525 (n.); cases of the Essex, the Gen.
Armstrong, and the Caroline, 526, 527
(n.); of the Nereide, 698, 699 (n.);
neutral vessels signalling between parts
of a hostile fleet are liable to condemna-
tion, 638 (n.); what acts are ground for
condemnation, 639 (n.); decisions of
prize courts, 639 et seq. (n.); doctrine
to be deduced from these decisions,
643 (n.); case of the Trent, 644 et seq.
(n.) (see The Trent); right to take mili-
tary persons from neutral vessels, 637
et seq. (n.); authorities on the point,
652 (n.); to take noxious persons from
innocent neutral vessels, 656 (n.);
treaties, 657 (n.) (see Convoy, Contra-
band of war.)

Neutrality, no Greek or Roman word for,
508; definition of, 508; perfect, 509;
imperfect, 510; of the Swiss Confedera-
tion, 511; of Belgium, 514; of Swit-
zerland and Savoy, 514; of Cracow,
515; modified by a limited alliance of
one of the belligerent parties, 517;
qualified, arising from antecedent treaty
stipulations, 518; treaty between U.
States and France of 1778, providing
for admission of prizes, 518; tendency
of modern doctrines of, 518 (n.); Ameri-
can and English acts respecting, 534;
in what, consists, in a war between a
mother country and its colonies, 535;
foreign enlistment acts, 536 et seq. (n.);
political history of the subject in the
U. States before the statutes, 536 (n.);
capture of the George by the Ambus-
cade, 537 (n.); Washington's procla-
mation of neutrality, 1793, 537 (n.); |
privateers fitted out by France in the
U. States, thereafterward, 538 et seq.
(n.); statutes of the U. States for the
better preservation of, 542, 543 (n.);
judicial history of the subject in the U.
States, 543 et seq. (n.); cases of the
U. States v. Gideon Henfield, the Bet-
sey, the Brothers, the Nancy, the Betsey
Cathcart, the sloop Betsey, 543 (n.); of
Le Cassuis, previously Les Jumeaux,
544 et seq. (n.); of the Magdalena, 549
(n.); of the Alfred, the Phoebe Ann,
the Exchange, 550 (n.); of the Santis-
sima Trinidad, the Alerta, the Invin-
cible, 551 (n.); of the Estrella, the
Amistad de las Rues, 552 (n.); of La
Concepcion, Bello Corrunes, and San-
tissima Trinidad, 553 (n.); of the Gran
Para, 554 (n.); of the Arrogante Barce-
lones, Nereyda, and Fanny, 555 (n.);
U. States v. Quincy, 556, 557 (n.);
Kenneth v. Chambers, 557 (n.); U.
States v. Kazinski, 557 (n.); political
history of, since the passage of the neu-
trality acts, 557 et seq. (n.); course of
the U. States toward Spain and Portugal
in the civil wars in the South American

colonies, 1816, 541, 557 et seq. (n.); ex-
pedition of Miranda, 558 (n.); corre-
spondence between the Portuguese and
American Ministers, 559 et seq. (n.);
fitting-out of privateers against the
Portuguese in American ports, 560 (n.);
a Germanic steamer fitted out during
an armistice, 1848, 560, 561 (n.); case
of the Maury, fitted out in New York
in the Crimean war, 561 (n.); case of
the privateer Meteor, 561 (n.); sum-
mary of the results of legislative, execu-
tive, and judicial proceedings in the U.
States, 561 et seq. (n.); contraband of
war, 563 (n.); penalties and remedies,
563 (n.); privateers, 564 (n.); British -
foreign enlistment acts, 564 et seq.
(n.); Mr. Canning on, 564 (n.); differ-
ence between the English act of 1819
and the American act, 565 (n.); the
Terceira affair, 566 (n.); questions aris-
ing in the civil war in the U. States,
567 et seq. (n.); case of the Alexandra,
567 (n.); privateers fitted out in British
ports during this war, 571 et seq. (n.);
the Oreto or Florida, 571 (n.); the
Georgia or Japan, 572 (n.); the Rappa-
hannock, 572 (n.); the Shenandoah or
Sea King, 572 (n.); the Pampero or
Canton, 572 (n.); the rams of the
Messrs. Laird, 573 (n.); their seizure,
573 (n.); correspondence between Mr.
Adams and Earl Russell at the end of
the war, 574 et seq. (n.); between Mr.
Adams and the Earl of Clarendon, 577
et seq. (n.); summary of this correspond-
ence, 579, 580 (n.).

