CYTOBLAST-CZECHES. species are numerous-small trees or shrubs, with leaves of three leaflets, and yellow, white, or purple flowers, natives chiefly of the warmer temperate parts of the Old World. Many of them are very beautiful, and some are among the esteemed ornaments of our shrubberies, others of our green-houses. CY'TOBLAST. See CELLS. CY'ZICUS, a peninsula of Anatolia, Asia Minor, projecting into the Sea of Marmora. It lies to the south-east of the island of Marmora, and about 70 miles south-west of Constantinople. It was at one time an island, but the gradual formation of an isthmus connected it with the mainland. Its length from south to north is about nine miles, and its breadth from east to west 18 miles. In early times, C. was a Milesian colony, and the city of C., upon whose site vineyards and orchards now flourish, is described by Strabo as one of the first cities in Asia, alike for extent and splendour. CZACKI, TADEUSZ, an eminent Polish author, was born in 1765 at Poryck, in Volhynia. At the age of twenty, he obtained an office in the supreme justiciary court at Warsaw, and was also made director of the crown archives-a situation which enabled him to gratify his taste for Polish history. Some essays on Polish finance induced the diet to select him, in 1788, as a member of the commission of inquiry into the state of the revenue. His efforts to animate the industry and extend the commerce of his native country were most praiseworthy. A valuable result of his travels through Poland for this purpose is a map of its river-system. He also interested himself greatly in the navigation of the Dniester. At the second partition of Poland, he lost his property, but it was afterwards restored. The chief labour of his life, however, was in connection with the education of his countrymen. His endeavours to instruct the people in the old Polish provinces of Russia, where education had been almost wholly neglected, met the approval of the Emperor Alexander. The most important of C.'s educational institutions was the gymnasium at Krzemieniec. In 1807, he was appointed the deputy of Prince Czartoryski, who had the care of public instruction in the Polish government of West Russia. C. died at Dubno, 8th February 1813. His writings prove the comprehensive character of his attain ments. His most valuable work is upon Lithuanian Law (O Litewskich i Polskich Prawach, 2 vols., War. 1800), CZAR, more properly Zar, is a title of the Russian emperor. The word is derived from the old Slavonic language, and signifies much the same as Ger. Kaiser, Lat. Cæsar, to which it probably owes its origin; although some etymologists identify it with the termination of the names of the old Assyrian kings-such as Phalassar, Nabonassar, and Nabopolassar. After the 12th c., we find the Russian annalists giving the title of C. to the Grand Duke Wladimir, Monomach (died 1125), and to several of his successors. In general, however, the rulers of the various Russian provinces were called Grand Dukes till the 16th century. Thus, we have the Grand Dukes of Wladimir, Kiew, Moscow, &c. The Grand Duke Wassi Iwanowitch first Assumed, in the year 1505, the title of Samodershez, which signifies autocrat. The son of Wassilij, Iwan II., Wassiljewitch the Cruel, caused himself to be solemnly crowned C., 16th January 1547. From this time, the Russian monarchs called themselves Czars of Moscow; and after the conquest of Little Russia and Smolensk, Czars of All the Russias. The word now became practically the equivalent of Emperor; yet Peter L., in 1724, thought fit to assume this latter title in addition; and as the Russian language had no term corresponding to it besides C., the Latin word Imperator was introduced, while the empress was termed Imperatriza. At first, several European powers refused to sanction the assumption of imperial dignity by the Russian C., but ultimately consented to do so. The wife of the C. was named Czariza (Czarina); the sons, Czarewitch; the daughters, Czarewna; but after the death of Alexei-Peter I.'s son-these titles were abolished, and the imperial princes were called Grand Dukes, and the imperial princesses Grand Duchesses. In 1799, the Emperor Paul I. introduced the title of Cesarewitch (not Czarewitch) for his second son, the Grand Duke Constantine. Cesarewna. Among the Russian people themselves, same way, the Grand Duchess now bears the title of the emperor is more frequently called Gossudar (Hospodar, i. e., Lord) than Czar. Tilsit. In the His successor CZARTORY'SKI, ADAM GEORGE, son of Prince founder of the Jagellonian dynasty of Poland, was Adam Casimir C., descended from Olgerd, the born at Warsaw, 14th January 1770. Having completed an excellent education at Edinburgh and London, he returned to his native country, and took part against Russia in the war occurring on the second partition of Poland. On the defeat of the Poles, C. was taken to St Petersburg as a hostage, and here he exhibited so much ability Grand Duke Alexander, to whom he was attached, and