DZIGGETHAL DZIGGETHAI, DJIGGETAI, KÏA'N G, KHUR, or GOOR (Equus Hemionus), a quadruped nearly allied to the ass, and believed to be the hemionus of Herodotus and Pliny. See Ass. It inhabits the elevated steppes of Tartary, extending into the south of Siberia and to the borders of India. In appearance and characters, it is intermediate between the horse and the ass, whence the ancient Greek name hemionus (half-ass). In size it approaches the horse, which it resembles also in gracefulness of action, and in its neighing, which is even more deep and sonorous. Its general shape is 126 much like that of a mule. The D. lives in small herds, sometimes of several males and several females, sometimes of a single male with about twenty females and foals. It is an animal of great fleetness and shyness, or watchfulness, and possesses also great powers of endurance in flight, so that it is with difficulty killed by the hunter. The Mongols and Tunguse, however, hunt it very eagerly on account of its flesh. It has been domesticated and reduced to the service of man, but there does not seem to be any evidence of its ever breeding in » state of domestication. E THE fifth letter in the Græco- | Dunstan, and St Bregwyn, of Canterbury, and of St Roman alphabets. Its original Wilfrid and St Oswald, of York, were printed, some and fundamental sound is that of them, by Wharton, in the second part of his heard in Eng. tent. The sound Anglia Sacra (Lond. 1691) and others by Gerberon heard in me is not given to it in his Anselmi Opera (Paris, 1675). The history of in any language but English. In the E., in relation to the bishopric of St Andrews, is series of vowel it stands interme- given at considerable length by Lord Hailes, in his diate between i and a. See LETTERS Annals of Scotland, vol. i. pp. 59-71; and, still AND ARTICULATE SOUNDS, where the better, in Mr Grub's Ecclesiastical History of Scotvarious vowel-sounds represented by land, vol. i. pp. 209-217 (Edin. 1861). the character e in English will be noticed. E, in Music, is the third note or sound of the natural diatonic scale, and is a third above the tonic C, to which it stands in proportion as 5 to 4. As a major third, that is, when the tonic C vibrates 4 times, the E above vibrates 5 times. E is the third harmonic which arises naturally from C as a fundamental note. E major, as a key, has four sharps at its signature, viz., F, C, G, and D sharp. E minor, as a key, has only one sharp, F, same as G major, of which E is the relative minor. EA'GLE (Aquila), a genus of birds of prey, by some naturalists subdivided into several genera, constituting a group which contains the largest and ancient times, the E. has been universally regarded most powerful of the Falconida. From the most as the emblem of might and courage; and, like the lion, it has been fancifully invested with other attributes of greatness, such as men thought to harmonise with these. Its extraordinary powers of vision, the vast height to which it soars in the sky, the wild grandeur of the scenery amidst which it chiefly loves to make its abode, and perhaps also its longevity, have concurred to recommend it to poetic regard. It was associated with Jupiter in the Roman my. thology; its figure on the standards of the Roman legions expressed and animated their confidence of victory (see under). EADMER OF CANTERBURY, a man of considerable mark in the beginning of the 12th c., would seem, from his name, to have been the child of English parents. At an early age, he entered the Benedictine monastery of Canterbury; and when St The eagles have the beak not curved from the Anselm, in 1993, was made archbishop of that see, very base, like the true falcons, nor notched on the E. became one of his most devoted friends, sharing edge, neither are their wings so long in proportion to his exile, watching his death-bed, ordering his burial, their size. Their wings are, however, very broad and writing the chronicle of his life. E. continued and expansive; their legs are very robust; their at Canterbury, in high esteem with St Anselm's claws curved, sharp, and strong. In the most successor, Archbishop Ralph, until 1120, when, at restricted use of the generic term, the true eagles, the request of King Alexander I., he went to Scot- of which the Golden E. may be taken as a type, iand, and was there chosen Bishop of St Andrews. have a rather short bill, curved from the cere, with The question of lay investiture of ecclesiastical bene- a slight festoon on the edge of the upper mandible, fices was then in its crisis; there was a controversy the tarsi are short, and feathered down to the toes. between Canterbury and York for jurisdiction over This last character distinguishes them at once from the see of St Andrews; that see, again, asserted its the Ernes (q. v.), often also called eagles. There are independence of either of the English metropolitans; several species of true eagles well ascertained, although and E. seems to have added to all these perplexities in this as in allied genera much confusion has arisen a difficulty as to his monastic allegiance. Not for from the diversity of plumage at different ages. all Scotland,' he said to the Scottish king, 'will I The GOLDEN E. (A. chrysaetos)-of which what is renounce being a monk of Canterbury.' The king, called the Ring-tailed E. is the young-is about on his side, was equally unyielding; and the issue three feet or three feet and a half in length, and was the return of E. to his English monastery, eight feet in spread of wing. The female is rather unconsecrated, indeed, but still claiming to be larger than the male; the colour is dark brown, in Bishop of St Andrews. He was made precentor of some parts almost black, the head and back of the Canterbury, and died, it is supposed, in January neck in mature birds covered with pointed feathers 1124. He tells us that, from his childhood, he was of a golden-red colour; young birds have a considera diligent observer of contemporary events, espe- able part of the tail white. The Golden E. is the cially