CREVECOEUR-CRICHTON. to renounce the fatigue of teaching. He died at Heidelberg, 15th February 1858. C.'s whole lite has been devoted to the study of antiquity. His first, and probably his greatest work, was Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, besonders der Griechen (4 vols., Leip. 1810-1812). This treatise, which asserted the symbolical character of ancient mythologies, excited a lively controversy, in which Hermann and Voss appeared as the opponents of Creuzer. His next work in importance was a complete edition of the works of Plotinus (3 vols., Oxford, 1835). Along with G. H. Moser, C. edited several works of Cicero-De Natura Deorum (1818), De Legibus (1824), De Republica (1826), and De Divinatione (1828), &c. Between 1837 and 1848, he published a partial collection of his writings in 10 vols. (Deutsche Schriften. Leip. and Darms.), the last of which contains an autobiography of C. under the title Aus dem Leben eines alten Professors. He is also the writer of essays on archæological topics too numerous to be mentioned. In 1854 appeared Friderici Creuzeri Opuscula Selecta. CREVECOEUR (Heart-breaker), the name of a Dutch port in the province of North Brabant, on the left bank of the Meuse, where this river receives the Dieze, about 4 miles north-north-west of Boisle-Duc. It figures somewhat prominently in the wars of the Dutch and Spaniards. CREVILLE'NTÉ, a town of Spain, in the province of Alicante, about 20 miles west-south-west of the city of that name. It is situated at the foot of the hills forming the boundary of Murcia, and has a population of about 7000, who are chiefly engaged in weaving and in agricultural pursuits. CREW, of a ship, is a collective name for all the persons employed therein, but usually limited to designate non-commissioned officers and scamen only. In men of war, the entire C. are divided into five groups: 1. Subordinate and warrant officers; 2. Chief petty officers; 3. First-class working petty officers; 4. Second-class working petty officers; 5. All below the 4th group. In the very largest war-steamers now afloat, there are upwards of 80 different ranks, grades, or offices among the crew. Besides the above classification of all the hands on board as members of one C., there are certain minor groups, each consisting of men employed in special work; such as the sailmaker's C., cooper's C., armourer's C., carpenter's C., cockswain's C., boatswain's C., &c. In a merchant-ship, under the new Mercantile Marine Act, the master, before he starts on a voyage, must send a list of his C. to the customs' comptroller at the port of departure, and a similar list within forty-eight hours after his return. The masters of coasting-vessels, however, are required to do this only twice a year. Emigrant officers insist that ships to Australia shall have four seamen as C. to every 100 tons burden, and three to ships bound for America. In the large sea-going steamers, however, the number of hands is relatively greater, owing to the various duties relating to the machinery; a steamer of 1000 tons will have as many as 60 or 70 hands, if bound for a long voyage. CREWE, a town in the south of Cheshire, forming a central station of five important railways, to which it owes its present importance. Pop. 4491, chiefly employed in the railway stations and foundries, and in the manufacture and repairing of railway carriages and locomotives. and surrounded by a wide amphitheatre of highly cultivated hills. Pop. 4498. The chief manufactures are sailcloth, sacking, hair-seating, webbing, and girths. Its weekly markets, and annual fair, which is held on September 4th, for sheep, cattle, and horses, are much frequented and well supplied. The word C. means 'hermitage of the cross.' CRI'BBAGE is a game with cards, played by two, three, or four persons, the whole pack being used. When three are engaged, each plays for himself; when four, they take sides. The valuo of the cards is the same as at whist; but there are five or six, the mode of playing the game varying no trumps. The number of cards dealt is usually slightly with the number of cards used. The points are scored on a board with holes for pegs, and 61 constitutes game. The terms used in the gate are as follow: Crib, the cards laid out by each party, the points made by them being scored by the dealer. Pairs are two similar cards, as two aces or two kings; they reckon for two points, whether in hand or playing. Pairs royal are three similar cards, and reckon six points. Double pairs royal are four similar cards, and reckon twelve points. These various points are thus made: if your adversary plays a seven, and you another, a pair is made, which entitles you to two points; if he then play a third seven, he makes a pair royal, and marks six; and if you play a fourth seven, it constitutes a double pair royal, and entitles you to twelve points. Fifteens.