CHORLEY-CHOUANS. characters the epidemic dancing mania,' which, the C. far exceed anything attempted a century in Italy, was called Tarantism (q. v.). CHO'RLEY, a town in Lancashire, on a hill on the Chor, 9 miles south-south-east of Preston. It has an ancient parish church, supposed to be of Norman origin, and manufactures of cotton-yarn, jaconets, muslins, fancy goods, calicoes, and ging hams. In the vicinity are several coal-mines, a lead-mine, besides mines and quarries of iron, alum, slates, millstones, &c. Pop. in 1871, 19,824. sion. ago; but this is not always an advantage, for the tempi must necessarily be taken much more slowly, which has a sluggish effect; while increase in the number of voices does not always produce a greater voices from the pope's chapel, who sang at the power of sound. The C. of thirty-five well-trained coronation of Napoleon I., in the cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, produced a far greater and more wonderful effect when they entered singing the Tu es Petrus, than another Č. of hundreds of voices, and eighty harps, that had been assembled and trained for the same occasion, in expectation of surpassing all that man could imagine. The greater the number, the greater is the difficulty in obtaining unity.-C., in organ-building, is the name given to stops of the mixture species, some of which contain 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more pipes to each note, tuned at consonant intervals in relation to the fundamental stops. CHO'RUS, among the ancients, meant a band of singers and dancers employed on festive occasions of great pomp, and also in the performance of tragedy and comedy on the stage. In the time of the Attic tragedy, the C. consisted of a group of persons, male and female, who remained on the stage during the whole performance as spectators, or rather as witnesses. When a pause took place in the acting, the C. either sang or spoke verses having reference to the subject represented, which CHOSE IN ACTION, in the law of England, served to increase the impression or sensation pro- is that kind of property which consists not in posduced by the performers. At times, the C. seemed session, but in the legal right to possess. As this to take part with or against the persons in the right can, in general, be vindicated and made availdrama, by advice, comfort, exhortation, or dissua-able only by means of an action, the property In early times, the C. was very large, some- to which it relates, whether real or personal, is times consisting of upwards of fifty persons, but called a thing (res or chose) in action, to distinguish afterwards it was much reduced. Its leader was it from a thing already in possession. Money due termed the Coryphæus. The charge of organising upon bonds and bills, goods bought and not yet it was considered a great honour among the citizens delivered, are examples of choses in action, as is of Athens. The person appointed for this purpose also the right to compensation for damage occasioned was called the choragus. The honour was very by breach of contract. By the strict rule of the expensive, as the choragus had to pay all the ancient common law, no chose in action could be expenses incurred in training the members of the assigned or granted over, because it was thought to C. to perform their parts efficiently. They were, be a great encouragement to litigiousness, if a man besides, fed and lodged by him during training-time, were allowed to make over to a stranger his right of and he had also to provide for them masks and going to law. [See CHAMPERTY.] But this nicety dresses. At times, the C. was divided, and spoke is now not so far regarded as to render such a transor sang antiphonally. These divisions moved from action really ineffectual. It is, on the contrary, side to side of the stage, from which movement in substance, a valid and constant practice; though, originated the naming of the single songs or stanzas, in compliance with the ancient principle, the form such as Strophe, Antistrophe, and Epode. How the of assigning a chose in action is in the nature of a musical element of the ancient C. was constituted declaration of trust, and an agreement to permit or composed, is not known with any certainty. the assignee to make use of the name of the assigner, Possibly, it was only a kind of rhythmical declama- in order to recover possession. The king is an tion, and doubtless very simple. It was accom- exception to this general rule, for he might always panied by flutes in unison. With the decline of either grant or receive a chose in action by assignthe ancient tragedy, the C. also fell into disuse; and ment; and our courts of equity, making the rule only lately has there been an attempt to produce itself give way to the expediency, in a commercial the same on the stage in the manner of the ancients, point of view, of facilitating the transfer of property, as, for example, in Schiller's Bride of Messina. The allow the assignment of a chose in action as freely music which has been set in modern times to some and directly as the law does that of a chose of the Greek tragedies, does not give the least idea in possession.'