LADY CHAPEL-LAENNEC. precedence. But a peer's daughter marrying a peer, can no longer be designated by her Christian name with Lady; she must take her husband's rank and title, even should a loss of precedence be the result, as when the daughter of a duke marries an earl, viscount, or baron. Should her husband, however, be merely a courtesy peer, she may retain her designation by Christian name with Lady prefixed, substituting her husband's courtesy title for her surname; this title and precedence being again dropped on her husband's succession to the peerage by his father's death. The daughter-in-law of a duke, marquis, or earl, is generally designated by the title Lady prefixed to the Christian name and surname of her husband; but if she be the daughter of a peer of a higher rank than her father-in-law, she may if she pleases, be designed by Lady prefixed to her own Christian name and her husband's surname, and in that case she retains the precedence which she had when unmarried. The wife of a bar net or knight is generally designed by Lady prefixed to her husband's surname; the proper legal designation, however, being Dame, followed by her Christian name and surname. LADY CHAPEL, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Our Lady'), and usually, but not always, placed eastwards from the altar when attached to cathedrals. Henry VII.'s Chapel at Westminster is the lady chapel of that cathedral. LADY OF MERCY, OUR, a Spanish order of knighthood, founded in 1218 by James I. of Aragon, in fulfilment of a vow made to the Virgin during his captivity in France. The object for which the order was instituted was the redemption of Christian captives from among the Moors, each knight at his inauguration vowing that, if necessary for their ransom, he would remain himself a captive in their stead. Within the first six years of the existence of the order, no fewer than 400 captives are said to have been ransomed by its means. On the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, the labours of the knights were transferred to Africa. Their badge is a shield party per fess gules and or, in chief a cross pattée argent, in base four pallets gules for Aragon, the shield crowned with a ducal coronet. The order was extended to ladies in 1261. LADY OF MONTESA, OUR, an order of knighthood, founded in 1317 by King James II. of Aragon, who, on the abrogation of the order of the Templars, urged Pope Clement V. to allow him to employ all their estates within his territory in founding a new knightly order for the protection of the Christians against the Moors. His request was acceded to by the following pope, John XXII., who granted him for this purpose all the estates of the Templars and of the Knights of St John situated in Valencia. Out of these was founded the new order, which King James named after the town and castle of Montesa, which he assigned as its head-quarters. The order is now conferred merely as a mark of royal favour, though the provisions of its statutes are still nominally observed on new creations. The badge is a red cross edged with gold, the costume a long white woollen mantle, decorated with a cross on the left breast, and tied with very long white cords. LADYBIRD (Coccinella), a genus of coleopterous insects of the section Trimera, containing a great number of species very similar to each other. They are very pretty little beetles, well known to every one, generally of a brilliant red or yellow colour, with black, red, white, or yellow spots, the number and distribution of which is one of the characteristic marks of the different species. The form is nearly hemispherical, the under-surface being very flat, the thorax and head small; the antennæ are short, and terminate in a triangular club; the legs are short. When handled, these insects emit from their joints a yellowish fluid, having a disagreeable smell. They and their larvæ feed chiefly on aphides, in devouring which they are very useful to hopgrowers and other agriculturists. They deposit their eggs under the leaves of plants, on which the larvae are to find their food, and the larvae run about in pur- Ladybird (Coccinella ocellata): suit of aphides. Ladybirds are sometimes to be seen in immense numbers, which, from ignorance of their usefulness, have sometimes been regarded with a kind of superstitious dread. Several species are abundant in Britain, and (C. novem-notata) the nine-dotted Coccinella, one of the most common, is found in N. America in great numbers. The name L. is perhaps a corruption of Ladybug (Lady, i. e., the Virgin Mary). The German name is Marienkäfer. Magnified. LADY-DAY, one of the regular quarter-days in England and Ireland, on which rent is generally made payable. It is the 25th of March in each year. LADY'S MANTLE (Alchemilla), a genus of herbaceous plants, chiefly natives of temperate and cold climates, of the natural order Rosacea, sub-order Sanguisorbe; having small and numerous flowers, an 8-cleft calyx, no corolla, and the fruit surrounded by the persistent calyx. The name L. M. signifying Mantle of our Lady-i. e., of the Virgin Mary-is derived from the form of the leaves.