Neutral territory, hostilities within, 520;
passage through, 520; captures within,
520; belligerents no right to lie in
wait for vessels in, 520; restriction of
captures within, 520; claim for viola-
tion of, to be sanctioned by neutral State,
525 (n.); extent of, along coasts, 529;
right of asylum in neutral ports depend-
ent on consent of neutral State, 531;
arming and equipping vessels and en-
listing men in, unlawful, 533; how far
immunity of, extends to vessels on the
high seas, 537.

Neutral rights, whether a neutral may al-
low the army of one of the belligerents
to pass over his territory, 520 (n.); case
of the rebel steamer Chesapeake in the
civil war in the U. States, 521 et seq.
(n.); analysis of the case, 523 (n.); its
questions and principles, 523, 524 (n.);
neutral waters often violated in past
times, 526 (n.); capture of the rebel
steamer Florida in neutral waters, in
the civil war in the U. States, 528 (n.);
a belligerent captor, with his prize, may
remain a reasonable time in a neutral
port, for repairs and supplies, 532 (n.);
whether enemy's property in neutral

vessels is liable to capture, 551; ordi-
nances of States subjecting neutral ves-
sels laden with enemy goods to confis-
cation, 553; confiscating goods of a
friend on board enemy ship, 559; the
doctrines of "free ships, free goods,"
and "

enemy ships, enemy goods," not
necessarily connected, 573, 581 (n.);
conventional law as to "free ships, free
goods," 581; armed neutrality of 1800,
586; discussions between the U. States
and Prussia respecting, 588; armed neu-
trality of 1780, 584 (n.) (see Vessels).
Non-combatants, when liable to be treated
as combatants, 431 (n.).

Nootka Sound, disputes between Great
Britain and Spain, in 1790, about, 242.
Norway and Sweden, a personal union
under the same sovereign, 61.
Nullification, Mr. Calhoun's doctrine of, 82
(n.) (see Secession).

0.

Ordinances, how far sources of the law of
nations, 24.

Oregon, claim of U. States to territory of,
250 (n.); British claim to, 252 (n.);
negotiations of 1827, 252 (n.); treaty
of 1846, 254 (n.).

Oreto (or Florida), Case of, 571 (n.); cap-
ture of in neutral waters, 528 (n.) (see
the Florida).

Orozembo, Case of the, 640 (n.).

Ottoman Empire (see Turkey).

P.

Pacifico, Case of the, 371 (n.).
Pactiones, 329.

Pampero (or Canton), Case of the, 572
(n.).

Panama, Congress of, 99 (n.); U. States
invited to take part therein, 100 (n.);
course of Mr. Adams and of Congress
concerning, 100 et seq. (n.); appointment
of commissioners to, 100 (n.).
Panama Mission (see Congress of Panama).
Paraguay, treaties with as to navigation
of the, 287 (n.).

Parana, Navigation of the, 287 (n.).
Parol, penalty for violation of, 428 (n.).
Parsons on contraband of war, 631 (n.).
Passage through neutral territory, 520.
Passports, system of, 297, 298 (n.); theory
of, to private citizens in time of peace,
298 (n.); given by a government to its
own citizens, 298 (n.); may be had
abroad by a citizen from the diplomatic
agent of his government at the place,
298 (n.); privileges under, 298 (n.).

Peace revives and confirms treaties, 353
(see Treaties of peace).

Pfeiffer on conquest and belligerent occu-
pation, 432 et seq.

Phillimore on international prescription,
239, 240.