-Stephen's Commentaries, ii. p. 45. of the original music. One would imagine that the more convenient and philosophical arrangement would be, by the interposition of the legislature, to make law conform at once to equity and expediency. In modern times, by C. is understood the union of singers or musicians for the joint performance of a musical work. C. is also the name given to a musical composition for numerous voices, either with or without accompaniment, and intended to express the united feelings of a multitude. The musical C. is the only artistic means by which a simultaneous movement or sentiment of a multitude can be represented in the drama, the language or text being always of a simple rhythm, permitting only of a limited movement suited to the combination of a multitude. It is, however, not always necessary that every part of the C. should manifest the same feeling or sentithent. Two or more parts of the C. may act against each other, as suits the purport of the drama. Double, triple, and quadruple choruses are found in the old Italian compositions for the church. In modern times, the C. is much used, and with great effect, in operas, especially those of Meyerbeer and Wagner. In the oratorio, the C. is of the greatest importance, and the numbers now employed to sing ... CHO'TA NAGPO'RE, or NAGPORE THE LESS, a district in the sub-presidency of Bengal, between lat. 22° 28′-23° 40' N., and long. 83° 54' -85° 56′ E. It contains about 5300 square miles, and is estimated to have about 250,000 inhabitants. The country is chiefly an undulating plateau 3000 feet above the sea. Coal and iron are found, but are not worked. The natives are little better than barbarians some of the tribes, females as well as males, going entirely naked. From the elevation of the tract, the temperature varies more considerably than in most parts of India, ranging in winter from 32° to 62°, and in summer from 78° to 98°. CHOTY'N, or CHO'CZIM. See KнOTIN. CHOUANS were bands of insurgent Royalists, who, during the French Revolution, organised a reactionary movement in Brittany. They obtained their name from their leader, Jean Cottereau. This CHOUGH-CHRIST. person, who had been a smuggler, went by the name nostrils covered with stiff bristles directed forward, of Chouan-a corruption, it is said, of chat-huant ('screech-owl ')-because, while he and his accomplices were engaged in their nocturnal work, they were wont te warned of their danger by some one on the watch imitating the cry of this bird. At the period of the revolt, however, he followed the humble occupation of a clog-maker. The first indications of an anti-revolutionary spirit in Brittany manifested themselves in the beginning of 1791, when several trees of liberty were destroyed at night, and other more serious outrages committed. These disturbances were fomented by seditious priests. In 1792, an insurrection was planned by the Marquis de la Rouarie, with the sanction and approval of the two brothers of Louis XVI. The agents of the marquis entered into communications with Jean Cottereau-well known for the reckless audacity of his character-and other smugglers; but having the misfortune to be arrested, the carrying out of the insurrection devolved upon the latter. The Chouanerie, as the insurrection was called, at first disgraced itself, both by the drunken licence and the cruelty which marked it. After several successful exploits of the guerrilla sort, Jean Cottereau perished in an engagement which took place on the 28th July 1794, near the wood of Misdon, the theatre of his first efforts. Before this, however, other and more illustrious leaders had appeared in Brittany to direct the movement, the chief of whom were Georges Cadoudal (q. v.) and Charette. Through their endeavours it was more widely extended, and for a time seemed likely to imperil the security of France, but was suppressed towards the close of 1799. Petty spurts of insurrection, however, broke out till about 1803, when the Chouanerie ceased for awhile. In 1814 1815, it again made its appearance on both banks of the Loire; and after the July revolution, was once more excited by the Duchess of Berry on behalf of the Duke of Bordeaux, but crushed by the energetic measures taken by M. Thiers. CHOUGH (Fregilus), a genus of birds of the crow family (Corvidae), but approaching to the characters and appearance of the starlings (Sturnide). Chough The length of the bill has induced some naturalists, among whom was Cuvier, to place them beside the noopoes, but this is now generally regarded as an error; they agree with crows in having their and in their habits. The beak is longer than the head, strong, arched, and pointed. The tail is slightly rounded. The only European species is the common C., sometimes called the Cornish C., or Red-legged Crow (F. graculus), a widely distributed but very local bird, inhabiting the Swiss Alps, the high mountains of Spain, of Greece, of India, and of Persia, the south of Siberia, the north of Africa, and some parts of the British sea-coasts; but almost exclusively confined to situations where there are high cliffs. In these it generally makes its nest; sometimes, however, in ruined towers. Its long hooked claws enable it to cling easily to a rough rock, but it seems unwilling even to set its feet on turf. It lives in societies like the rook. It feeds on insects, berries, grubs, and grain. It is easily tamed, becomes very familiar and forward, and exhibits in the highest degree the curiosity, the pilfering disposition, and the delight in brilliant or glittering objects, which also characterise others of the crow family.