ATTORNEY-GENERAL-ATWOOD'S MACHINE.

ATTORNEY-GENERAL, the

title by which, in England and Ireland, the first ministerial law officer of the crown is known. The A. is appointed by letters patent. His office corresponds in many respects to that of the Queen's Advocate in the Court of Admiralty and of the Lord Advocate in Scotland (q. v.), though the powers of the latter are more extensive and less clearly defined. Originally, the A. was simply the king's attorney, and stood to the sovereign in the same relation that any other attorney does to his employer. The term general' was afterwards conferred to distinguish him from attorneys appointed to represent the interests of the crown in particular courts, such as the Court of Wards; or from the master of the crown office, who is called the Coroner and Attorney for the Queen.' The early history of this office is involved in obscurity. Though there can be no doubt that the crown must always have been represented by an attorney in the courts of justice, there is no trace of the existence of such an officer as the A., in the modern sense, till some centuries after the Conquest. Up to a period comparatively recent, the king's serjeant was the chief executive officer of the crown in criminal proceedings, and this circumstance gave rise to various questions of difficulty as to the right to precedency of these officers respectively. These questions were set at rest in 1811, by a special warrant by the then Prince Regent, afterwards King George IV., by which it was declared that both the attorney and solicitor general should have place and audience before all other members of the English bar. A similar question arose in a Scotch appeal in the House of Lords in 1835, between the A. and Lord Advocate, which was also decided in favour of the former. The following may be enumerated as the principal duties of the A.: 1st, To exhibit informations and conduct prosecutions for crimes which have a tendency to disturb the peace of the state or endanger the constitution (see PLEAS OF THE CROWN); 2d, To advise the government on legal questions; 3d, To conduct prosecutions and suits relating to the revenue; 4th, To file informations in the Exchequer for personal wrongs committed on any of the possessions of the crown; 5th, To protect charitable endowments in the sovereign's name, as parens patriæ, and, generally, to appear in all legal proceedings in which the interests of the crown are at stake. The attorney and solicitor general are two of the Commissioners of Patents (q. v.) ex officio. The powers of the solicitor-general are co-ordinate with those of the A., and in the absence of the latter, or during a vacancy, the former may perform his functions in all their extent. Both usually have seats in the House of Commons, and their tenure of office concurs with that of the government of which they are members. They were formerly paid by fees, but now by fixed salary.

A. alone, or repulsion alone-for this, too, has been attempted. The idea of an attractive force acting as the bond of the universe was first introduced as a scientific hypothesis by Newton, and was violently combated by Leibnitz and others.

ATTRIBUTE, in the Fine Arts, is a species of

symbol, consisting of a secondary figure or object Neptune, or the owl of Minerva. Attributes serve accompanying the principal figure-as the trident of to mark the character meant, and add to the significance of the representation. The necessity of using them lies in the limited means of expression possessed by the formative arts. Attributes may be either essential or conventional. Essential attributes have some real relation or resemblance to the object stand alone as symbols-as the bee, representing or idea to be expressed; and are often such as could distinguished from symbols, are such as are signifidiligence. Attributes, in the strictest sense, and as cant only in connection with a figure, to which they in a manner belong; e. g., the wings of genii, the finger on the mouth of Harpocrates. The last is an example of an accidental or conventional A., of which kind are also the anchor, to express hope; the cross, faith. Common attributes in Christian art are the harp for King David, and writing materials for the evangelists, especially St John.

ATTRIBUTE, in Logic, is used to denote the opposite of substance. The latter is considered to be self-existent, while the former can only be conceived as possessing a dependent existence. Attributes are commonly said to belong to substances. Thus, wisdom, holiness, goodness, and truth are termed attributes of God, who is Himself regarded as the substance in which they inhere; in the same way, whiteness is called an A. of snow.