in church affairs; and this habit has given largest of the European eagles, and is found not only more than usual interest to his writings. The throughout Europe, preferring wild and mountainous most valuable are his Historia Novorum, or History situations, but throughout almost the whole northern of his Own Times, first printed by Selden in 1623, hemisphere: it is amongst the birds of India, of the and his Vita Anselmi, or Life of St Anselm, first north of Africa, and of North America; and the published at Antwerp in 1551. Both these works savage warrior of the Rocky Mountains, as well as are included in the selection of his writings pub- the Highland chieftain, glories in his eagle plume.' lished by the Benedictines of St Maur (as a supple- Although occasionally seen in all parts of Britain, it Dent to their edition of the works of St Anselm), in builds its nest only in mountainous districts, carry; 1 vol fol. (Paris, 1721). His lives of St Odo, Sting a few sticks and brambles to the inaccessible EAGLE. sheif of a rocky precipice, where the eggs are deposired almost on the bare rock. The Golden E. is now rare, even in the Highlands of Scotland. A rear quantity of prey is necessary to support a pair of these birds and their two or three young ones; and not only hares, game of every kind, and lambs are carried to the eyrie, but larger animals are sometimes attacked, and almost every district where eagles build their nests has its story of children carried off to feed the eaglets, and often of their almost miraculous preservation. The next in size to the Golden E. among the eagles of Europe, is the Imperial or Grecian E. (A. imperialis), but it is more common in Egypt than in Europe, and has never been seen in Britain.-The Spotted E. (A. novia) has occurred in the south of Ireland.-There is an Australian E. (A. fucosus). Eagles were ranked among what were called, in the language of falconry, ignoble birds of prey, as incapable of being tamed and employed to assist in the sports of man. But either the Golden E. or the Imperial E. is used by the Tartars in the chase of antelopes, wolves, foxes, hares, &c. The White-tailed E. or Cinereous E. of Britain is the common Erne (q. v.). The White-headed E. or Bald-headed E. of America-the chosen emblematic E. of the United States -is also an erne. What particular species was the emblematic E. of the ancients, is not more certain than what is the original emblematic Scotch thistle.-Others of the E. group of Falconidae are known as Marsh Eagles, Harpy Eagles, Eagle-hawks, Ospreys, &c., some of which will be noticed in their places. The head and foot of the golden eagle are tigured in the article AccIPITRES, its skeleton in the article BIRDS. EAGLE, the king of birds, is used heraldically as an emblem of magnanimity and fortitude. It is variously represented, the best known mode being Displayed (q. v.) or spread out, either with two heads -as in the arms of the German empire, in which case it is popu and the United States of America, have all adopted the eagle as a national military symbol. The Austrian eagle is represented double-headed. EAGLE, a gold coin of the United States of America, of the value of ten dollars. See DOLLAR. EAGLE, BLACK, ORDER OF THE, in Prussia, was founded by the Elector of Brandenburg, on 17th January 1701, the day of his coronation as king of Prussia. The number of knights, in addition to the princes of the royal family, was originally 30, brt it is now unlimited. They must at their nomina tion be at least 30 years of age. They must prov their noble descent for four generations through both parents. A chapter is held twice a year. The insignia of the order consist of an octagonal cross of blue enamel, and a black eagle, displayed Star of the Order of the Black Eagle. between each of the arms of the cross. The cross is suspended by a broad ribbon of orange colour across the left shoulder, and it is accompanied by an embroidered silver star, fastened on the left breast. The centre of the star represents a black flying eagle, holding in one claw a laurel wreath, and in the other a thunderbolt, with the Eagle Displayed. larly known as a spread eagle-legend, Suum cuique. or with one head, as in the arms of the kingdom of Prussia. SPOR The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four, and confined themselves to the first. The Roman eagle, sometimes of gold, but more frequently of silver, was about as large as a pigeon with extended wings, and was borne on the top of a spear, with a cross-bar or a shield to support it. Some of the eagles were represented as holding thunderbolts in their talons, and usually bore the name of the legion to which each The eagle was sometime Roman Eagle. respectively belonged. made of steel, but rarely. In modern times France. Russia. Prussia. Austria, new Fifty ducats must be paid by every member for the support of the Orphan Asylum at Königsberg, and he then receives gratis the costume and insignia of the order, of which a full description will be found in Burke's Orders of Knighthood, p. 199. As the Black Eagle is the highest order in Prussia, no member of it, with the exception of foreign princes and knights of St. John, permitted to wear any other order along with it; and as it is generally granted only to those who are expected to be about the person of the king, no one who holds it is permitted to travel from the court more than twenty German miles without giving notice. Knights of the Black Eagle are likewise Knights of the Red Eagle (q. v.), first class. Ribbon and Cross of the Order of the Black Eagle. EAGLE, RED, ORDER OF THE, in Prussia, founded in 1734 by the Markgraf George Frederick Charles, as a reorganization of the 'Ordre de la Sincerite,' which had been instituted in the beginning of the century by the hereditary prince of Anspach and Baireuth. After passing through various modifications, the order of the Red Eagle was raised in 1791 by Frederick William II. to the rank of the second order in the monarchy, and it was then that the decoration of a |