Piracy, under the law of nations, punisha-
ble anywhere, 170, 192; what is, 192,
193 (n.); vessel commissioned by one
government and guilty of irregularities
against another, not pirate, 192; his
government is responsible for him, 1983;
by statute, punishable only in the coun-
try, 194; distinction between, by the law
of nations and under municipal statutes,
194 (n.); elements of, jure gentium, 195
(n.); jurisdiction in cases of, 195 (n.);
opinions of Hautefeuille, Massé, and
Martens, 193 (n.); slave trade not, un-
der law of nations, 197; but is made
so by the treaties of most countries,
197 (n.); rebels as pirates, 196 (n.); the
question, in what sense rebels in arms,
cruising on the high seas against the
property of the parent State, are pirates,
considered as between the rebels and
the parent State, 196 (n.); proclamation
of the President of the U. States, April
19, 1861, and its construction, 196 (n.);
trial of the crew of the Savannah, 196
(n.); trial of Smith, 197 (n.); how such
rebels will be regarded in the courts
of a neutral country, 197 (n.); Lord
Chelmsford on this question, 197 (n.);
course of Great Britain in the Ameri-
can Revolution, 198 (n.); how foreign-
ers, who aid in a rebellion by cruising
against commerce, will be regarded by
the courts of the parent country, 198 (n.);
Queen's proclamation in the American
civil war, 198 (n.); of the French Em-
peror and of the Queen of Spain, 199
(n.); the burning of the Golden Rocket
by the rebel cruiser Florida, 199 (n.);
actions thereon in the courts of the U.
States, 199 (n.); suggestions of princi-
ples, 200 (n.); case of the Chesapeake,
521 et seq. (n.); principles of, 523 (n.);
the slave trade as, 201 et seq. (n.) (see
Slave trade); meaning given to the
term as used in the Ashburton Treaty,
in the case of the Gerity, 184 (n.); re-
captures from pirates, 456.

Plenipotentiaries, 294 (see Legation, Am-
bassadors).

Poland, union with Russia, 63; charter of
Alexander, 63; united to Russia perma-
nently by Nicholas, 1832, 64; protest
of England and France, 64; ukase of
1861 re-establishing the kingdom of, 64
(n.); revolution of 1862, convention of
Russia and Prussia, objections of Eng-
land and France, 64 (n.).
Polizza, Republic of, 56 (n.).
Polk, President, message of Dec. 2, 1845,

referring to the Monroe Doctrine, 102
(n.); special message concerning Yuca-
tan, 102 (n.).

Pope, The, negative of Austria, France,
and Spain in election of, 123.
Portalis, Conclusions relatives à la Prise
du navire Américaine Le Statira, 459.
Porte, Ottoman (see Turkey).
Ports, exemption from local jurisdiction
of foreign ships of war in, 153; pre-
sumed open to friendly States, 153;
property carried into neutral, 478; asy-
lum in neutral, 532.

Portugal, and Brazil, 100; claim of Dom

Miguel to throne, 98; separation from
Brazil, 98; British interference, 98;
quadruple alliance of 1834, 123; Lord
Palmerston on, 125; conquests in
America, 241; alliance with Great Brit-
ain, 361.

Postal treaties, 461 (n.), 468 (n.).
Postal vessels (see Contraband of War).
Postliminy, as to real property in war, 441,
495; in case of emancipated slaves in
military service in the civil war in the
U. States, 442 (n.).

Precedence of States, 232.
Prescription, 223, 224 (n.), 239; in the U.
States and England, 224 (n.); at com.
mon law, 224 (n.); by the Roman law,
224 (n.); title to property founded on,
239;
international, Phillimore and
Burke, 239, 240 (n.); reasonable time
of, 239 (n.); recognized by U. States
Supreme Court in case of a disputed
boundary, 240 (n.); account of, 262.
President of U. States, power of, 79; in
case of habeas corpus, 79.
Prestation (see Angaria).

Prisoners of war, when may be killed, 427;
treatment of, 428 (n.); exchange of,
429; no positive obligation to exchange,
428 (n.); penalty for violation of pa-
role, 428 (n.); selling and ransoming,
429, 430 (n.); cartels, parole, &c., 430
(n.); mode and rate of exchange, 430
(n.); treatment of in civil war, 430
(n.); ransom prohibited by Acts of Par-
liament, 506 (n.).