A'TWOOD'S MACHI'NE, an instrument for illustrating the relations of time, space, and velocity in the motion of a body falling under the action of gravity. It was invented by George Atwood or Attwood, a mathematician of some eminence, who was born in 1745, educated at Cambridge, became fellow and tutor of Trinity College in that university, published a few treatises on Mechanics and Engineering, and died in 1807. It is found that a body falling freely, passes through 16 feet in the first second, 64 feet in the first two seconds, 144 feet in the first three seconds, and so on. Now, as these spaces are so large, we should require a machine of impracticable size to illustrate the relations just mentioned. The object of A. M. is to reduce the scale on which gravity acts without in any way altering its essential features as force. The machine consists essentially of a pulley, P an accelerating (see fig. 1), moving on its axis with very little friction, with a fine silk cord passing over it, susThe duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, and the extremities. taining two equal cylindrical weights, p and g, at its The pulley rests on a square wooden county palatine of Durham, have separate attorney-pillar, graduated on one side in feet and inches, generals. which can be placed in a vertical position by the ATTRACTION is the general name for the force levelling-screws of the sole on which it stands. Two or forces by which all bodies, from the minutest stages, A and B, slide along the pillar, and can particles to the largest planets, suns, and systems of be fixed at any part of it by means of fixing-screws. suns, tend to approach, or are drawn towards (ad, to; One of these stages, A, has a circular hole cut tractus, drawn) one another, and when in contact, into it, so as to allow the cylinder, p, to pass freely are held together. The term is generic, embracing a through it; the other is unbroken, and intercepts the vast variety of facts, which are subdivided under five passage of the weight. A series of smaller weights, heads or species of A. These are-1. Gravitation; partly bar-shaped, partly circular, may be placed on 2. Cohesion; 3. Adhesion; 4. Chemical Affinity; the cylinders in the way represented in figs. 2 and 5. The attractions of Electricity, Magnetism, &c. 3.. A pendulum usually accompanies the machine, See GRAVITATION, COHESION, &c. Attempts have to beat seconds of time. The weight of the cylin been made to deduce all these phenomena from one ders, p and g, being equal, they have no tendency to principle of A., modified by an opposing force of rise or fall, but are reduced, as it were, to masses repulsion, but as yet without success. Still less without weight. When a bar is placed on p, the can they be explained by assuming only one force-motion that ensues is due only to the action of

B

3

Atwood's Machine.

AUBE-AUBER.

increments of velocity in equal times. By means of the bar and the stage A, we are thus enabled to remove the accelerating force from the falling body at any point of its fall, and then question it, as it were, as to the velocity it has acquired.

gravity upon it, so that the motion of the whole must be considerably slower than that of the bar falling freely. Suppose, for instance, that p and g are each 74 ounces in weight, and that the bar is 1 ounce, AUBE, the name of a river and a department of the force acting on the sys-France. The river A., a tributary of the Seine, rises tem-leaving the friction and inertia of the pulley north-west course by Rouvres, La Ferté, Bar, and near Pralay, on the plateau of Langres; flows in a out of account-would be Arcis; and falls into the Seine at Pont-sur-Seine, of gravity, or the whole after a course of 90 miles.-The department of A., would move only 1 foot in which occupies the southern part of the old province the first second, instead of of Champagne, and a small portion of Burgundy, is 16. If the bar be left free bounded on the N. by the Marne; on the E. by the to fall, its weight or mov- Haute-Marne; on the S.W. by the Yonne; and on ing force would bring its the N.W. by the Seine-et-Marne. The eastern part own mass through 16 feet belongs to the basin of the A.; the western, to the basin the first second; but when of the Seine. Area, 2351 square miles. Pop. 255,687. placed on p, this force is The climate is mild, moist, and changeable; but on exerted not only on the the whole healthy. A great portion of the area mass of the bar, but on is arable land. The north-east is chiefly applied that of p and g, which is to pasturage; but the south-east is far more 15 times greater, so that fertile, rich in meadow-land and forest, and proit has altogether 16 times more matter in the second ducing grain, hemp, rape, hay, timber, and wine. case to move than in the limestone, marl, and potters' clay. In minerals, the department possesses little besides The chief first, and must, in conse- manufactures are woollen cloth, cotton and linen quence, move it 16 times goods, ribbons and stockings, leather, parchment, more slowly. By a proper &c. The sausages and bacon of A. have long been adjustment of weights, famous. Troyes is the capital of the department. the rate of motion may be made as small as AUBENAS, a town in France, in the department we please, or we can of Ardèche. It is picturesquely situated on the reduce the accelerating right bank of the Ardèche, 14 miles south-west from force to any fraction of Privas, in the middle of the volcanic region of gravity. Suppose the weights to be so adjusted Vivarais. It looks well from a distance; but the that under the moving force of the bar or circular streets, with the exception of one traversed by the weight the whole moves through 1 inch in the first diligence, are narrow and crooked, the squares small, second, we may institute the following simple and the houses very irregularly built. An old and experiments: Experiment 1.-Place the bar on p, rapidly decaying wall, flanked with towers, girds and put the two in such a position that the lower the town, which contains an ancient castle. A. is the surface of the bar shall be horizontally in the same principal mart for the sale of chestnuts and silk in plane as the 0 point of the scale, and fix the stage A the department. Several important fairs are also at 1 inch. When allowed to descend, the bar will held here. It possesses in addition manufactures of accompany the weight, p, during one second and silk, paper, cotton, coarse cloths, leather, &c., the for 1 inch, when it will be arrested by the stage A, machinery of the mills being driven by water. Pop. after which p and g will continue to move from the 4647. momentum they have acquired in passing through the first inch. Their velocity will now be found to be quite uniform, being 2 inches per second, illustrating the principle that a falling body acquires, at the end of the first second, a velocity per second equal to twice the space it has fallen through. Exp. 2.-Take, instead of the bar, the circular weight, place the bottom of p in a line with the 0 point, and put the stage B at 64 inches. Since the weight accompanies p throughout its fall, we have in this experiment the same conditions as in the ordinary fall of a body. When let off, the bottom of the cylinder, p, reaches 1 inch in 1 second, 4 inches in 2 seconds, 9 inches in 3 seconds, 16 inches in 4 seconds, 25 inches in 5 seconds, 49 inches in 7 seconds, and 64 inches and the stage in 8 secondsshewing that the spaces described are as the squares of the times. Exp. 3. If the bar be placed as in Exp. 1, and the stage A be fixed at 4 inches, the bar will accompany the weight, p, during two seconds, and the velocity acquired in that time by p and g will be 4 inches per second, or twice what it was before. In the same manner, if the stage A be placed at 9, 16, 25, &c. inches, the velocities acquired in falling through these spaces would be respectively 6, 8, 10, &c. inches-two inches of velocity being acquired in each second of the fall. From this it is manifest that the force under which bodies fall is a uniformly accelerating force—that is, adds equal