-Other species of C. are known, natives of Australia, Java, &c. Some naturalists unite the chocards and the choughs into one genus. CHOYA. See CHAY ROOT. CHRISM (Gr. chrisma, ointment) is the name given to the oil consecrated on Holy Thursday, in the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches, by the bishop, and used in baptism, confirmation, orders, and extreme unction. There are two kinds of C.-the one, a mixture of oil and balsam, is used in baptism, confirmation, and orders; the other, which is merely plain oil, is used in extreme unction. 6 CHRI'SOME, the name of the white vesture laid by the priest on the child in former times at baptism, to signify its innocence. It was generally presented by the mother as an offering to the church, but if the child died before the mother was churched' again, it was used as a shroud. By a common abuse of words, C. came to be applied to the child itself. A C. child is a child in a C. cloth. As late as Jeremy Taylor (Holy Dying, c. i., s. 2), we have the following: Every morning creeps out of a dark cloud, leaving behind it an ignorance and silence deep as midnight, and undiscerned as are the phantasms that make a chrisome child to smile.' CHRIST, a title of our Saviour (see JESUS), now in general use almost as a name or as part of his name. It is originally Greek, signifies anointed, and corresponds exactly in meaning and use with the Hebrew word MESSIAH (q. v.); so that this title given to Jesus of Nazareth, is an acknowledgment of him as the Saviour long promised to the house of Jacob and to the human race. As prophets, priests, and kings were anointed on being called to their several offices (1 Kings i. 34, 39; 1 Sam. xvi. 13; Exod. xxix. 7), so the Saviour was anointed as at once prophet, priest, and king; the Holy Spirit, often represented under this figure, being given to him to qualify his human nature for all that belonged to his mediatorial office and work. The whole system of Christianity depends on the doctrine of the PERSON OF CHRIST. An essential difference necessarily exists on almost every point between the systems of doctrine maintained by those who do and by those who do not acknowledge a union of the divine and human natures in his person. Some of the early heretics maintained an opinion, which has long ceased to have any sup porters, that the body of C. was not a real body, but a mere visionary appearance. See DOCETE and GNOSTICS. The opposite extreme is that of Socinians (q. v.), by whom C. is regarded as a mere man; whilst Arians (q. v.) regard him as in his CHRIST. pre-existence-i.e., before his incarnation-the highest of all created beings; and according to the generally received doctrine of Christians, he is 'God and man in two distinct natures and one person.' This doctrine, of course, bears a most intimate relation to that of the TRINITY (q. v.); and all who hold the divinity of Jesus Christ, regard him as the incarnate Second Person of the Godhead. The proof of the whole doctrine may almost be said to consist simply in a proof of the divinity of C.; his real humanity, although equally important, being no longer disputed. And this proof is found, not so much in particular texts which directly assert the divinity of C.-although such texts are important-as in the multitude of texts which imply it, and admit of no reasonable or natural explanation apart from it; and in shewing that certain doctrines are taught in Scripture which cannot be maintained without this. The ancient Apollinarians, Eutychians, Monophysites, &c., regarded C. as having only one nature -a compound of the divine and human; but such a notion as that C. had only a human body, the divine nature supplying the place of a soul, is held to be subversive of the whole Christian system; and his human nature, to be real, must be viewed as consisting both of a true body and a true soul. His human nature never existed, however, apart from his divine nature, and was conceived by the power of the Holy Ghost.' Closely connected with this subject is that of the humiliation and consequent exultation of C., in his character of mediator between God and man; a subject, to the former branch of which belongs the whole doctrine of the work of C. for the redemption of sinners, including the great doctrine of ATONEMENT (q. v.). To the latter belongs the doctrine of the reward of his work, in his sitting at the right hand of God, and having all things put under his feet; not only exercising dominion as king in his church, but over all things for the advancement of the salvation of his church, and of every member of it; while also He sends forth the Holy Spirit to apply to men the blessings which, as the reward of his work, He has mediatorially obtained for them; and still continuing to act as a priest, makes continual INTERCESSION (q. v.), founded upon his work and sacrifice. · expelled and their countries which they might discover, to be held under the protection of Portugal. At length, their wealth and power excited the jealousy of the kings