Privateering, 452, 453 (n.); efforts of U.
States to suppress, 453 (n.); none in the
Crimean war, 454 (n.); agreement to
abolish in the declaration of Paris of
1856, 454 (n.); not acceded to by the
U. States, 454 (n.); nor by the rebels
in the civil war in the U. States, 455
(n.); negotiations at that time, on the
the part of the U. States, with a view
to acceding to the declaration, 455, 456
(n.); none fitted out by the U. States
in the civil war, 456 (n.); note of Mr.
Seward, 456 (n.); fitted out by France
in the U. States, 538 (n.); as regards
neutrality, 564 (see Letters of marque).
Prize, a vessel captured as prize of war

may be condemned (1) Where the
affirmative proof shows that it is good
prize by the laws of war; (2) Where,
in the absence of such proof, or irre-
spective of it, no intervening party
establishes a claim to the property, 208
(n.); the case of the Amedie criticised
and construed, 208 (n.); case of the
Fortuna, 209 (n.); cases of the Africa,
the Nancy, and the Anne, 209 (n.); of
the Diana and Le Louis, 210 (n.); of the
Amy Warwick and Hiawatha, 375, 376
(n.); principles and decisions of, in the
civil war in the U. States, 375, 376,
377, 417 (n.); jurisdiction and practice,
480 (n.); duty of the captor, 484 (n.);
in a neutral port, 486 (n.); modern
practice of neutrals is to prohibit use
of their ports by prizes, 486 (n.); but
to protect them from pursuit from the
same port for twenty-four hours, 487
(n.); questions of, arising in the U.
States civil war, 487 (n.) (see Captures).
Prize courts, decisions of, 26; sentence
of, conclusive, 218; prize to be adju
dicated by courts of captor's country,
sitting in his own country or in that of
his ally, 477; consular court in a neu-
tral country has no jurisdiction to con-
demn, 481; distinction between, and
municipal tribunals, 488; enemy has
no right to claim a trial in, 480 (n.);
trial in, is an inquest by the State,
480 (n.); method of procedure, 480
et seq., (n.); summary hearing and de-
cision, 480 (n.); evidence in prepara-
tory, 480, 481 (n.); litigation in, 481
(n.); no technical pleadings inter partes,
481 (n.); the libel, 481 (n.); sometimes
regular pleadings required by the court,
482 (n.); rules of decision, 482, 483
(n.); international responsibility for
injustice by capture is the cause of
having recourse to, 483 (n.); how far
the adjudication of, binds the govern-
ment of the captor, 483 (n.); remedy
of claimants in, if a captor does not
submit his capture to adjudication, 485
(n.); need not have custody of the
prize, 486 (n.); case of an absent
prize, 486 (n.); power of, in certain
cases in the U. States, 711 (n.); of the
U. States, 25 (n.); their relation to
the executive, 25 (n.); the rules bind-
ing upon them, 25 (n.); nature of their
decisions, 28 (n.); as authorities on
questions of international law, 28 (n.);
revision of the Prize Code of the U.
States, 1864, 466, 467 (n.); British
prize acts, 467 (n.).

Property, effect of change of government
on, 50; authority of sovereign to alien-
ate public, 50; of the rights of the In-
dians, 58, 242; private, of sovereign,
160; of intestate, how distributed, 218;

title by bankruptcy, 219; eminent do-
main, 238; prescription, 239; vested
under treaty, 340; title to real, reverts
unless confirmed by treaty of peace,

495.

Protectorate of Christians in Turkey (see
Turkey); of Ionian Islands, 53 (n.); of
Cracow, 53; of Moldavia, 55; of Poliz-
za, 56 (n.); of Indian tribes, 58.
Prussia, member of the Germanic Con-
federation, 66; course of, in the Schles-
wig-Holstein question, 77; interference
in the internal affairs of the Ottoman
Empire, 116; in the Belgian Revolution,
119; questions between, and U. States
on matters of naturalization, 144, et seq.
(n.) (see Naturalization); title of King
assumed in 1701, 236; negotiations
with the U. States, 590 et seq.
Pufendorf, origin of law of nations, 7;
criticism on, 9 (n.).

R.

Ransoms prohibited by acts of Parliament,
506 (n.).

Rappahannock, Case of the; 572 (n.).
Rapid, Case of the, 642 (n.); criticisms on,
643 (n.).

Ratification of treaties, 330; how far obli-
gatory to give, when concluded under
full power, 331.