AUBER, DANIEL FRANÇOIS ESPRIT, a composer of operas, was born at Caen in Normandy, January 29, 1784. His father was a printseller in Paris, and being desirous that his son should devote himself to business, he sent him to London to acquire a knowledge of the trade. But his irresistible passion for music obtained the upper-hand, and after a short stay, he returned to Paris. Among his earliest compositions may be noticed-the concertos for the violoncello, ascribed to Lamare the violoncellist; the concerto for the violin, played by Mazas with great applause at the Conservatory of Music, Paris; and the comic opera, Julie, with a modest accompaniment for two violins, two altos, and a bass. These works were very successful; but A., aspiring to greater things, now devoted himself to a deeper study of music under Cherubini, and wrote a mass for four voices. His next work, the opera Le Séjour Militaire (1813), was so coldly received that A. grew disheartened, and resolved to abandon the idea of reaching eminence as a musical composer. However, the death of his father compelled him to be dependent on his own resources; and in 1819 appeared Le Testament et les Billets-doux, which was also unsuccessful; but in La Bergère Châtelaine he laid the foundation of his subsequent fame. In all these early essays, as well as in the opera of Emma (1821), he displayed an original style; but afterwards he became an imitator of Rossini,

AUBIGNE-AUBUSSON.

and disfigured his melodies with false decorations of convicts sometimes exceeds 800; and their labour and strivings for effect. All his later works, except- is said to be generally equal to the expenses of the ing La Muette de Portici (Masaniello), produced establishment. in 1828, are written with an assumed mannerism, but in a light and flowing style, with many piquant melodies which have made the tour of Europe. The operas Leicester (1822), La Neige (1823), Le Concert à la Cour, and Leocadie (1824), Le Maçon (1825), Fiorella (1826), La Fiancée (1829), Fra Diavolo (1830), were followed by a series of lighter works: L'Elixir d'Amour, Le Dieu et la Bajadère, Les Faux Monnayeurs, &c.; the later operas, Gustave ou le Bal Masqué, Le Lac des Fées, Le Cheval de Bronze, Les Diamants de la Couronne, La Part du Diable, La Sirène, and Haydée, exhibiting the same popular qualities as their predecessors; but their interest is evanescent, as they are deficient in depth of thought and feeling. His later works are Jenny Bell (1855), and Manon Lescaut (1856). In 1842, A. was appointed director of the Conservatory of Music, Paris. He died May 14, 1871.

