withstanding the fact that he came by way of Canada; but several of the District Courts have, in cases brought before them, overruled this view of the law, and decided that such persons must be returned to Canada. This construction robs the law of all effectiveness, even if the Decrees could be executed, for the men returned can the next day recross our border. But the only appropriation made is for sending them back to China, and the Canadian officials refuse to allow them to re-enter Canada without the payment of the 50 dollars bead tax. I recommend such legislation as will remedy these defects in the law.

In previous Messages I have called the attention of Congress to the necessity of so extending the jurisdiction of the United States' Courts as to make triable therein any felony committed while in the act of violating a law of the United States. These Courts caunot have that independence and effectiveness which the Constitution contemplates so long as the felonious killing of Court officers, jurors, and witnesses in the discharge of their duties, or by reason of their acts as such, is only cognizable in the State Courts. The work done by the Attorney-General and the officers of his Department, even under the present inadequate legislation, has produced some notable results in the interest of law and order.

The Attorney General, and also the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, call attention to the defectiveness and nadequacy of the laws relating to crimes against chastity in the District of Columbia. A stringent Code upon this subject has been provided by Congress for Utah, and it is a matter of surprise that the needs of this district should have been so long overlooked.

In the Report of the Postmaster-General some very gratifying results are exhibited, and many betterments of the service suggested. A perusal of the Report gives abundant evidence that the supervision and direction of the postal system have been characterized by an intelligent and conscientious desire to improve the service. The revenues of the Department show an increase of over five millions of dollars, with a deficiency for the year 1892 of less than four millions of dollars, while the estimate for the year 1893 shows a surplus of receipts over expenditures.

Ocean mail post-offices have been established upon the steamers of the North German Lloyd and Hamburg lines, saving, by the distribution on ship-board, from two to fourteen hours' time in the delivery of mail at the port of entry, and often much more than this in the delivery at interior places. So thoroughly has this system, initiated by Germany and the United States, evidenced its usefulness that it cannot be long before it is installed upon all the great ocean mail-carrying steam-ships.

Eight thousand miles of new postal service has been established

upon railroads; the car distribution to sub-stations in the great cities has been increased about 12 per cent., while the percentage of errors in distribution has, during the past year, been reduced over one-half. An appropriation was given by the last Congress for the purpose of making some experiments in free delivery in the smaller cities and towns. The results of these experiments have been so satisfactory that the Postmaster-General recommends, and I concur in the recommendation, that the free delivery system be at once extended to towns of 5,000 population. His discussion of the inadequate facilities extended under our present system to rural communities, and his suggestions with a view to give these communities a fuller participation in the benefits of the postal service, are worthy of your careful consideration. It is not just that the farmer, who receives his mail at a neighbouring town, should not only be compelled to send to the post-office for it, but to pay a considerable rent for a box in which to place it, or to wait his tur at a general-delivery window, while the city resident has his mail brought to his door. It is stated that over 54,000 neighbourhoods are, under the present system, receiving mail at post-offices where money orders and postal notes are not issued. The extension of this system to these communities is especially desirable, as the patrons of such offices are not possessed of the other facilities offered in more populous communities for the transmission of small sums of money.

1 have, in a Message to the preceding Congress, expressed my views as to a modified use of the telegraph in connection with the postal service.

In pursuance of the Ocean Mail Law of the 3rd March, 1891, and after a most careful study of the whole subject and frequent conferences with ship-owners, Boards of Trade, and others, advertisements were issued by the Postmaster-General for 53 lines of ocean mail service-10 to Great Britain and the Continent, 27 to South America, 3 to China and Japan, 4 to Australia and the Pacific Islands, 7 to the West Indies, and 2 to Mexico. It was not, of course, expected that bids for all these lines would be received, or that service upon them all would be contracted for. It was intended, in furtherance of the Act, to secure as many new lines as possible, while including in the list most or all of the foreign lines now occupied by American ships. It was hoped that a line to England, and perhaps one to the Continent would be secured, but the outlay required to equip such lines wholly with new ships of the first class, and the difficulty of establishing new lines in competition with those already established, deterred bidders whose interest had been enlisted. It is hoped that a way may yet be found of overcoming these difliculties. The Brazil Steam-ship Company, by

reason of a miscalculation as to the speed of its vessels, was not able to bid under the terms of the advertisement. The policy of the Department was to secure from the established lines an improved service as a condition of giving to them the benefits of the Law. This in all instances has been attained. The Postmaster-General estimates that an expenditure in American ship-yards of about ten millions of dollars will be necessary to enable the bidders to construct the ships called for by the service which they have accepted. I do not think there is any reason for discouragement, or for any turning back from the policy of this legislation. Indeed, a good beginning has been made, and as the subject is further considered and understood by capitalists and shipping people, new lines will be ready to meet future proposals, and we may date from the passage of this Law the revival of American shipping interests and the recovery of a fair share of the carrying trade of the world. We were receiving for foreign postage nearly two millions of dollars under the old system, and the outlay for ocean mail service did not exceed 600,000 dollars per annum. It is estimated by the Postmaster-General that if all the contracts proposed are completed, it will require 247,354 dollars for this year, in addition to the appropriation for sea and inland postage already in the Estimates, and that for the next fiscal year, ending the 30th June, 1893, there would probably be needed about 560,000 dollars.

