Volition and Personality: Action Versus State Orientation

achievement action control action orientation action versus action-oriented subjects activities alienation analysis anxiety aspects assess assumption attributed Beckmann behavior cess Chapter cognitive complex coping correlations deci decision decision problem depression depressive mood disengagement disposition effect emotional ence evaluation expected experiment experimental external factors failure failure-related false internalizations function goal Goschke Heckhausen hypertensives impaired increased initial intention interaction jects Julius Kuhl Kuhl Kuhl's learned helplessness mediating memory ment mode of control motivation negative oriented subjects patients performance deficits personality phobic preoccupation problem processes prospective memory psychological representation rumination scale scores self-regulation self-regulatory significant sion situations social specific state-oriented individuals state-oriented subjects Stiensmeier-Pelster strategies stress subscale success Table task tation tendency tention test anxiety therapy tion tional tivation tive University of Osnabrück variables versus state orientation viduals volitional volume