Rayneval, Institutions des Droits, 19.
Real property, by what law conveyances
of, are regulated, 136, 137 (n.); rules
governing wills of, 137 (n.); rights of
aliens to hold, 138, 139 (n.).
Rebels as pirates, 196 (n.) (see Pirates);
case of the Chesapeake, 521 (n.).
Recapture, laws of the U. States concern-
ing, 400 (n.); from pirates, to be restored
to owner, 456; salvage, 457; ordinance
of Louis XIV., 457; of neutral proper-
ty, 458; from pirates, rule in U. States,
458 (n.); from enemy, 461; postlim-
iny, 461; reciprocity as to, 462; laws
of different States, 466; British acts
concerning, 467 (n.); French law, 470
(n.); Spanish law, 471 (n.); what con-
stitutes setting forth as a vessel of war,
472; rescue by neutral crew, 475; sal-
vage for, 476, 477 (n.).
Reciprocity, Principle of, 419 (n.).
Reciprocity Treaty, as concerning the
North-eastern fisheries, 262 (n.), 350 (n.).
Recognition of States, 32; of government
de facto, 32; internal sovereignty does
not depend on, 32; of independence,
41 (n.); courts bound by action of ex-
ecutive, 41; not a just cause of war,
40; of titles of sovereigns, 236; inde-
pendence of U. States not granted but
acknowledged by treaty of 1783, and by
the British act declaring war in 1812,

acknowledgment irrevocable, 33, 345,
347 (see Belligerency).

Reprisals, negative and positive, general
and special, 369, 370 (n.); special letters
of marque formerly granted to person in-
jured, 369, 370 (n.); extended to persons,
370 (n.); modern sense of the term,
"letters of marque," &c., 370, 371 (n.);
case of Pacifico, 371 (n.); of McLeod,
371 (n.); retorsion distinguished from,
371 (n.); formerly regulated in England
and France by law, 369; persons domi-
ciled in enemy's country liable to, but
not travellers, 403, 404; ambassadors
sent to an enemy liable to, 403; what
residence renders liable to, 405 (see
Domicil); reprisals for prisoners (see
Retaliation); unjust judgment of prize
courts, ground for, 485; claims of U.
States on Denmark, 494.

Rescue, by neutrals, fully considered in
the case of the Emily St. Pierre, 475
(n.); salvage for, 476, 477 (n.).
Residence, Species of, constituting domi-
cil, 405.

Resistance to search by enemy master,

696.

Retaliation, 368 (see Retorsio facti).
Retorsio facti, or vindictive retaliation, 368;

retorsion de droit, amicable retaliation,
368; distinguished from reprisal, 371
(n.).

Revenue laws of other States not enforced

or taken notice of, 149, 150 (n.).
Rhine, navigation of, 277, 278; branches
of, 278.

Rhode Island, boundary of, with Massa-
chusetts held to be settled by prescrip-
tion, 240 (n.).

Rights of States, absolute international, 89 ;
conditional international, 89; of self-
preservation, 89; modified by rights of
other States to intervene or interfere,
91.

Rivers, middle of channel of, boundary,
274; right to use, 274; to use of banks,
274, 282; imperfect right modified by
compact, 274; treaties of Vienna re-
specting, 276; (for individual rivers see
under their respective names).
Romilly, Sir Samuel, views on the peace
made by the allied powers with France,
448.

Rosalie and Betty, Remarks on the decision
in the case of the, 649 (n.).
Roumania, foundation of, 55 (n.); under
suzeraineté of Turkey, 56 (n.).
Rule of war of 1756, 663.
Russell, Earl, correspondence with Mr.
Adams as to the recognition, by Great
Britain, of belligerent rights in the rebel
States of the U. States, 37, 38 (n.); cor-
respondence with Mr. Adams at the
close of the war, 574 et seq. (n.); sum-
mary of the correspondence, 579, 580

(n.); correspondence with Mr. Seward
in the case of the Trent, 645 et seq.
(n.); subsequent letter to Lord Lyons,
647 (n.); strictures on this letter, 647;
correspondence as to the obstruction of
Charleston Harbor, 429 (n.).
Russia, title of Czar changed to Emperor,
1701, 236; relation of Poland to, 63, 64
(n.); claims to Black Sea, 263, 264;
rights on north-west coast of America,
243; convention of 1824, 245; discus-
sions with the U. States as to the north-
west coast of America, 246; treaty of
1825 with England, 246; offer to U.
States of mediation in the civil war,
121 (n.) (see Crimean war).

Safe-conducts, 501.

S.

