not a reactionary movement. It represented, instead, an ideological alternative to Marxism and liberalism and competed effectively with them by positing a revolt against modernity. Sternhell argues that the conceptual framework of fascism played an important role in its development. Building on radical nationalism and an "antimaterialist" revision of Marxism, fascism sought to destroy the existing political order and to uproot its theoretical and moral foundations. At the same time, its proponents wished to preserve all the achievements of modern technology and the advantages of the market economy. Nevertheless, fascism opposed every "bourgeois" value: universalism, humanism, progress, natural rights, and equality. Thus, as Sternhell shows, the fascists adopted the economic aspect of liberalism but completely denied its philosophical principles and the intellectual and moral heritage of modernity. |
Table des matières
Fascism as an Alternative Political Culture | 3 |
Georges Sorel and the Antimaterialist Revision of Marxism | 36 |
The Social Myths | 55 |
AntiCartesianism and Pessimism | 71 |
The Junction of Sorelianism and Nationalism | 78 |
Revolutionary Revisionism in France | 92 |
The Emergence of Socialist Nationalism | 118 |
Revolutionary Syndicalism in Italy | 131 |
National Syndicalism the Production Solution and the Program of Partial Expropriation | 177 |
From the Carta Del Carnaro to Fascist Syndicalism | 186 |
The Mussolini Crossroads From the Critique of Marxism to National Socialism and Fascism | 195 |
The Intellectual Realignment of a Socialist Militant | 206 |
National Socialism | 215 |
From National Socialism to Fascism | 227 |
From a Cultural Rebellion to a Political Revolution | 233 |
Notes | 259 |
The Primacy of Economic and the Revision of Marxist Economic Doctrine | 143 |
Sorel the Mobilizing Myth of the Revolutionary General Strike and the Lessons of Reality | 152 |
The SocialistNational Synthesis | 160 |
The Imperialism of the Workers The Syndicate and the Nation | 163 |
Bibliography | 315 |
327 | |
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Expressions et termes fréquents
Action française Agostino Lanzillo Alceste De Ambris Antonio Labriola Arturo Labriola Avanguardia socialista Avanti bourgeois bourgeoisie Cahiers capitalism capitalist century Cercle Proudhon class struggle conception corporatism Corradini culture democratic divenire sociale Édouard Berth elite Enrico Leone fascism Felice Fiume force France French Georges Sorel German guerra heroic Hervé historical Hulme Ibid idea ideology Il popolo d'Italia intellectual Italian revolutionary italics in original Italy Kautsky L'internazionale labor Lagardelle Lanzillo liberal democracy Marinetti Marx Marx's Marxism masses Maurras Maurrassians Méfaits des intellectuels ment Michels Milan moral Mouvement socialiste movement Mussolini myth national syndicalism national syndicalist nationalist November Olivetti opposed Orano organization Pagine libere Panunzio Pareto Paris period political popolo d'Italia principles producers proletariat reality Réflexions reformist regarded regime rejected revision of Marxism revisionism revolution revolutionary syndicalism revolutionary syndicalists role Socialist party society Sorelian strike syndicalist leaders synthesis theoreticians theory thought tion tionary Utopia Valois violence workers