AUCH-AUCTION.

AUCH, the capital of the department of Gers, in the south of France, situated on the river Gers, 42 miles west of Toulouse, lat. 43° 38' N., long. 0° 35' E. Pop. 9414. It is the seat of an archbishop, and possesses a museum of natural science, together with an old and beautiful cathedral, the painted windows of which are greatly admired. Its chief articles of trade are woollen and cotton stuffs, fruits, wine, and brandy.

In ancient times, it was called Elimberis; and at a somewhat later period took its name from the Auscii, whose chief town it was. In the 8th c., it became the capital of Gascony, and later, of the county of Armagnac.

AUCHE'NIA (from the Gr. auchen, the neck), a genus of ruminating quadrupeds, of which the Llama (q. v.) and the Alpaca (q.v.) are the best known. The genus is exclusively South American; indeed, the species occur only on the lofty ranges of the Andes. They are nearly allied to the camels, and may be regarded as their representatives in the zoology of America. They form, along with them, the family Camelida (see CAMEL), and were included by Linnæus in the genus Camelus. They agree with the camels in certain important anatomical characters, particularly in the structure of the stomach; and also resemble them very much in general form, in the long neck, small head, prolonged and movable upper lip, and small apertures of the nostrils. They differ from them partly in dentition, and partly in the more cloven feet and movable toes. The nails, also, are stronger and curved, and each toe is supported behind by a pad or cushion of its own; by all which the feet are admirably adapted for the rocky heights which the animals inhabit. The genus A. is by some naturalists called Llama.

AUCHTERA'RDER, a village in the south-east of Perthshire, on the west side of the Scottish Central Railway. Pop. (1871) 3795, chiefly employed in cotton-weaving. The popular opposition to the presentee to the church of A. originated (1839) the struggle which ended in the secession from the Church of Scotland and the formation of the Free Church in 1843.

AUCKLAND, BISHOP, a small town in the middle of the county of Durham. Pop. (1871) 8736. It stands on an eminence, 140 feet above the plain of the Wear. A. contains the abbey-like palace of the Bishop of Durham.

of the Principles of the Penal Law (1771, 8vo); Four Letters, addressed to the Earl of Carlisle, on temporary political subjects (1779); Remarks on the Apparent Circumstances of the War (1795); Speech on the Income-tax (1799); Speech in Support of the Union with Ireland (1800); and other pamphlets.

AUCKLAND, EARL OF, GEORGE EDEN, governorgeneral of India, son of William Eden, Lord Auck1814 as Lord A.; and in November 1833 joined land, born August 25, 1784, succeeded his father in Earl Grey's administration. In July following, in Lord of the Admiralty. He vacated that office in Viscount Melbourne's first ministry, he became First November of the same year, but was appointed to it again in 1846. In 1835 he went out to India as governor-general. He returned to England in 1841, and died unmarried, January 1, 1849.

AUCKLAND, the most northern of the provinces of New Zealand, includes fully a half of North Island, and is about 400 miles long by 200 wide, at its greatest breadth. A. has a coast-line of nearly 1200 miles; and is, in addition, remarkable for its rivers, which serve as carriage-ways for the produce of the interior. Pop. (1871) 62,335. There are three almost natural divisions of this province: North Peninsula, East Coast, and the Waikato Countrythe latter two being mainly in the hands of the natives. minerals exist in A. The supply of an excellent Gold, copper, tin, iron, coal, and other household coal is plentiful; and springs of kerosene oil, tested to be good, have been found, but not yet worked to profit. The export of wool is large, and on the increase. The principal agricultural products are wheat, oats, barley, hay, and potatoes.