-If any combination, whether of two or more cards, in your hand, or in play, make together fifteen, such as a ten and a five, a two, a five, and an eight, &c., you reckon two points. Sequences are three, four, or more successive cards, and reckon for an equal number of points; and in playing a sequence, it is of no consequence which card is played first; for instance, if your adversary plays an ace, and you a five, he a three, you a two, and he a four, he scores five for the sequence. Flush is when the cards are all of one suit, and reckons for as many points as there are cards. A knave of the same suit as the turn-up card counts for one in any hand. If a knave be turned up, it counts two for the dealer. For full directions for playing the game, see Chambers's Information for the People, article Indoor Amusements.' CRI'B-BITING is a bad habit met with especially in the lighter breeds of horses, and those spending a considerable amount of leisure in the stable. The act consists in the animal seizing with his teeth the manger, rack or any other such object, and taking in at the same time a deep inspiration, technically called wind-sucking. C. springs often from idle play, may be first indulged in during grooming, especially if the operation is conducted in the stall, and the animal be needlessly teased or tickled; is occasionally learned, apparently, by imitation from a neighbour; and in the first instance is frequently a symptom of some form of indigestion Its indulgence may be suspected where the out margins of the front teeth are worn and rugged, and will soon be proved by turning the animal loose where he can find suitable objects to lay hold of. It usually interferes with thriving and condition, and leads to attacks of indigestion. It can be prevented only by the use of a muzzle or throat-strap; but in those newly acquired cases resulting from gastric derangement, means must further be taken to remove the acidity or other such disorder. CRICETUS. See HAMSTER. CREW KERNE, a town in the south-east of CRICHTON, JAMES, surnamed the 'ADMIRABLE, Somersetshire, in the fertile valley of the Parret was a native of Scotland, where he was born in and Isle, 10 miles south-south-west of Ilchester, | 1551, or, according to others, in 1560. His father, CRICHTON-CRICKET. 10 10 OFF SIDE. 7 08 6 ON SIDE. 11 Robert Crichton of Elliock, in the county of Perth, may be well to mention here that the relative was Lord Advocate of Scotland from 1561 to 1573. merits of rival sides are decided by the total number On the mother's side, C. was descended from the old Scottish kings, a circumstance of which he used to boast on the continent. He was educated at St Andrews University. Before he reached his 20th year, he had, it seems, 'run through the whole circle of the sciences,' mastered ten different languages, and perfected himself in every knightly accomplishment. Thus panoplied in a suit of intellectual armour, C. rode out into the world of letters, and challenged all and sundry to a learned encounter. If we can believe his biographers, the stripling left every adversary who entered the lists against him hors de combat. At Paris, Rome, Venice, Padua, Mantua, he achieved the most extraordinary victories in disputation on all branches of human knowledge, and excited universal amazement and applause. The beauty of his person and the elegance of his manners also made him a great favourite with the fair; while, as if to leave no excellence unattained, he vanquished, in a duel, the most famous gladiator in Europe. The Duke of Mantua, in whose city this perilous feat was performed, Names of parties indicated by the figures:** Batters; 1, appointed him preceptor to his son, Vincentio di Gonzago, a dissolute and profligate youth. night, during the carnival, C. was attacked in the streets of Mantua by half-a-dozen people in masks. He pushed them so hard that their leader pulled off his mask, and disclosed the features of the prince. With an excess of loyalty which proved his death, C. threw himself upon his knees, and begged Vincentio's pardon, at the same time presenting him with his sword. The heartless wretch plunged it into the body of his tutor. Thus perished, in the 22d year of his age, the Admirable Crichton.' One What measure of truth there may be in the hyperbolical eulogies of his biographers, it is impossible to determine, as C. left no writings by which they might have been judged. Plan of Cricket-field, shewing positions of parties engaged at double wicket: Bowler; 2, Wicket-keeper; 3, Long-stop; 4, Short-slip; 5, Long-slip; 6, Point; 7, Cover-point; 8, Mid-wicket; 9, Long Field-off; 10, Long Field-on; 11, Leg; 00, Umpires; tt, Scorers. This is the usual placing of the field-men, but bowlers make such alterations as they deem best to oppose the batters. of runs made by each eleven batters during two innings-the side whose players score the most being, of course, victorious. We may further premise that the bowler's object is to direct his ball, by a swift movement