of Portugal; their future acquisitions, and. subsequently, even their actual possessions, were declared to be crown possessions, and the offices of adminstrator and grand-master were transferred to the crown. A fine cloister belonging to the order is still to be seen at Tomar, to which place the seat of the order was transferred from Castro-Marino in 1366. Noble descent, and three years' military service against the infidel, were required for admission. The members took the three monkish vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, till the pope released them from the first two, on condition of their applying the third part of their revenues to the support of Tomar cloister, the priests of which were bound by the three vows. This cloister is now a theological institution for the instruction of the priests of the order. It is said that the order still possesses 26 villages and farms, and 434 prebends. It is very numerous are admitted, from its rules. The star and CHRIST, ORDER OF, IN CHRIST, ORDER OF, IN PORTUGAL When the Templars were from France, property confiscated by Philippe le Bel, with the sanction of Pope Clement V., they were received into Portugal, and their order revived in 1317, under the title of the Order of our Lord Jesus Christ.' With CHRIST, PICTURES OF. To some difficulty, Pope John represent the form and counXXII. was induced to sanc- tenance of C. in a manner that tion the new order. The shall even approximate to the Knights of the Order of latent ideal in the minds of Christ joined the Portu- men, is unquestionably the Badge of the Papal guese in all their crusades most sublime and the most against the infidel, and difficult work which an artist also in their African and can undertake. It is the highest pictorial effort of Indian expeditions, receiv- the creative faculty. From a very early period in the ing in compensation con- history of the church, we can trace the growth of the tinual additions to their endeavour. At first, indeed, the horror entertained own possessions. The grand for the idols of the pagans, must have inspired Badge of the Portuguese prior of the order was Christians with an aversion to images or pictures Order of Christ. invested by Pope Calixtus of the Saviour. Gradually, however, as paganism III. with power equal to disappeared, and time removed C. further from his that of a bishop; and, as an encouragement to people, this feeling would subside, and the longing adventure, the knights were promised all the would arise to possess some representation of hini Order of Christ. CHRIST CROSS ROW-CHRIST-CHURCH. on which the eye might rest with pious delight. When Christian art originated we cannot precisely say; it is usually dated from the time of Constantine. Nevertheless-as Lord Lindsay remarks, in his Sketches of the History of Christian Art (Lond. 1847) it would be more correct to say that it then first emerged above ground; its earliest efforts must be sought for in the catacombs.' In these subterranean excavations, forming a maze of unknown extent and labyrinthine intricacy, to which the Roman Christians had recourse in the days of persecution, are to be found the first traces of Christian sculpture and painting. The sarcophagi of the martyrs and confessors, of the heroes and heroines, of the bishops, and, in general, of those of higher mark and renown, were painted over with the symbols and devices of Christianity. The parables were the chief source from which Supposed earliest Picture of Christ: From a Ceiling in the Catacombs of St Calixtus at Rome. C. these sepulchral artists drew their symbols. is painted as the good shepherd in the midst of his flock, or, with pastoral pipe,' seeking the lost sheep, or returning with it on his shoulders. Sometimes he figures as an ideal youth in the bloom of his years, sometimes as a bearded man in the prime of life, sometimes as Orpheus surrounded by wild beasts enrapt by the melody of his lyre. Such pictures, however, were only symbolical, and did not satisfy the religious craving for a portrait. The age of Constantine marks the transition from the symbolical to the pseudo-historical picture. We now find C. represented in the midst of his disciples, or in the act of performing a miracle; but it is not till about the close of the 4th c. that we actually encounter that type of countenance which, with certain modifications, continued to rule the conceptions of artists during the whole of the middle ages. To vindicate this type, myths, at a later period, sprang into existence; and we read of a portrait of C. possessed by King Abgarus of Edessa, and imprinted on a handkerchief, and of another miraculously obtained by St Veronica at the Crucifixion; but there is as little foundation for these legends as for that which attributes to the evangelist Luke such a picture. The Emperor Alexander Severus (230 A.D.) is said to have possessed in his palace an image of Christ. An antique mosaic, probably of the 3d c., which exists in the Museo Christiano of the Vatican-where are to be found A also some specimens of the frescoes of the catacombs gives an idea of the manner in which the heathen artists expressed their notion of Christ. He is depicted as a bearded philosopher in profile. letter which Lentulus, the predecessor of