-The COMMON L. M. (A. vulgaris) is abundant on banks and in pastures throughout Britain.--Still more beautiful is the ALPINE L. M. (A. alpina), which grows on mountains in Scotland, and has digitate serrated leaves, white and satiny beneath. LADY'S SLIPPER (Cypripedium), a genus of plants of the natural order Orchidee, of which one species, C. Calceolus, is a native of Britain, being found in a few places in the north of England, and is reckoned one of the most beautiful of the British Orchids. The genus is remarkable for the large inflated lip of the corolla. Several very beautiful species are natives of the colder parts of the United States. LAELAPS, the name of a genus of carnivorous Dinosauria, of which remains have been found in the cretaceous strata of New Jersey, Mississippi, and Nebraska. The largest species, Laelaps aquilunguis, was one of the most extraordinary of the forms which have inhabited the earth during the periods of the past. Its length was about 25 feet, the hind limbs measuring about 10 feet, and the fore limbs but 3. It walked exclusively on the former, only resting on the latter in bringing the head to the ground. The structure of the leg and foot enabled Cope, its discoverer, to determine the affinities of these reptiles to the birds. The foot was armed with acute claws, like those of a bird of prey, but of 10 and 11 inches in length. The teeth were flat, knife-shaped, and designed for cutting flesh. It is supposed that animals with the claws of the hind foot, and tore the flesh by of this type leaped on their prey and transfixed them a backward motion of the head, in the manner of the bird of prey. Their mode of defence would be by throwing the body on its back, and striking with the immense and powerful hind legs. LAENNEC, RENE THEOPHILE HYACYNTHE, a distinguished physician, was born at Quimper, in LÆTARE SUNDAY-LAFAYETTE. Lower Brittany, in 1781, and died there in 1826. He studied medicine in Paris, where he attended the practice of Corvisart, to whom the medical profession is mainly indebted for the introduction of percussion in the investigation of diseases of the chest, although the original discovery is due to Avenbrugger. In 1814, he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and in the same year, he became the chief editor of the Journal de Médecine, In 1816, he was appointed chief physician to the Hôpital Neckar, and it was there that he soon after made the discovery of mediate auscultation, or, in other words, of the use of the Stethoscope (q. v.). In 1819, he published his Traité de l'Auscultation Mediate, which has undoubtedly produced a greater effect, in so far as the advance of diagnosis is concerned, than any other single book. treatise had not long appeared, when indications of consumption were discovered in his own chest by means of the art of his own creation, and after a few years of delicate health, during which he continued to practise in Paris, he retired to die in his native province. His LÆTA'RE SUNDAY, called also MID-LENT, is the fourth Sunday of Lent. It is so named from the first word of the Introit of the mass, which is from Isaiah lxvi. 10. From this name the characteristic of the services of the day is joyousness, and the music of the organ, which throughout the rest of Lent is suspended, is on this day resumed. Lætare Sunday is also the day selected by the pope for the blessing of the GOLDEN ROSE (q. v.). LA FARI'NA, an Italian author and politician, born at Messina in 1815. In the university of Catania, the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on him at the age of 19; and in 1837, having taken part in an ineffectual revolutionary movement, in Sicily, he sought safety in expatriation. In 1839, he returned to Sicily, was received as a lawyer, and started several political journals, which were all successively suppressed. This led him to remove to Florence, where he published several works, more remarkable for their contents than for the graces of their language. In the rising of 1848, La F. took a prominent part in the movement of Tuscany, where he edited the first democratic and anti-papal journal, the Alba. He soon returned to Sicily, and was elected member of the council of war, and member of parliament; and on the deposition of the king by the Sicilians, he was despatched by the provisional government on a mission to Rome, Tuscany, and Turin. On his return to Palermo, he discharged the combined duties of Minister of Public Instruction, of Public Works, and of the Interior. After the capture of Messina by the royal troops, La F. accepted from the king's government the post of Minister of War, a step which incurred the severe censure of the party of liberty, but which only led to his renewed banishment from Sicily. In the war of the south, by which the heroic Garibaldi liberated the kingdom of Naples, La F. reappeared in Sicily; but his unfortunate differences with Garibaldi led to his ultimate expulsion from the island, by order of the dictator. Some of his principal works areSouvenirs of Rome and Tuscany, Italy (1 vol.); Switzerland (2 vols.); China (4 vols.); History of the Revolution