of the arm, towards the opposite wickets, at which one of the batsmen stands, and, if possible, to strike down the stumps or knock off the bails; while the object of the batsman, on the other hand, is to protect his wickets from the bowler's attack, by either stopping the ball when it reaches him (blocking), or driving it out to the field. And much of the beauty of the game depends upon the precision with which the bowler can direct ball after ball in a straight line for the wickets, and the corresponding skill displayed by a good batsman in guarding them. : CRICKET (of doubtful derivation), a well-known game, is of very ancient date. The author of the Cricket Field-one of the best manuals on the subject -believes it to be identical with Club-ball,' a game played in the 14th c.; it went originally by the name of handyn and handoute.' C. is a truly We will now suppose the two batsmen to be at national English game. There is hardly a town, their places, the bowler at his, ball in hand, and the village, or school, that does not own its C. ground, other players arranged in theirs at a signal from and military authorities hold it in such estimation the uinpire the bowler cries Play!' and immeas a healthy recreation, that soldiers are encouraged diately after, delivers his first ball. If the batsman to occupy their leisure time in its pursuit. Of late misses the ball, and it passes the wicket, the wicketyears, C. has been introduced largely into Scotland keeper stops it, and returns it to the bowler, who and Ireland, and is rapidly becoming naturalised all delivers another ball, and so on. When the batsman over the world. The requirements for carrying on strikes the ball fieldwards, he immediately runs to the game are-1st, a piece of level turf an acre or the opposite wicket, passing his companion batsman, two in extent; 2d, a sufficient number of players who crosses to his, and so on, till the ball has been to form two sides of eleven each, for double wicket, returned by a fielder to the wicket-keeper or howler's and a lesser number for single wicket; 3d, for hand. Thus, if the stroke be a long one, the striker double wicket (the mode in which the game is may have time to run perhaps three times between usually played), two bats, two sets of wickets and the wickets before the ball is thrown up, when bails, and a ball. When a match is to be played three 'runs' are accordingly placed at his name by between two elevens,' the first thing to be done the scorers, on their sheet. If, however, the bowler is to 'pitch' the wickets. Wickets consist of six or wicket-keeper receives the ball, and touches the wooden stumps, 27 inches high, and are placed in wickets with it, before the advancing batsman has the ground in sets of three, at a distance of 22 reached his 'ground' or touches it with his bat, yards apart. On the top of each set of stumps the striker is out, and another man takes his are placed two small pieces of wood, called bails. place. Besides, if a ball from a stroke of the bat The rival sides next toss for first innings,' and be caught by one of the opposite party before the director of the side that is to go in first, places it reaches the ground; or if in striking at a two of his men at the wickets as batters; while a bowler, wicket-keeper, long stop, and fielders (see accompanying illustration), are placed in their several positions by the director of the opposite side. When these arrangements are satisfactorily made, and the markers or scorers are at their post, the umpires take their places, and the game begins. It ball the striker hits down his wicket; or if he wilfully prevents a ball being caught, or strikes it twice; or if any part of his person stops a ball which would otherwise have hit his wicket, the striker is out. It frequently happens that two skilful batsmen guard their wickets so effectually, and score so many runs, to one particular style of CRICKET-CRIEFF. bowling, that a change either of the bowler, or style of bowing, is adopted by the other side. This change, say from swift to slow bowling, or vice versa, generally produces the required results, and leads to the speedy retirement of the hitherto fortunate batsmen. The wicket-keeper's place is a very important one, his principal duty being to stop with his hands every ball the batsman misses, it being allowable to make runs (byes) for balls that elude his grasp. Behind him stands the long stop, who is always on the outlook for balls that escape the wicket-keeper. The fielders, who are posted in various parts of the ground, ought to possess quickness of eye and foot, and skill in picking up with either hand a ball that is running, and instantly throwing it to the wickets. They must also be well skilled in catching balls. Much depends on their judgment of distance between the point at which the ball is picked up, and the wickets, as misconception of this may lead to overthrowing the ball, or throwing it short, while