prudence as to gain the friendship of the and the confidence of the Emperor Paul, who made When Alexander him ambassador to Sardinia. ascended the throne, he appointed C. assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs; and he took an active part in official life until after the peace of As curator of the university of Wilna, to which he was nominated in 1803 by Russia, he exerted all his influence to keep alive a spirit of nationality; and when some of the students were arrested on a charge of sedition, and sent to Siberia, C. resigned his office. reported to the emperor, that the amalgamation of by C.'s occupancy of the curatorship. Russian Russia and Lithuania had been delayed a century favours could not deaden or even dull C.'s pure patriotism. Into the revolution of 1830 he threw himself with all his heart. He was elected president of a provisional government, and in this capacity summoned a national diet, which met, and in January 1831, declared the Polish throne vacant, and elected C. head of the national government. He immediately devoted half of his large estates to the public service, and adopted energetic measures to meet, the power of Russia, but in vain; the Poles were crushed, and C.-specially excluded from the general amnesty, and his estates in Poland confiscatedescaped to Paris, where he has since resided, the liberal friend of his poor expatriated countrymen, and the centre of their hope of a revived nationality. In 1848, he liberated all his serfs in Galicia, and during the Crimean war he ineffectually endea voured to induce the Allies to identify the cause of Poland with that of Turkey. He died in 1861. CZA'SLAU, a town of Bohemia, 45 miles eastsouth-east of Prague. Its deanery-church, in which the celebrated blind Hussite leader, General Ziska, was buried, is surmounted by the highest steeple in Bohemia. C. is also noted as the scene of an important victory gained over the Austrians by Frederick the Great, 17th May 1742 Pop. 4000 who are chiefly engaged in agriculture and the manufacture of saltpetre. CZECHES, the most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations. About 451-495 A. D., the C. migrated from their lands in Carpathia, on the CZEGLED-CZERNY. Upper Vistula, and came into the country now | however, C. lost its importance as a military posi known as Bohemia. According to tradition, their tion. At the foot of the eminence on which the chieftain was named Czech. Georgsberg, near monastery stands, lie two little towns, Old and Raudnitz, on the Elbe, is said to have been the first New C., which carry on a considerable trade in place chosen by the C. for their encampment. Other holy pictures and amulets. Slavic tribes migrated into Bohemia; but in the course of time the C. gained such an ascendency that, in the 9th c., the name C. was commonly applied to the whole Slavic population of Bohemia (q. v.). CZE GLED, a market-town of Hungary, situated on a plain between the Danube and the Theiss, 40 tuiles south-east of Pesth. It has some handsome buildings and large breweries. The inhabitants, 19,150 in number, are employed principally in agricultural pursuits, the district around yielding much grain and red wine. Bukowina, situated on a hill near the right bank of CZE'RNOWITZ, a town of the Austrian the Pruth, about 140 miles south-east of Lemberg, in lat. 45° 26' N., long. 25° 59′ E. It has a Greek cathedral, and manufactures of clocks, silver articles, and hardwares. Pop. 1851, 20,500. young, Black George, the leader of the Servians in their CZERNY, GEORG, properly, Karadjordje, i. e., struggles for independence, was born in 1770 in the neighbourhood of Belgrade. He shewed, when his hatred of the oppressors of his country by murdering a Moslem. After spending some time CZENSTOCHAU, or CZENSTOCHOWA, a in Austria, he returned to his paternal estate. In monastery of the order of St Paul the Hermit, in August 1801, a band of janizaries broke into his the Polish government of Kalisch. It is the most dwelling, and plundered it. C. fled, vowing vengefrequented place of pilgrimage in the whole country, ance. He soon collected a band of malcontents, and is celebrated throughout all the Slavic nations. and commenced a sort of guerilla war. Gradually It occupies a commanding position on the Warthe, his numbers increased, and in 1804 he captured the not far from the Silesian frontier, and possesses fortress of Schabaz. Subsequently, he invested the famous dark-coloured picture of the mother of Belgrade, and in the beginning of 1806 routed the Christ, which has given occasion to the worship of Turks at the rivers Drina and Morawa. Assisted the Black Virgin by all the Polish Catholics. This secretly by Russia, he captured Belgrade in Decem picture is probably of Byzantine origin. According ber 1806. After the treaty of Slobosje (8th July to the legend in connection with it, it was painted 1808), he was elected governor by the people, and by Luke himself; passed into the hands of the recognised as Prince of