Pilate, is declared to have written to the Roman senate, but which is evidently apocryphal, attributes to C. a figure and countenance of manly beauty. Towards the middle of the 8th c., John of Damascus gives a description which he pretends to have gathered from more ancient authors. According to him, C. was tall, had beautiful eyes, but the eyebrows meeting; a regular nose, flowing locks, a black beard, and a sandy or straw-coloured complexion, like his mother. Among the most ancient representations of C. which profess to be portraits, are the two paintings in the Calixtine and Pontine catacombs near Rome, and which are given in Arighi's Roma Subterranea Nova. The Saviour is there represented with an oval visage, a straight nose, arched eyebrows, and high forehead. The expression is earnest and mild; the hair is parted on the forehead, and falls over the shoulders in waving locks; the beard is short and scattered. These two busts agree with the apocryphal letter of Lentulus, and the artist or artists who executed them, may possibly have employed it as a model. The majority of the Byzantine and Italian painters, down to the age of Michael Angelo and Raphael, adhered to this type. CHRIST or CRIS CROSS ROW, the alphabet arranged in the form of a cross, for the use of children; and so printed, in old 'horn' books, or primers. The letter A was at the top, and Z at the foot of the cross. CHRISTCHURCH, a parliamentary and municipal borough and seaport on the English Channel, in Hampshire, on the south-west border of the New Forest, at the head of the estuary formed by the Avon and Stour, 24 miles south-west of Southampton. It has manufactures of fusee chains for clocks and watches, and of hosiery. It has also a salmon-fishery. The priory church, one of the most interesting and magnificent of English ecclesiastical structures, was partly built on an ancient foundation by Flambard, Bishop of Durham, in the reign of William Rufus. It was altered and added A battery of artillery to in subsequent reigns. is generally stationed in the commodious barracks. The borough comprises two favourite wateringplaces, Mudeford and Bournemouth. traces here of a Roman temple to Mars. Christchurch estuary and bay has a double tide every twelve hours. There is a shifting bar at the mouth, with at times only five or six feet of water. Hengistbury, or Warren Head, two miles to the southeast of Christchurch, contains a remarkable mass of ironstone in five concretionary beds. The stone is quarried and sent to Wales to be smelted. Pop., 1871, 15,415. It returns one member to parlia ment. There are CHRIST-CHURCH, THE CATHEDRAL OF, (Oxford). This great society has had three distinct foundations. In 1526, Cardinal Wolsey obtained from Clement VII. a bull for the suppression of 22 monasteries, the site of one of which he selected as the site of a new college, to be called Cardinal College, and which he intended to endow on a scale of magnificence beyond that of any other foundation in Oxford. On the fall of Wolsey in 1529, the whole establishment came into the hands of King Henry VIII. In 1532, that prince refounded it under the name of King Henry VIII.'s College, and in 1546, he once more re-established the college, under the name of Christ-Church Cathedral in Oxford, or the Foundation of King Henry VIII., with a dean CHRISTENING-CHRISTIAN CHARITY. and 8 canons, 60 students, 40 school-boys, clerks, choristers,' &c. This foundation is now subsisting, though it has undergone considerable modifications. To none of the canonries were any duties assigned by King Henry VIII. From time to time, how ever, the canonries have been annexed to various university professorships, more particularly one to the professorship of divinity, by King James I.; one to the professorship of Hebrew, by King Charles I.; and one to the professorships of ecclesiastical history and pastoral theology respectively, by Queen Victoria. following, C. found himself forced to flee for refuge to the Netherlands, and his uncle Fredrick I. (q. v.), the introducer of the Reformation into Denmark, elected king in his place. Encouraged, however, by the Catholic party in the Netherlands, and assisted by Charles V., C. landed successfully in Norway in 1531; but at the battle of Aggerhuus in 1532, he was totally defeated, and made prisoner in the castle at Sonderburg, from which he was liberated after twelve years of confinement. He died 28th January 1559. His CHRISTIAN IV., king of Denmark and Norway, Several changes were introduced by the commis- and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, born in Zealand, sioners appointed under 17 and 18 Vict. c. 81. There 12th April 1577, and elected successor to the throne is now only one sinecure-enjoying canon. When he in 1580. He assumed the sceptre in 1593. From is off the list, no one may hold a canonry save a 1610 he carried on a successful war, known as the professor, the archdeacon, or the sub-dean. The Kalmarian war, against Charles IX. of Sweden, and studentships are now 101 in number, and are, as his successor, Gustavus Adolphus, which ended in before, divided into junior and senior studentships, an advantageous peace in 1613. As leader of the differing considerably as to emolument. All these Protestants in the Thirty