the batsmen are profiting by the error, and scoring additional runs. Fielders usually throw the ball to the wicket-keeper, who returns it slowly to the bowler; this saves the hands of the latter from being unsteadied by catching long balls. At the end of every four bowls, the bowler, wicketkeeper, long-stop, and fielders, change places, and thus every four balls are delivered from alternate House Cricket (Gryllus domesticus): wickets; four balls constitute an 'over,' which it is, eggs; b, young just hatched; c, full-grown larva; d, pupa; the umpire's duty to reckon and announce. We have said that each side is allowed two innings, but it sometimes happens that one side scores more runs in one innings than the other does in two; thus, A's side, we will suppose, goes in first, and its eleven men score 180; B's side then goes in, and scores, say, 80 the first innings, and 70 the next: in that case, A would be said to have won by an innings and 30 runs. e, perfect insect. dormant, or nearly so, in winter. It remains quiet during the day, but is lively and active at night, issuing forth to seek its food, which consists both of animal and vegetable substances. Breadcrumbs are very acceptable to it; and for the sake, apparently, both of food and warmth, it very much frequents bakehouses. The larva are wingless, the pupa have mere rudimentary wings.-The FIELD C. (G. campestris) is larger, blackish, with the base of the wing-covers yellowish, feeds on herbs and roots, makes a louder noise than the House C., and is not unfrequent in some parts of England, but very rare in Scotland.-A species of C. (G. megacephalus) found in Sicily, makes a noise loud enough to be heard at the distance of a mile.—The MOLE C. (Gryllotalpa) will be noticed in a separata article. In England, there are many professional men who make a livelihood by playing matches with amateur clubs, and by instructing the latter in the art. The Marylebone and Surrey are, perhaps, the two most influential clubs in England; and for skill and science, it may safely be said, that the Eleven of all England,' and the United Eleven' (professionals), excel all other cricketers in the world. The attractions of C. seem to be fast spreading in all countries. In America, the game is played to a large extent, and with skill almost equalling that of English CRICKLADE, a town in the north of Wiltshire, players. In 1859, America sent a challenge to Eng-7 miles south-east of Cirencester, in a level country, land, who accepted it by sending her Eleven: this on the right bank of the Isis, one of the sources of band of players competed with the principal trans- the Thames. C. was formerly a borough town, but atlantic clubs, and returned to England covered at present what is called the borough of Cricklade, with laurels. The best works on C. are The Cricket includes, besides C., the towns of Swindon, HighField (Lond. Longmans), Felix on the Bat, and worth, Wootton Bassett, and upwards of 50 parishes or districts. C. was disfranchised in 1782, and the Lillywhite's Guide to Cricketers (Lond. Kent & Co.). CRICKET (Gryllus; Acheta of some naturalists), right of voting now belongs instead to the Hundreds of Cricklade, Staple, Highworth, and a few other a genus of orthopterous insects, of the section Saltatoria (in which the hinder legs are long, very Thames here was the frequent scene of contests in The ford of the places. Pop. of town, 1906. strong, and formed for leaping), allied to locusts and former times. The town was twice plundered by grasshoppers, and the type of a family Gryllida (or the Danes, first in 905, and again in 1016. Achetida). The wings are folded horizontally, and form, when closed, a slender thread-like acumination beyond the wing-covers (elytra). It is by the friction of the wing-covers against each other, and in virtue of a peculiarity of their structure, that the males produce the stridulous sound which makes these insects so well known. The antennæ are long and thread-like, inserted between the eyes. The best known species is the HOUSE C. (G. domesticus), which is about an inch long, with antennæ of almost an inch and a half, of a pale-yellowish colour, mingled with brown. It is widely distributed over Europe, particularly the south, and is common in Great Britain. Its very frequent abode is in CRIEFF-including the burgh of barony of Crieff and the burgh of regality of Drummond-a town on the Earn, 17 miles west of Perth. It is beautifully situated on rising ground at the foot of the Grampians, and near the entrance by the Sma' Glen to the Scottish Highlands. It is the second town in the county. Pop. 2363. It has woollen manufactures, besides tanneries. The mild climate of C. makes it the resort of invalids in summer. It is now eminent for its schools. St Margaret's College was opened here in 1849, for the education of young ladies of the Episcopal communion. Near is the fine scenery of Glen Almond, with Trinity College. |