2d. When, as in English, we quote the words of another person; as, Que ferai-je ? dit Télémaque. What shall I do? said Telemachus. 3d. When the subjunctive mood is used without any conjunction being expressed; as, Fasse LE CIEL que vous soyez | Heaven grant you may be happy! heureux ! Dussé-JE y périr, j'irai. Should I perish there, I will go. This turn of expression has more vivacity than if we had said: Je souhaite QUE le ciel fasse que vous soyez heureux. QUOIQUE je dusse y périr, j'irai. 4th. When the sentence begins with a unipersonal (or impersonal) verb, or with one of these words, AINSI, thus, so; TEL, such; as, Il est arrivé d'heureux changements. | Happy changes have taken place. Ainsi finit cette tragédie. Tel fut le résultat de sa folie Thus ended that tragedy. Such was the result of his folly. (See Rule III., page 230.) this phrase of Fénélon :- 5th. When the subject is followed by several words which are dependent upon it; as in La coulent mille RUISSEAUX qui distribuent partout une eau claire. There flow a thousand rivulets that carry everywhere a clear water. This transposition of the subject is sometimes indispensable, and sometimes only the effect of taste. EXERCISE CXCIII. emblème m. The violet is the emblem of modesty.-Are they gone violette f. partir ? Does your cousin often come to see you?-What will posterity venir think?—You are wrong, said her father to her. May you ind-7 avoir tort Pouvoir succeed in your projects !-2(Great misfortunes) 1(have hapmalheur m. réussir pened.)-So goes the world.-Such was his advice.-On one avis m. D' side monde m. was seen a river (from which) sprung islands lined with on ind-2 lime trees in bloom. où se former bordé de tilleul fleuri § III. GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. The regimen, object, or complement of a verb, is a word which completes the idea begun by the verb. There are two sorts of regimens, the one called direct, the other indirect. The direct regimen denotes the immediate object of the action of the verb, without the help of any preposition, and answers to the question qui ? (whom?) for persons, and quoi? (what?) for things; as, J'aime mon père, I love my father. J'aime, QUI? mon père.-Il aime l'étude, he likes study. Il aime, QUOI ? l'étude. Mon père and l'étude then are the direct regimens of the verb aimer, since they complete, without the help of any preposition, the idea begun by the verb. The indirect regimen completes in an indirect manner the idea begun by the verb; that is, it completes it only by means of a preposition expressed or understood; it answers to the question à qui? de qui? pour qui? par qui? etc., for persons; and à quoi? pour quoi? de quoi? etc., for things; as, Il parle à son frère, he speaks to his brother. Il parle, à QUI? à son frère. A son frère is then the indirect regimen of parler, and completes the action expressed by that verb, by means of the preposition à. The direct regimen corresponds to the accusative; the indirect regimen to the genitive, dative, or ablative of the Latin. RULE I. When a verb has two regimens, the one direct and the other indirect, the shorter must be placed first; as, Les hypocrites parent le vice des dehors de la vertu. Les hypocrites parent des dehors de la vertu les vices les plus honteux et les plus décriés. | Hypocrites deck vice with the ex- RULE II. If the regimens are of equal length, the direct regimen must be placed first; as, L'ambition sacrifie le présent à | l'avenir, mais la volupté sacrifie l'avenir au présent. Ambition sacrifices the present to the future, but pleasure sacrifices the future to the present. EXERCISE CXCIV. He has sent a circular to all his correspondents. circulaire f. He correspondant m. devotes his talents to the defence of 2public 1liberty.-Give consacrer pl. to study all the time that you can. -I delivered the letter remettre ind-4 étude f. to the tutor of the prince.--Show your governess the précepteur à letter that you have written.-I have given a ring to my sister. f. -Alexander, in dying, said that he left his empire to the ind-3 ind-2 most worthy. RULE III. Passive verbs require de or par before the noun or pronoun which they govern. De is used, when the verb expresses an action wholly of the mind; as, L'honnête homme est estimé, même | An honest man is esteemed, even by DE ceux qui n'ont pas de probité. those who have no probity. Par is required, when the bodily faculties participate in the action; as, Carthage fut détruite PAR les | Carthage was destroyed by the Romains. Romans. REMARK. Par is also used to avoid the repetition of de in the same sentence; as, Son ouvrage a été censuré D'une manière sévère PAR les critiques. Remember that it is a GENERAL RULE to make every past participle used with the verb être, agree in gender and number with the subject of that verb. EXERCISE CXCV. Your brother is honoured and respected by all honorer ceux who know him. (Covetous men) are tormented with the desire of avare increasing what they have.-Bombs were invented bu augmenter inf-1 ce qu' bombe f.ind-3 Gallen, a bishop of Munster, about the middle of the 16th vers century. The city of Troy was taken, plundered, and avant J.-C. saccager destroyed by the Greeks, 1184 years B.C. This event détruire événement m. has been celebrated by the two greatest poets of Greece and Italy. art. The preposition To, before a second verb in the infinitive, is expressed in French by à, DE, or POUR, but not indiscriminately. Sometimes also there is no preposition at all in French. J'aime à lire. EXAMPLES. Je crains de tomber. I like to read. I do it to oblige you. It is important to observe, that when in French a preposition is required before an infinitive, it is the foregoing verb, noun, or adjective that determines which is to be used, according as that verb, noun, or adjective governs one or another preposition. This government must therefore be ascertained. This is one of the principal difficulties of the French language, and, in order to remove it, we give two Lists of Verbs, with the prepositions that they respectively govern, and a third List of those Verbs that require no preposition. † See Rule II., page 9. N.B. The present infinitive is used after prepositions* in French, and not the present participle; as, LIST I. Verbs which require the preposition À before the infinitive which follows them. accoutumer à, to accustom to. to help to, assist in. aider à, donner à, to dispose to. to give to. to like to. [with. s'Efforcer à, de,‡ (physical) to endeavour to. employer à, to employ to, use to. s'empresser à, de, to be eager to. encourager à, to encourage to. aimer à, s'amuser à, to amuse oneself animer à, to animate to. s'appliquer à, to apply to. apprendre à, to learn to. s'apprêter à, to get ready to. engager à, to induce to. aspirer à, to aspire to. enhardir à, to embolden to. s'attendre à, to expect to. autoriser à, to authorise to. exceller à, to excel in. Balancer à, to hesitate to. exciter à, to excite to. contribuer à, to contribute to. se hasarder à, to venture to. * To ascertain which preposition to use, consult the Lists. † Some writers occasionally use de, and establish a shade of difference between commencer à and commencer de; but, according to the latest decisions of the French Academy, à may be properly used in all cases. As it sounds best, i.e., de to avoid several à, and à to avoid several de. |