Salutes, Maritime, 237.

Salvage, recapture of neutral property,
458; reason why ordinarily none, as to
neutrals, 458; allowed in English courts
during French Revolution, in cases of
recapture from French, 458; recapture
by non-commissioned vessels, 452; cases
entitling to, 456 et seq.; laws of different
countries, 466 et seq.; American code,
466 (n.); British acts, 467 (n); French
prize code, 468, 470; for rescue and re-
capture, 476, 477 (n.); Spanish law,
471 (n.).

Santissima Trinidad, Case of the, 551-53
(n.).

Sarpi, Paolo del, del Dominio del mare
Adriatico, 268.

Savages, not recognized as States, 30; In-
dian tribes, 58; employment of, as allies
in war, 428, 442 (see Indian tribes).
Savannah, Trial of the crew of the, 377
(n.).

Savigny, opinion of international law, 21;
contends for the lex loci rei sita in mobilia
as well as in immobilia, 217 (n.).
Savoy, Neutrality of, 514 (n.).
Scheldt, 275, 280, 283.
Scheldt Dues, The, 276 (n.).
Schleswig-Holstein, war of Denmark with
Austria, Prussia, and the German Con-
federation concerning, 77 (n.); King of
Denmark renounces his rights to the
duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, in treaty
with Austria and Prussia, 77, (n.).
Scott, Sir Wm. (Lord Stowell), 521, case
of Le Louis, reversing the principle of
the case of the Amedie, 206, 210 (n.);
on the Hovering Acts, 259 (n.).
Sea, vessels at, governed by laws of their
country, 169; controversy respecting
the dominion of the sea, 267; how far
the maritime territory of a State ex-
tends, 267; jurisdiction over parts of,
169; piracy on the, an offence against

law of nations, punishable everywhere,
170; right of search of vessels (see Visi-
tation and search); British claim to nar-
row seas, 172, 262; hovering laws of
England and U. States, 258; maritime
salutes, 237; Russian claim to seas on
North-west coast of America, 243; juris-
diction over sea adjacent to coasts, 267,
268; whether coast includes shoals, 321;
views of Grotius, Hautefeuille, and
divers others, as to extent of territorial
rights over the sea, 255, 256; municipal
seizures beyond the marine league or
cannon-shot, 258 et seq. (n.) (see Marine
league); nations bordering on an open
sea cannot combine, and make it mare
clausum, 269, 270; king's chambers,
bays, &c., 257; straits, 262, 271; fish-
ery, 258 et seq. (see Fishery); claim of
Denmark over Sound, 264; Sound tolls
abolished, 266; Baltic Sea, 266; right
to use of shore, river-banks, &c., 275.
Sea King (or Shenandoah), Case of the,
572 (n.).

Search (see Visitation and search).
Secession, Doctrine of, 83 (n.) (see Civil
war in the U. States).

Ségur, Politique de tous les Cabinets de
I'Europe, compilation from papers of
Favier, 367.

Sentence, extra-territorial operation of a
criminal, 191; conclusiveness of foreign,
in rem, 218; unjust, of a foreign tribu-
nal, ground for reprisal, 485.
Serf (see Slaves).

Sergeant and Rawles' Reports (see Table
of Cases).

Servia, under suzeraineté of Turkey, 56
(n.).

Seward, Mr., Secretary of State of the U.
States, correspondence with Earl Rus-
sell in the case of the Trent, 645 et seq.
(n.); instructions concerning mails, &c.,
660, 661 (n.); correspondence as to the
obstruction of Charleston Harbor, 429
(n.); on the Mexican question, 130,
131 (n.).

Shenandoah (or Sea King) Case of the,
572 (n.).
Ships (see Vessels).

Silesian Loan, 379, 382, 492.
Slaves, Emancipation of, in the civil war
in the U. States, 440, 441 (n.); eman-
cipated, and serving in the army, if
captured, required to be treated as
prisoners of war, 441 (n.); whether one,
committing an offence in the U. States,
within the terms of the extradition
treaty and fleeing to Canada, can be de-
manded back, 186 (n.).

Slave trade, made piracy by statutes and
treaties of some States, but is not so by
international law, 197, 201; Lord Stow-
ell's decision, 206; Chief Justice Mar-
shall in The Antelope, 211; other trea-