probably because these problems did not immediately confront the leaders, and in the later annexations of Louisiana and Florida the principle was not followed a fact attributable, perhaps, to the sparsely populated condition of those territories. It may be thought that the case of the union of Wallachia and Moldavia into Rumania should have been omitted, and indeed the author is aware of having possibly stretched a point in including it as a change of sovereignty. The Principalities were, however, called sovereign States, although they were under Turkish suzerainty, and effected their union of two sovereignties into one by means of two appeals to popular vote. The case has been included because it presents the first, and so far the only, instance of an international commission to administer a vote. Of the cases included, those of the French Revolution and of Italy are instances of separation and integration. Savoy and Nice in 1860, the Danish West Indies in 1867, St. Bartholomew in 1877, and Tacna and Arica, still unsettled, are instances of cession which involve separation and integration. Moldavia and Wallachia are an instance of union or, perhaps, integration. Schleswig is an instance of division and cession, a project long discussed and still unfulfilled. The last case, that of Norway, is an instance of separation of a technically sovereign State from a technically voluntary union and therefore presents a novel problem of change of sovereignty. The term plebiscite in its common meaning connotes universal male suffrage. In many of the cases included which obviously belong within a discussion of the doctrine of self-determination the vote was by a limited suffrage and was usually for delegates, instructed as a rule, to an assembly ad hoc. This is true of most of the votes of the French Revolution, of Moldavia and Wallachia, the Italian votes of 1859 and that of the Ionian Islands. In the Italian votes of 1848, 1860, 1866 and 1870 a plebiscite in the accepted sense was used. The electorate included practically the whole male Italian population, whether literate or not. This was also true in Savoy and Nice, and in the votes of St. Bartholomew and the islands of St. Thomas and St. John. In all the cases where the original text of the documents has been available it has been given. Extracts have been made where space could be economized without sacrificing accuracy in presentation. The translations are, as far as possible, taken from well-known sources, such as the British Parliamentary Papers. Where there is no statement of the source of the translation it has been made especially for this monograph. Care has been used in correcting these translations and in harmonizing the translation of corresponding words in different languages, but doubtless mistakes and inconsistencies occur. Owing to the numerous citations the title of each work is cited only in the first reference. In succeeding references it is referred to by the author's name only. In each case the full title will be found in the list of authorities. The legends, names of countries, places, rivers, etc., on the accompanying maps have been left in the language used on the original maps of which they are reproductions. I am most deeply indebted to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace for making possible the publication of such an extensive work, and to the skillful advice of Dr. Scott in its original planning. The better to interpret the numerous problems presented, I have availed myself of the kindly assistance of many people-historians, international lawyers and diplomatists — to all of whom I also wish to express the warmest gratitude. As for the invaluable aid and courteous assistance given by the several librarians to whom I have taken baffling questions, no acknowledgment would be adequate. WASHINGTON, D. C., March 6, 1919. S. W. CONTENTS xxvii xxix Draft Decree of Charles Francois Bouche for "the Irrevocable Union of the Comtat . 173 Second Report of the Committees on Avignon Regarding the Union of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin with France, and Discussion by the Assembly, April 30-May 4, 1791 188 Preliminaries of Peace and of Conciliation Agreed on and Signed by the Deputies of the Electoral Assembly of the Municipalities of Avignon and of Carpentras, and of the Army of Vaucluse, called the Army of Avignon, in the Presence of the Mediating Commissioners of France, Deputed by the King, June 14, 1791 ... 212 Letter of the Mediators to the President of the National Assembly at Bédarides . 215 Letter to the Communes, Sent by the President of the Assembly at the Request of Formal Minute of the Communal Assembly of Séguret, August 11, 1791 Report of Le Scène des Maisons on his Mission as Mediator, September 10, 1791 . Fourth Report of the Committees on Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin, September Proclamation of General Montesquiou to the People of Savoy, September 21, 1792 . 269 Letter of General Montesquiou to the Minister of War, and Discussion Regarding First Draft Decree Reported by the Diplomatic Committtee. Regarding the Con- duct to be Prescribed to the French Generals in Enemy Countries; October 24, 1792. 283 |