The Report of the Secretary of the Navy shows a gratifying increase of new naval vessels in commission. The Newark, Concord, Bennington, aud Miantonomoh have been added during the year, with an aggregate of something more than 11,000 tons. Twenty-four war-ships of all classes are now under construction in the navyyards and private shops, but while the work upon them is going forward satisfactorily, the completion of the more important vessels will yet require about a year's time. Some of the vessels now under construction, it is believed, will be triumphs of naval engineering. When it is recollected that the work of building a modern navy was only initiated in the year 1883, that our naval constructors and shipbuilders were practically without experience in the construction of large iron or steel ships, that our engine shops were unfamiliar with great marine engines, and that the manufacture of steel forgings for guns and plates was almost wholly a foreign industry, the progress that has been made is not only highly satisfactory, but furnishes the assurance that the United States will before long attain in the construction of such vessels, with their engines and armaments, the same pre-eminence which it attained when the best instrument of ocean commerce was the elipper ship, and the most impressive exhibit of naval power the old wooden three-decker man-of-war. The officers of the navy and the [1890-91. LXXXIII.]

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proprietors and engineers of our great private shops have responded with wonderful intelligence and professional zeal to the confidence expressed by Congress in its liberal legislation. We have now at Washington a gun-shop, organized and conducted by uaval officers, that in its system, economy, and product is unexcelled. Experiments with armour-plate have been conducted during the year with most important results. It is now believed that a plate of higher resisting power than any in use has been found, and that the tests have demonstrated that cheaper methods of manufacture than those heretofore thought necessary can be used.

I commend to your favourable consideration the recommendations of the Secretary, who has, I am sure, given to them the most conscientious study. There should be no hesitation in promptly completing a navy of the best modern type, large enough to enable this country to display its flag in all seas for the protection of its citizens and of its extending commerce. The world needs no assurance of the peaceful purposes of the United States; but we shall probably be in the future more largely a competitor in the commerce of the world, and it is essential to the diguity of this nation, and to that peaceful influence which it should exercise on this hemisphere, that its navy should be adequate both upon the shores of the Atlantic and of the Pacific.

The Report of the Secretary of the Interior shows that a very gratifying progress has been made in all of the bureaus which make up that complex and difficult Department.

The work in the Bureau of Indian Affairs was perhaps never so large as now, by reason of the numerous negotiations which have been proceeding with the tribes for a reduction of the reservations, with the incident labour of making allotments, and was never more carefully conducted. The provision of adequate school facilities for Indian children and the locating of adult Indians upon farms involve the solution of the "Indian question." Everything elserations, annuities, and tribal negotiations, with the agents, Inspec tors, and Commissioners who distribute and conduct them-must pass away when the Indian has become a citizen, secure in the individual ownership of a farm from which he derives his subsistence by his own labour, protected by and subordinate to the laws which govern the white man, and provided by the General Government or by the local communities in which he lives with the means of educating his children. When an Indian becomes a citizen in an organized State or Territory, his relation to the General Government ceases, in great measure, to be that of a ward; but the General Government ought not at once to put upon the State or Territory the burden of the education of his children. It has been my thought that the Government schools and school buildings upon the reserva

tions would be absorbed by the school systems of the States and Territories; but, as it has been found necessary to protect the Indian against the compulsory alienation of his land by exempting him from taxation for a period of twenty-five years, it would seem to be right that the General Government, certainly where there are tribal funds in its possession, should pay to the school fund of the State what would be equivalent to the local school tax upon the property of the Indian. It will be noticed from the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that already some contracts have been made with district schools for the education of Indian children. There is great advantage, I think, in bringing the Indian children into mixed schools. This process will be gradual, and in the meantime the present educational provisions and arrangements, the result of the best experience of those who have been charged with this work, should be continued. This will enable those religious bodies that have undertaken the work of Indian education with so much zeal, and with results so restraining and beneficent, to place their institutions in new and useful relations to the Indian and to his white neighbours.

The outbreak among the Sioux, which occurred in December last, is as to its causes and incidents fully reported upon by the War Department and the Department of the Interior. That these Indians had some just complaints, especially in the matter of the reduction of the appropriation for rations and in the delays attending the enactment of laws to enable the Department to perform the engagements entered into with them, is probably true; but the Sioux tribes are naturally warlike and turbulent, and their warriors were excited by their medicine-men and Chiefs, who preached the coming of an Indian Messiah who was to give them power to destroy their enemies. In view of the alarm that prevailed among the white settlers near the reservation and of the fatal consequences that would have resulted from an Indian incursion, I placed at the disposal of General Miles, commanding the Division of the Missouri, ali such forces as were thought by him to be required. 1le is entitled to the credit of having given thorough protection to the settlers and of bringing the hostiles into subjection with the least possible loss of life.

The appropriation of 2,991,450 dollars for the Choctows and Chickasaws, contained in the General Indian Appropriation Bill of the 3rd March, 1591, has not been expended, for the reason that I have not yet approved a release (to the Government) of the Indian claim to the lands mentioned. This matter will be made the subject of a special Message, placing before Congress all the facts which have come to my knowledge.

The relation of the five civilized tribes now occupying the Indian