splendid. But the siege being retarded by the BOOK V. want of ammunition and stores, the place did 1702. not surrender till the 12th of September.

of the

Bavaria

The necessity of the French king's affairs had Defection forced him, when the loss of Landau appeared Elector of inevitable, to grant the elector of Bavaria all his demands. No sooner had this prince decided in favour of France, than he possessed himself by stratagem of the imperial city of Ulm upon the Danube; which excited great alarm throughout the empire. The diet, after a warm debate, resolved, by a great majority of voices, to declare war against France and Spain; the emperor was addressed to proceed against the elector of Bavaria according to the established constitutions; and the ministers of Bavaria and Cologne were forbidden to appear any more in that assembly.

guen.

In consequence of the seizure of Ulm, the prince of Baden was obliged to return to the defence of the empire; and his army being weak- Battle of ened by various detachments, he took a strong Friedlinposition near Friedlinguen, where he was attacked by the marquis de Villars with a far superior force. The Germans under the conduct of this able general defended themselves with great vigor; and though the imperial cavalry were routed and broken, the enemy were finally repulsed by the unsupported efforts of the infantry,

BOOK V. who pursued almost to the bridge of Hunnin1702. guen. The prince being nevertheless under the

Campaign

in Italy.

necessity of abandoning Friedlinguen, the French king caused Te Deum to be sung for the success of his arms-the marquis de Villars being also on this occasion advanced to the dignity of a maréchal of France*.

On the side of the Moselle, the French under M. Tallard made themselves masters of Triers and Traerbach. In Italy the war was carried on by the duc de Vendome and prince Eugene with an ardent emulation of skill and valour. The city of Mantua had for a long time been blockaded by the imperial army; and the more direct passes being strongly fortified, the duc de Vendome marched through the Venetian territories, notwithstanding the protestations of the republic, to its relief. The prince, who, in consequence of the defection of the elector of Bavaria, had not received his promised reinforcements, at the approach of the enemy withdrew his forces. Philip, king of Spain, impatient to sig

*There is scarcely an engagement in the present war, respecting which the accounts differ so widely as this of Friedlinguen: for which, as a decided victory, Te Deum was sung both at Paris and at Vienna. Great bravery and military skill were undoubtedly displayed on both sides; and each had cause of triumph, but it must be confessed that the French reaped all the advantage of the battle.

1702.

Luzzara.

nalize himself in the field, had embraced the in- BOOK V. discreet resolution of assuming the command of the Italian army in person. He arrived in April at Naples, where he received, by a cardinal legate, the compliments of the pope, who nevertheless refused the investiture of the kingdom; his holiness endeavouring by this prudent conduct to preserve a good understanding with both parties-but the imperial ambassador was ordered upon it to leave Rome. The king of Spain was Battle of convoyed to Finale by the French fleet; and soon after joining the dukes of Savoy and Vendome, the united forces of France, Spain, and Piedmont, to the amount of 40,000 men, advanced to Luzzara with a view to cut off the communication of the imperialists with Mirandola and the Modenese. Prince Eugene, whose army did not exceed 30,000, marched to attack them (August 15) with the greatest intrepidity. The marquis de Feuquieres, whose accurate and scientific narrative of this engagement gives an artificial interest and importance to it, informs us, that the plan formed by prince Eugene was the most masterly that could be conceived, and failed of success by a mere accident. Such was the secrecy and rapidity of his operations, that the French had received no intelligence of his being in motion. But the prince had passed the Po, concealing his army behind the high dyke of

I

BOOK V. Zero, and designing to commence the attack as 1702. soon as the enemy had entered in full security their camp, marked out at a little distance. The dyke of Zero, forming the canal which extends from Seraglo to Rovero, was in one part carried so near the front of the French camp, that one of the adjutants thought it an advantageous post for an out-guard. This officer ascending the dyke, and taking a view of the country beyond it, saw to his amazement the enemy's infantry lying with their faces to the opposite declivity of the dyke, with all the horse in the rear ranged in order of battle. The alarm was immediately given; and the imperialists, finding themselves discovered, advanced boldly to the French camp, which they assailed with great impetuosity, and were received with equal bravery. The contest was very bloody, and the success doubtful. The French at length abandoned the field of battle; and part of their ammunition and provisions fell into the hands of the imperialists. But the prince, being weakened even by the advantage he had gained, was obliged to act on the defensive; and the fortress of Luzzara and other contiguous posts were captured by the French, who had upon the whole somewhat the advantage of the campaign, though by no means what their great superiority of numbers entitled them to expect. And king Philip,

disappointed and disgusted, returned at the end BOOK V. of the year to Spain.

1702.

ful Attempt

on Cadiz.

It remains to relate the naval exploits of the Unsuccess present summer. The confederate fleet, consisting of fifty ships of the line, with about 14,000 land-forces on board, under the command of sir George Rooke and the duke of Ormond, sailed from St. Helen's July 1st, on a secret expedition; and on the 12th of August they cast anchor before the city of Cadiz. One side of the two bays of Cadiz, both inner and outer, is formed by a narrow neck of land, which runs into the Western Ocean, three miles in length. At the extremity of this neck stands the town of Cadiz, well fortified towards the land on the east, and the bay on the north. St. Mary's is situated on the opposite shore. The inner bay, called the Pointal, formed by two points of land 700 yards distant, is commanded by two forts, called Matagorda and St. Laurent. The men of war and the galleys that lay in the outer bay retired into the Pointal, whither sir Stafford Fairborne offered immediately to follow them; but this sir George Rooke thought too hazardous: and, instead of proceeding to vigorous enterprise, several days were lost in endeavouring to obtain intelligence; in which time the most valuable effects of the Spaniards were conveyed from Cadiz to St. Mary's, and the Harrow passage between the bays rendered im