Years' War, C. was not are now open, the old system of appointment by successful. His labours for the improvement of his nomination having been abolished. Three junior country, in which he was indefatigable, were, howstudents are elected every year at Whitsuntide, and ever, most beneficial. He strengthened its maribesides these, two are sent up yearly from West-time power; extended its commerce as far as the minster. The senior studentships are also open, East Indies, where he obtained the first possessions; with the usual limitations of independent income and by restrictions upon the Hanse towns, greatly and conformity. Of these, however, only a third increased the inland trade of the country. can be held by laymen. The studentships were legislative and financial reforms, together with his very poor; the junior about £25, the senior about love and patronage of the arts and sciences, gained £80 per annum, but an improvement in this respect for him the esteem of his people, especially of the has been included among the recent changes. Some learned. He died in 1648. valuable exhibitions, however, and 22 benefices, are in the gift of the society. In 1860, there were about 750 names on the college books. statutes were given to C., owing to the death of the king having taken place shortly after the final foundation of the college. It is, in consequence, entirely governed by the orders of the dean and chapter, to the total exclusion of the tutors. To this separation of the governing from the teach-government. The management of the state was, in ing body, as well as to the small value of the studentships, may be ascribed, in great measure, the want of success in the schools, which has, for many years past, brought discredit on this magnificent society. No CHRISTENING, a term often used as equivalent to Baptism (q. v.). It is disliked by some, and of course liked by others, as favouring the doctrine of baptismal regeneration; being, indeed, according to its derivation, expressive of the notion that a person is made a Christian in baptism. But, like many other terms, it is frequently employed without reference to its origin, and without any intention of conveying the opinion which it might be strictly held to imply. CHRISTIAN VII., king of Denmark, son of Fredrick V. and Louisa of England, born 29th January 1749. He succeeded to the throne of his father 14th January 1766, and in the same year married Caroline Matilda, sister of George III. of England. The dissipations of his early life had enfeebled his energies, and rendered him unfit for consequence, seized by his ministers, with Count Bernstorff, who had possessed the entire confidence ever, was soon forced to retreat before Struensee of the king's father, at their head. Bernstorff, how (q. v.), who exercised unbounded influence over the king and his imprudent young queen. But innovations of a despotic tendency, and insults offered to the national feeling, soon drew upon this minister the hatred of the nation. The queen-dowager seeing this, made it an occasion for satisfying her ambitious nature, by attaching herself to the malcontents; and in 1772 she succeeded, with the assistance of her son, Fredrick (b. 1754, d. 1805), in persuading the vacillating king to draw up an order of arrest for Struensee and the young queen. Bernstorff was recalled from Hamburg. The king, who was now incapacitated by mental disease, governed only nominally. In 1784, his son, Fredrick VI. (q. v.), with the queen-mother. C. died 13th March 1808. came to the head of the government, as joint regent CHRISTIAN BURIAL. See BURIAL and FELO DE SE CHRISTIAN II., king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, born at Vyborg, in the island of Funen, 2d July 1481. He ascended the throne of Denmark in 1513. Shortly after his marriage in 1515, with a sister of the Emperor Charles V., a young Norwegian peasant-girl, with whom C. was in love, died, or, as it was believed, was murdered. That natural CHRISTIAN CHARITY, KNIGHTS OF THE ferocity, for which C. was surnamed the Angry, ORDER OF, in France. King Henry III. having burst forth most furiously on this occasion. He instituted the order of the Holy Ghost for princes caused the governor of the castle, Torben Oxe, the and persons of distinction, founded the order of suspected murderer, to be beheaded. He afterwards C. C. for the support of maimed officers and declared open war against Sweden, took Stockholm soldiers, who had done good service in the wars. through fraud, and had himself crowned king. But He assigned revenues to the order, drawn from all the cruel vengeance and treachery of C. after this the hospitals in the kingdom. The knights wore event excited the indignation of that country, which, on the left breast an anchored cross embroidered headed by Gustavus Wasa (q. v.), succeeded in driv- on white taffety or satin, with a bordeur of blue ing out the Danes, liberating itself from the yoke of silk, and in the middle of the cross a lozenge of the House of Kalmar, and finally electing Gustavus sky blue charged with a fleur de lis or. Wasa (in 1523) to the throne. In Denmark, too, the completion of the institution was reserved for aristocracy had risen, and an insurrection in Jütland | Henry IV., who placed it under the charge of the The |