AUCKLAND, the largest city of New Zealand, capital of the above-named province, in lat. 36° 50' S., and long. 174° 50′ E., was, till some years ago, capital of New Zealand, when the seat of government was transferred to Wellington, the chief city of the province of the same name. A. is distant from Sydney 12,036 miles; from Melbourne, 1650; and keeps up steam communication with these two cities. Picturesquely situated, its position for commerce is also excellent, as in addition to its harbour of Waitemata, it possesses also a western harbour, the Manakan, six miles distant. A. contains a well laid out botanical garden, and shews numerous public buildings, government house, barracks, &c. It supports three daily papers. A. was founded in 1840. Population (1871) 12,937. The temperature appears to be singularly equable. The mean of the coldest month is 51° F., and that of the warmest 68°. The annual rainfall is 45 inches; and the days of rainfall average 100.

AUCKLAND ISLANDS, a group of islands to the south of New Zealand, being about the 51st parallel S., and the 167th meridian E. The largest of them measures 30 miles by 15. It has two good harbours, and is covered with the richest vegetation. The A. I. are valuable chiefly as a whaling station, being at the confluence, as it were, of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.

AUCKLAND, LORD, WILLIAM EDEN, an able statesman and diplomatist, third son of Sir Robert Eden, Bart., of West Auckland, Durham, born in 1744, educated at Eton and Oxford, and called to the bar in 1768. In 1772, he became Under-secretary of State, and one of the directors of Greenwich Hospital; was chosen M.P. for Woodstock; and in March 1776 appointed a lord of trade. In 1778, he was nominated, with the Earl of Carlisle and Governor Johnstone, a commissioner to treat with the insurgent colonists of North America, but without success. When the former was, in December 1780, named Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, he accompanied him as chief secretary, and remained there AUCTION (Lat. auctio). The character of this till April 1782. Accredited in 1785 minister pleni- convenient mode of offering property for sale is potentiary to the court of France, he concluded a correctly indicated by the name. The Latin word commercial treaty with that country in September auctio means an increasing or enhancement,' and 1786; and in the following August signed a conven- an A. is an arrangement for increasing the price tion for preventing disputes between the subjects of by exciting competition amongst purchasers. What the two crowns in the East Indies. In 1788, he is called a Dutch Auction, in which the usual mode of went as ambassador to Spain; and on his return proceeding is reversed, the property being offered in October 1789, he was created an Irish peer as at a higher price than the seller is willing to accept, Baron A. In 1790 he was ambassador to Holland, and gradually lowered till a purchaser is found, and in May 1793 was created a British baron. From is thus no A. at all in the original and proper 1798 to 1801, he was joint Postmaster-general. He sense of the term. The A. is of Roman origin, and died suddenly, May 28, 1814. A. was the author is said to have been first introduced for the purpose

AUCTIONEER-AUDE.

of disposing of spoils taken in war. Such sales were said to take place sub hastâ (under the spear), from the custom of sticking a spear into the ground, probably to attract purchasers to the spot. Conditions of Sale,' or Articles of Roup, as they are called in Scotland, constitute the terms on which the seller offers his property, and form an integral part of the contract between seller and purchaser. The contract is completed by the offer or bidding on the part of the purchaser, and the acceptance by the seller or his representative, which is formally declared by the fall of the auctioneer's or salesman's hammer, the running of a sand-glass, the burning of an inch of candle (hence the term 'sale by the candle'), or any other means which may have been specified in the conditions of sale. These conditions or articles ought further to narrate honestly and fully the character of the object or the nature of the right to be transferred, to regulate the manner of bidding, prescribe the order in which offerers are to be preferred, and to name a person who shall be empowered to determine disputes between bidders, and in cases of doubt to declare which is the purchaser. Before the sale commences, these conditions, which are executed on stamped paper, are read over, or otherwise intimated to intending purchasers. The conditions, thus published, cannot be controlled by any verbal declaration by the auctioneer. The implied conditions, which, in addition to those thus expressed, are binding on the seller and purchaser in all auctions, are: 1. That the seller shall not attempt to raise the price by means of fictitious offers, but shall fairly expose his goods to the competition of purchasers; and 2. That the purchasers shall not combine to suppress competition. Much doubt has arisen as to the lawfulness of biddings for the exposer. The exposer may set a price below which the thing is not to be sold, which is best and most openly done by fixing an upset price, or he may expressly reserve to himself a power to offer. 'But if the sale is declared to be without reserve, or at the pleasure of the company, the plain meaning and effect of this, even in England, is held to be to bar all biddings in behalf of the seller.' In Scotland, the law condemns absolutely such interference.' It has been said, that if there be no upset price, and no agree ment to sell at the pleasure of the company, the owner may bid, but that is not law, or is at least too broadly laid down.' Bell's Commentaries, i. 97, edit. 1858. The A. duties were repealed by 8 and