Servia by the sultan. The Princess Helena; subsequently found its way through French invasion of Russia in 1812 compelled the a Russian prince, Laon, to Belz in Galicia; and latter country to let Servia shift for itself. Hostili finally, through Wadyslaw, Duke of Oppeln, who ties recommenced; the Turks were successful, and built the monastery of C., was brought thither to C. had to flee to Russia. He afterwards went to assist him against the Tartars. In more recent Austria, where he lived for some time. Meantimes, C. is noted as being the only place in Poland while the freedom of Servia had been secured through which offered resistance to the army of Charles the leadership of Milosch Obronowicz, and in July, Gustavus, king of Sweden, on which occasion (1655 1817, C. returned, intending, as some suppose, to rally A. D.) the inmates, comprising 70 monks and 150 his partisans round him for the furtherance of his soldiers, withstood a siege of 38 days carried on by ambitious schemes, when he was murdered at the inSwedish force of 10,000 men. At a later period,stigation of Prince Milosch. 330 D D THE fourth letter in the Greco- | preferred to the flounder for the table. It seldom Roman alphabets, was called in exceeds 12 inches in length. A rather larger species the Semitic languages daleth of the same genus, less plentiful on the British (hence Gr. delta), i.e., 'door;' coasts, is the LEMON D. or SMOOTH D. (P. microand in all probability its original cephala). Its body is smooth, its colour a pretty hieroglyphic or picture form was a door. The Greek A, in fact, yet preserves a recognisable resemblance to the door or opening of a tent, the kind of door most familiar to a nomadic people. D belongs to the order of letters called dentals (see LETTERS, ALPHABET), t, d, th (in thin), th (in thine), and in the corresponding words of sister-languages is often exchanged with those of the same order or organ; thus: Ger. du, Eng. thou; Ger. tod, Eng. death; Lat. duc-, Eng. tug: Lat. duo, Eng. two. A more remarkable interchange is that between d and l, and d and r. See L and R. D seems to have been drawn into some words (to which it does not radically belong) by a kind of affinity for n, as Lat. canis, Gr. kyon, Eng. hound; Lat. gener-, Eng. gender. Di followed by a vowel is sometimes transformed into J; as in Janus for Dianus: Journal from diurnal. Di followed by a vowel in Latin, has, in Italian, become z; and from MSS. and other evidence, we know that this sibilant sound of di prevailed, in the popular pronunciation at least, while Latin was yet a living tongue. Thus, diabolus is found written zabolus, and Amazones, Amadiones.-D, the Roman numeral for 500, arose out of the character Io. See NUMERALS. D, in Music, is the second note in the natural scale, and is a whole tone above C, to which it stands in mathematical proportion as 9:8, that is, when C vibrates eight times, D vibrates nine times. The whole tone from C to D is called the greater whole tone, being a comma larger than the next whole tone from D to E. DA CA'PO (Ital., from the beginning), a term in Music, frequently placed at the end of a part or movement, indicating that the performer must return to the beginning of the movement, or to some other part of it usually marked with the sign:g, and finish where the word fine is placed. Scarlatti was the first who introduced the use of the da capo in his opera of Theodora. The words are generally abbreviated thus, D. C., sometimes D. C. al fine. DA DA VINCI, LEONARDO. See VINCI, LEONARDO DAB (Platessa limanda), a fish of the same genus with the plaice and flounder, and very much resembling them, but easily distinguished from either of ther. by its more uniform and lighter-brown colour, the roughness of its scaly surface, and its more curved lateral line, which rises into a high arch over the pectoral fin. It is common on all sandy parts of the British coasts, inhabits deeper water than the flounder, and does not, like it, enter the mouths of streams. It is known on the coasts of the Firth of Forth as the Salt-water Fluke. It is Dab (Platessa limanda). mixture of various shades of reddish-brown and yellow: its head and mouth are very small. DABCHICK. See GREBE DA'CCA, a city of Bengal Proper, stands about 150 miles to the north-east of Calcutta, in lat. 23° 43' N., and long. 90° 25′ E. It is situated on the Burha Gunga, a considerable auxiliary of the Dulas seree, which is itself at once a mingled offset of the Brahmaputra and the Ganges, and an affluent of the lower course of the former stream. The city thus enjoys singular facilities in the way of inland navigation. Down to the close of the 18th c., D. was widely celebrated for the delicate texture of its muslins, which, in the phraseology of the East, were characterised as 'flowing water' and 'evening dew;' and, in connection with this manufacture, the French and the Dutch, as well as the English, had extensive establishments in the place. Since 1801. however, these European agencies have disappeared; while