The Logic of Scientific DiscoveryPsychology Press, 2002 - 513 pages Described by the philosopher A.J. Ayer as a work of 'great originality and power', this book revolutionized contemporary thinking on science and knowledge. Ideas such as the now legendary doctrine of 'falsificationism' electrified the scientific community, influencing even working scientists, as well as post-war philosophy. This astonishing work ranks alongside The Open Society and Its Enemies as one of Popper's most enduring books and contains insights and arguments that demand to be read to this day. |
Table des matières
Causality Explanation and the Deduction of Predictions | 12 |
Strict and Numerical Universality | 13 |
Universal Concepts and Individual Concepts | 14 |
Strictly Universal and Existential Statements | 15 |
Theoretical Systems | 16 |
On the Problem of a Theory of Scientific Method | 27 |
Some Possibilities of Interpreting a System of Axioms | 51 |
Levels of Universality The Modus Tollens | 54 |
ChanceLike Sequences Objective Probability | 163 |
Bernoullis Problem | 164 |
The Law of Great Numbers Bernoullis Theorem | 168 |
Bernoullis Theorem and the Interpretation of Probability Statements | 171 |
Bernoullis Theorem and the Problem of Convergence | 173 |
Elimination of the Axiom of Convergence Solution of the Fundamental Problem of the Theory of Chance | 176 |
The Problem of Decidability | 181 |
The Logical Form of Probability Statements | 183 |
Falsifiability | 57 |
Methodological Rules | 61 |
Logical Investigation of Falsifiability | 64 |
Falsifiability and Falsification | 66 |
Occurrences and Events | 68 |
Falsifiability and Consistency | 72 |
The Problem of the Empirical Basis | 74 |
Concerning the SoCalled Protocol Sentences | 76 |
The Objectivity of the Empirical Basis | 79 |
Basic Statements | 82 |
The Relativity of Basic Statements Resolution of Friess Trilemта | 86 |
Theory and Experiment | 88 |
Degrees of Testability | 95 |
How are Classes of Potential Falsifiers to be Compared? | 97 |
Degrees of Falsifiability Compared by Means of the Subclass Relation | 99 |
The Structure of the Subclass Relation Logical Probability | 100 |
Empirical Content Entailment and Degrees of Falsifiability | 103 |
Levels of Universality and Degrees of Precision | 105 |
Degrees of Testability Compared by Reference to Dimensions | 110 |
The Dimension of a Set of Curves | 115 |
Two Ways of Reducing the Number of Dimensions of a Set of Curves Simplicity | 116 |
Elimination of the Aesthetic and the Pragmatic Concepts of Simplicity 42 The Methodological Problem of Simplicity | 122 |
Simplicity and Degree of Falsifiability | 126 |
Geometrical Shape and Functional Form | 128 |
The Simplicity of Euclidean Geometry | 129 |
Conventionalism and the Concept of Simplicity | 130 |
Probability | 133 |
The Problem of Interpreting Probability Statements | 134 |
Subjective and Objective Interpretations | 135 |
The Fundamental Problem of the Theory of Chance | 138 |
The Frequency Theory of von Mises | 139 |
Plan for a New Theory of Probability | 141 |
Relative Frequency within a Finite Class | 143 |
Selection Independence Insensitiveness Irrelevance | 145 |
Finite Sequences Ordinal Selection and Neighbourhood Selection | 147 |
nFreedom in Finite Sequences | 148 |
Sequences of Segments The First Form of the Binomial Formula | 152 |
Infinite Sequences Hypothetical Estimates of Frequency | 154 |
An Examination of the Axiom of Randomness | 159 |
A Probabilistic System of Speculative Metaphysics | 188 |
Probability in Physics | 190 |
Law and Chance | 198 |
The Deducibility of Macro Laws from Micro Laws | 200 |
Formally Singular Probability Statements | 202 |
The Theory of Range | 206 |
Some Observations on Quantum Theory | 209 |
Heisenbergs Programme and the Uncertainty Relations | 211 |
A Brief Outline of the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Theory | 216 |
A Statistical ReInterpretation of the Uncertainty Formulae | 218 |
An Attempt to Eliminate Metaphysical Elements by Inverting Heisenbergs Programme with Applications | 224 |
Decisive Experiments | 232 |
Indeterminist Metaphysics | 243 |
Corroboration or How a Theory Stands up to Tests | 248 |
Concerning the SoCalled Verification of Hypotheses | 249 |
Criticism of Probability Logic | 252 |
Inductive Logic and Probability Logic | 261 |
How a Hypothesis may Prove its Mettle | 264 |
Corroborability Testability and Logical Probability | 268 |
Remarks Concerning the Use of the Concepts True and Corroborated | 273 |
The Path of Science | 276 |
APPENDICES | 281 |
Definition of the Dimension of a Theory | 283 |
The General Calculus of Frequency in Finite Classes | 286 |
Formula | 290 |
Examination of an Objection The TwoSlit | 297 |
Remarks Concerning an Imaginary Experiment | 305 |
i Two Notes on Induction and Demarcation | 312 |
of Probability | 325 |
vi On Objective Disorder or Randomness | 369 |
viii Content Simplicity and Dimension | 392 |
Statistical Tests | 402 |
x Universals Dispositions and Natural | 440 |
xi On the Use and Misuse of Imaginary | 464 |
xii The Experiment of Einstein Podolsky and Rosen | 481 |
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| 492 | |
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Expressions et termes fréquents
a₁ a₂ absolute probability accepted according appendix argument assert assume assumption atomic atomic statements axiom system basic statements believe Bernoulli's theorem Boolean Boolean algebra calculus of probability called Carnap chance-like concept Conjectures and Refutations construct contradict criterion of demarcation criticism deduced defined definition degree of confirmation degree of corroboration derived discussed Einstein elements empirical science epistemology example fact falsifiable finite formula frequency theory given Heisenberg hypothesis idea imaginary experiment independence inductivist infinite initial conditions knowledge logical probability mathematical means measure ments metaphysical method momentum n-tuple natural laws objective observation obtain occur p(ab particle philosophy physical position possible Postscript postulate precision predictions prob probability statements probability theory problem problem of induction quantum theory random Refutations relative frequencies result rule S₁ satisfied scientific selection sense sequence simplicity singular statements tautology testable tests theorem tion universal statements zero