9 Vict. c. 15.

Cornacea (q. v.), of which the only known species is A. Japonica, an evergreen shrub resembling a laurel, but with dichotomous or verticillate yellow branches, and, as seen in Europe, always with pale green leaves curiously mottled with yellow. It is diœcious, produces its small purple flowers in summer, and ripens its fruit, a small red drupe, in March. It is a native of China and Japan, and was originally introduced into Britain as a stove-plant, but is found to be at least as hardy as the common laurel, and is now a very common ornamental shrub, especially in the suburbs of large towns, a sort of situation for which it is particularly adapted, as it is very little liable to suffer injury from smoke. It is often called the Variegated Laurel. The mottled appearance of the leaf is said, however, not to belong to the plant in its ordinary natural state; but only this variety has yet been brought to Europe, and of it only the female plant.

He

AUDÆ'US, AUDI'us (or, according to his native Syriac name, Udo), the founder of a religious sect in Mesopotamia, flourished during the 4th c. commenced by accusing the regular clergy of worldliness, impure morals, &c., and is said to have opposed to their manner of life a strict asceticism, until his conduct seemed dangerous to the welfare of the church, when he was excommunicated. His disciples, who were pretty numerous, now clung more closely to him, and he was elected their bishop. In 338 A.D., he was banished to Scythia, where he instituted a kind of rival church, and where he died about 370 A. D. Our knowledge both of his character and opinions is derived solely from inimical authorities, such as Augustine, Athanasius, &c., and is therefore to be accepted with caution. But his labours amongst the fierce barbarians in the north are acknowledged to have been beneficial, and one writer, Epiphanius, states that he ought to be considered schismatical, but not heretical. But if the leading feature of his system was, as is alleged, a decided tendency to anthropomorphism, we cannot see-according to the principles upon which the church usually proceeded-why he should not have been so called. He is said to have held that the that God has a sensible form-a doctrine deemed language of the Old Testament justifies the belief heretical in all ages of the church's history. This particular tenet took firm hold on many minds, and in the subsequent century, was widely spread through the monasteries of Egypt.

AUDE (Atax), a river in the south of France, rises in the east Pyrenees, not far from Mont Louis; flows for some time parallel to the canal of Languedoc; and falls into the Mediterranean 6 miles east-northeast of Narbonne, after a course of more than 120 miles.

AUCTIONEER, the person who conducts an auction (q.v.). The A. is in a certain sense the agent both of seller and purchaser, and by the fall of his hammer, or by writing the purchaser's name in his book, he binds him to accept the article sold at the price indicated. The A. may also, and frequently does, act as agent for absent purchasers, or for persons who have instructed him to make biddings for them during the sale. In both cases, however, the purchaser must be bonâ fide, otherwise the A. would himself become a 'puffer.' 'As to the circumstances in which he may bid for the seller, Where the A. declines or omits to disclose the seller's name, he undertakes his responsibilities to the purchasers. To the seller, again, he is responsible for ordinary skill, assiduity, and prudence. Every A. pays an annual duty of £10 to government for his licence, which must be renewed on the 5th July; though there are certain judicial sales which may be conducted by bailiffs without licence (see 19 Geo. III. c. 56, s. 3, and later Stamp Acts). AU'CUBA, a genus of plants of the natural order The chief town is Carcassone.

see AUCTION.

The

France. It comprises some old counties' which forAUDE, a maritime department in the south of merly constituted a portion of the province of Languedoc. Pop. (1872) 285,297. Area, 2438 sq. m. southern part of A. is mountainous, but the greater portion of it belongs to the valley of the lower A. and formed by the Black Mountains, the most southerly the canal of Languedoc. Its northern boundary is offsets of the Cevennes. The coast is flat, with no bays or roadsteads, but several lagunes. The climate is warm, but variable. The mountains are composed of granite, while the soil of the plains is chiefly calcareous, and about the coast-where salt and soda are procured-is extremely fertile, producing cereals, olives, fruits, and wines. A. is rich in iron silk manufactures are of considerable value. There and coal, and mineral springs. The woollen and is likewise a considerable export of corn, honey, &c.