the annual value of the elegant fabric, under the influence of British competition, has gradually fallen from £250,000 to nothing at all. The present aspect of the city is in keeping with this utter decay of its staple trade. In many quarters are ruins overgrown with jungle, the haunts of tigers and serpents; and this remark is applicable to numerous splendid edifices, such as the residences of its native princes and the factories of its foreign sojourners. Still D., within a space of 4 miles in length by 14 in breath, is understood to contain upwards of 60,000 inhabitants. It seems, of late years, to have partially recovered from the effects of its commercial decline. Besides 180 mosques and 119 pagodas, there are places of worship belonging to Romanists, Armenians, Greeks, and English, both Episcopalians and Baptists. By the last-mentioned denomination, several schools are maintained; and there is also a college, which, in 1850, was attended by 340 pupils 46 Christians, 15 Mohammedans, and 279 Hindus. The temperature at noon averages on the twelve months 79° F.; and the mean rain-fall is said to be 70 inches. DACCA-DACIER. DA'CIA, the land of the Daci or Gete. Its DACCA, the district of which the above-men-scours, and by the edge of weed beds, are, the tioned city is the capital, extends in N. lat. from best spots for the fly. D. may be taken also by 23° 12′ to 24° 17', and in E. long. from 90° 11' to 90° dapping' with the natural fly, and those so taken 58', containing 1960 square miles, and numbering are usually the finest fish. D. seldom exceed a about 600,000 inhabitants. Forming part of the pound in weight, though in some rivers they have great delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, it is been taken up to 14 lb. In the Thaines, a fish of traversed by streams in every direction, being so half a pound is considered unusual. They spawn low and level as to be generally flooded during the in the end of April, or early in May, and soon rainy season. It is, on this account, admirably recover their condition again. adapted to the cultivation of rice. From the character of the country, roads-happily rendered less necessary by the net-work of rivers-are very difficult of construction. In addition to the city of its own name, the district has two principal towns, Narainganj and Islampoor. Though the climate, as a whole, is moist, yet it by no means presents uniformity in this respect, the annual rain-fall varying in different years from 46 to 93 inches. Among commercial crops, cotton-the raw material of the far-famed muslins once occupied a prominent place. It is now comparatively neglected, being too short in the staple for the coarse fabrics which alone continue to be made in the district. Recent attempts to introduce a better variety from the United States have failed. It was in 1765 the epoch of the cession of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa on the part of the Great Mogul that D. became subject to England; but down to 1845, the heirs of the native ruler succeeded each other as stipendiaries of the East India Company. DACE, DARE, or DART (Leuciscus vulgaris), a fresh-water fish of the family Cyprinidæ (q. v.), and of the same genus with the roach, ide, chub, bleak, minnow, &c. It chiefly inhabits the deep and clear water of quiet streams. It is found in Italy, France, Germany, &c., and in some of the rivers of England, but is very local. It is in form not unlike the roach, but rather more elongated; the mouth is rather larger, the scales smaller. The upper parts are dusky blue, becoming paler on the sides, and passing into white on the belly, the cheek and gill-covers silvery white. The D. is gregarious, and swims in shoals. Its flesh is preferred to that of the roach, but is not highly esteemed. The D. is perhaps the Dace (Leuciscus vulgaris). geographical limits were very indefinite until it conquest by the Romans. After that periol, it coin prised the various countries now known as Easter of the Pruth, Wallachia, and the Banat of Temesvár. Hungary, Transylvania, Bukowina, Moldavia west The Getæ came originally from Thrace, and were divided into various tribes. Their course northward can only be imperfectly traced; but we know that, B. C.), they had migrated across the Danube. It is shortly before the time of Alexander the Great (335 not known when or for what reason the Geta changed their name to Daci. They seem to have been the most valiant of the Thracian barbarians. Curio, the first Roman general who ever penetrated as far north as the Danube, did not venture to assail them. Julius Caesar, however, is said to have intended their subjugation. In 10 B. C., Augustus sent an army up the valley of the Maros. From this time, there was almost continual fighting between the Romans and the Daci, on the whole, to the advantage of the latter, who actually compelled their civilised enemies, in the reign of Domitian, to pay tribute. In 101 A. D., the Emperor Trajan crossed the Theiss, and marched into Transylvania, where he fought a great battle near Thorda. The peasant calls the battle-field to the present day Prat de Trajan (Pratum Trajani, field of Trajan). The Daci, who were commanded by their famous chief Decebalus, were defeated. A second expedition of the emperor's (104 A. D.) resulted in the destruction of their capital, the death of Decebalus, and the loss of their freedom. Roman colonists were sent into the country, a bridge was built over the Danube the ruins of which are still extant-and three great roads were constructed. In 270-275 A. D., the Romans abandoned the country to the Goths, and the colonists were transferred to Moesia. After a series of vicissitudes, D. fell into the possession of the Magyars in the 9th century. DACIER, ANDRÉ, a French author, born of Protestant parents at Castres, in Upper Languedoc, 6th April 1651, studied at Saumur; and in 1672 came to Paris, where he was employed to bring out an edition of the Latin writer Festus, for the use of the dauphin, which he did in 1681. In 1683, he married Anna Lefèvre, also a Protestant, and two liveliest and most active of the Cyprinide, and years later both entered the Roman Catholic Church. affords the angler fair sport both with fly and bait. D. subsequently became royal librarian, member of It is fished for with a light float and a fine gut-line. the Academie des Inscriptions, and perpetual secre The float is set so that the bait may almost touch tary of the Academie.' He died 18th September, the bottom. At the least symptom of a bite, the 1722. D.'s principal works, besides his Festus, are angler must strike quickly. The best baits are the Euvres d'Horace en Latin et en Français (Par. 1681 red-worm, the tail of a lob-worm, gentles, greaves,-1689), an edition of Valerius Flaccus, and numer and flies or grubs of any kind. The best places to fish with bait are moderately sharp streams, of from two to four or five feet deep. Dace at times take the fly very freely, and shew capital spert. Small red and black palmers will be found the most useful flies for the purpose, and their killing properties will be greatly increased if the hook is tipped with a tough gentle, as D. are very apt to follow the fly without taking it, when the gentle overcomes their scruples; a small piece of the white, tough, inner rind of bacon answers equally well; and even a small piece of wash-leather may be used. Shallows, ous translations into French of Greek authors, such as Plutarch and Epictetus, all of which are of very middling quality, while the expositions and criticisms are extremely shallow. ANNE DACIER, wife of the preceding, was born at Saumur in 1651, and after the death of her learned father, who had developed her talent, came to Paris, where she acquired such a reputation by her edition of Callimachus (1674), that the Duke of Montausier commissioned her to edit several of the ancient authors for the use of the dauphin. Similarity of tastes and employment led to a marriage betweer DACOITS DAGHESTAN. her and André Dacier. Her domestic duties did not, however, weaken her literary ardour. Besides editing various of the classics, she translated the comedies of Terence; the Amphitryon, Epidicus, and Rudens of Plautus, accompanied by an able dissertation on the origin, progress, and mutations of dramatic poetry; Anacreon, Sappho, and the Plutus and Clouds of Aristophanes. Her admiration of Homer was unbounded, and, in spite of her sex, involved her in two learned controversies. Madame D. is generally acknowledged to have possessed a more acute and vigorous mind than her husband. She died 17th August 1720. DACOITS, or DACO'TAH INDIANS in the United States. See INDIANS. DACRY'DIUM, a genus of trees of the natural order Tarace, having male and female flowers on separate trees. The species are lofty trees, chiefly natives of Australia and New Zealand. D. Franklini is called HUON PINE, although rather a yew than a pine. Its timber is harder than any Baltic pine. and is excellent for spars for naval purposes. D. tacifolium, the Kakaterra Tree of New Zealand, attains a height of 200 feet, and is also very valuable for its timber. A beverage resembling spruce-beer is made from its branches. a DACTYL (Gr. dactylos, the finger), the name of measure or 'foot' in Greek and Latin versification, consisting of a long and two short syllables, as in the word omníhŭs. It was so called from its resem Greeks of having invented carpentry and most of its tools, such as the saw, the axe, the plumb-line, the gimlet, as also glue. The history of D. is obviously a myth, wherein, as recent criticism has conclusively shown, is embodied that epoch in which the first rude forms of art were thrown aside, and a higher skill and intelligence displayed. DAENDELS, HERMANN WILHELM, a Dutch general, was born in 1762 at Hattem, in Gueldres, took part in the revolutionary disturbances that broke out in Holland in 1787, and was in conse quence compelled to seek refuge in France. In the campaign of 1793, he rendered important service to Dumourier, and was elevated to the rank of a general of brigade. In 1799 he commanded one of the two divisions of the republican army, which, with a third corps under the orders of General Brune, compelled the Anglo-Russian forces to surrender. Circumstances induced him to leave the service in 1803, but in 1806 he was re-instated in his former rank by the king of Holland. He now conquered East Friesland, and was made governor-general of Münster, commander-in-chief of the Dutch cavalry, marshal of Holland, and governor-general of the Dutch East Indian possessions. This last office he held from 1808 to 1811, and discharged its duties with great prudence. He also published a work upon his administration in Java, which was an important contribution to our knowledge of that island. On the overthrow of Napoleon, his services who intrusted him with the organisation of govern were secured by the new king of Holland, Wilhelm I., blance to the finger, which consists of three joints one long and two short. The same name is sometimes applied to a trisyllabic measure in Englishment in those colonies on the coast of Africa which verse, consisung of one accented syllable and two had been restored to the Dutch. In this capacity unaccented syllables, as in destiny. See VERSE. he laboured with energy and success until his death in June 1818. Dactylic verses consist of dactyls and equivalent feet. See HEXAMETER. DA'CTYLIS. See Cock's-FOOT GRASS. DACTYLO'LOGY, the art of communicating thoughts by the fingers. See DEAF AND DUMB. DACTYLO ́PTERUS. See FLYING GURNARD. DA'DO (Ital. a die), in classical Architecture, the term applied to the cubic block which forms the body of a pedestal. It is also applied to the plane face and the series of mouldings which, in the interiors of buildings, form, as it were, a continuous pedestal. The interior D. is formed of wood, and, running round the bottom of the walls of a room, serves to protect the plaster or paper from injury. It is generally about three feet in height, and surmounted by a narrow cornice. DADU'R, a town of Beloochistan, is five miles to the east of the Bolan Pass. Though it is in the 30th degree of N. lat., yet it is said to be one of the hottest places in the world. It contains about 3000 inhabitants. It is worthy of notice chiefly as the spot where, in November 1840, the British troops routed a Kelat force. The neighbourhood yields grains of various kinds, pulse, cotton, sugar, madder, and fruits. DÆ DALUS, according to the Greek myths, was sprung from the old Athenian race of kings, the Erechtheida, and was a contemporary of Theseus and Minos. He was famous for his ability as an artist and mechanician. Among the numberless works which he is said to have executed, may be mentioned the Cretan labyrinth, the Colymbethra, or reservoir, near Megaris in Sicily, the temples of Apollo at Capua and Cumæ, that of Artemis Britomartis in Crete, and an altar sculptured with lions on the Libyan coast. His mechanical genius is clearly celebrated in the poetic fiction of his flying safely over the Egean by means of wings which he nad himself mad D. got the credit among the DAFFODIL (corrupted from Lat. asphodelus), the English name of those species of Narcissus (q. v.) which have a large bell-shaped corona. The common D. (N. pseudo-narcissus) is a native of England and of most parts of Europe, growing in woods and hedges. It is naturalised in many places in Scotland, but seems scarcely indigenous. All the other species are more southerly, chiefly abounding in the countries near the Mediterranean. Some of them, as N. minor, have become naturalised in some places in England, having been long known as ornaments of gardens, in which double-flowered varieties are also cultivated. They are favourites, not so much for their beauty, which is not of the most delicate kind, as on account of their large yellow flowers, which are produced early in spring. The bulbs are purgative and emetic. The mode of cultivation is the same as for other species of Narcissus. DAG, a thick clumsy pistol, used in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the Spanish Tragedy, published in 1603, one of the characters shoots the dag. DA'GGER, a weapon resembling a sword, but considerably smaller, being used for stabling at close quarters. Daggers are generally two-edged, and very sharp towards the point. Originally, it had no guard for the hand, and was worn at the girdle in a sheath. It is now regarded as a general military weapon in European countries. DAGHESTA'N (Tartar, Tagh stan, signifying mountainous country), a province of Asiatic Russia (called also Derbend), stretching along the west coast of the Caspian Sea, in lat. 41°-43 N., long. 46°-50° E. Area about 8600 square miles. Pop. (1856), 427,931. The surface is generally mountainous, being traversed by offsets from the Caucasus, but there are many valleys and level tracts of great fertility, where the principal kinds of grain are produced, as well as flax, madder, saffron, silk, and |