of Sicily in 1848 and 1849 (2 vols.). LAFAYETTE, MARIE MADELEINE PIOCHE DE LAVERGNE, COMTESSE DE, born 1633, died 1693, the authoress of a number of novels, excelled by no works of that age in the development of character and true delineation of human nature. Her father, Aymar de Lavergne, was governor of Havre. She received excellent education, and in 1655 an married the Count de Lafayette, after which her house became a resort of the most distinguished literary men of her age, at the same time that it was frequented by the persons of highest rank and fashion in Paris. Her novels, Zaïde and La Princesse de Clèves, have been frequently reprinted. LAFAYETTE, MARIE JEAN PAUL ROCH YVES GILBERT MOTIER, MARQUIS DE, descended from an ancient family of Auvergne, was born 6th September 1757, in the castle of Chavagnac, now in the department of Upper Loire. He became a soldier at an early age, and in 1777 went to America, to take part with the colonists in their war of independence. The friendship of Washington exercised a great influence of his opinions. The declaration of war between over the development of his mind and the formation France and Britain gave him an opportunity of aiding the new republic effectually, by returning to France, where he was received with honour by the court, and with enthusiasm by the people. again repaired to America in 1780, and was intrusted by Congress with the defence of Virginia, where he rendered important services. On a third visit to North America in 1784, after the conclusion of peace, he was received in such a manner that his tour was a continual triumph. He L. had imbibed liberal principles, and now eagerly sought to promote a thorough reform in his native country. He was called to the Assembly of Notables in 1787, and was one of those who most earnestly urged the Assembly of the States. He took part also in the movements which converted the Assembly of the States into the National Assembly in 1789. He took a very active part in the proceedings of the Assembly, and being appointed to the chief command of the armed citizens, laid the foundation of the National Guard, and gave it the tricolor cockade. In these first periods of the Revolution, it secmed as if L. had the destinies of France in his hands. But he found himself unable to control the excitement which sprung up.. The extreme republicans soon came to dislike him, because he advocated a constitutional kingdom; and the court-party, especially the queen, did the same-in spite of the services he rendered them-because of his zeal for the new order of things. Along with Bailly, he founded the club of the Feuillants. After the adoption of the constitution of 1790, he retired to his estate of Lagrange, till he received the command of the army of Ardennes, with which he won the first victories at Philippeville, Maubeuge, and Florennes. Nevertheless, the calumnies of the Jacobins rendered him exceedingly unpopular, and he was accused of treason, but acquitted. After several vain efforts to maintain the cause of rational liberty, he left Paris for Flanders, but was taken prisoner by the Austrians, and conveyed to Olmutz, where he remained for about five years, till Bonaparte obtained his liberation in 1797; but he took no part in public affairs during the ascendency of Bonaparte. He sat in the Chamber of Deputies for the department of Sarthe from 1818 to 1824, and was one of the extreme Left. From 1825 to 1830, he was again a leader of the opposition in the Chamber of Deputies. In 1830, he took an active part in the revolution, and commanded the National Guards. He died 20th May 1:34. LAFAYETTE, a city of Indiana, United States of America, on the east bank, and at the head of navigation of the Wabash River, 63 miles northwest of Indianapolis, on the line of the Wabash and Erie Canal, and at the intersection of four railways. It is a flourishing city, in the midst of a rich prairie-country. Laid out in 1825, it has 15 churches, 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers, with LAFFITTE-LAGRANGE. numerons banks, hotels, and manufactories. Pop. ir 1860, 9387; 1870, 15,300. LAFFITTE, JACQUES, a French banker and statesman, born of humble parentage at Bayonne, 24th October 1767, was early employed as a clerk by the rich banker Perregaux in Paris, and succeeded him in business in 1809. He soon rose to great wealth and a European reputation. He was made President of the Chamber of Commerce, and in 1814 governor of the Bank of France. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, Louis XVIII. deposited a large sum in L.'s hands; and after the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon intrusted 5,000,000 francs to him, which he kept safe, although the government made some attempts to lay hold of it. After the second restoration, he became one of the opposition in the Chamber of Deputies, and enjoyed the highest popularity in Paris. When the revolution broke out in 1830, he wrote to the Duke of Orleans, saying, 'You have to make your choice between a crown and a passport.' He freely supplied the money requisite on that occasion. He became one of the first ministry of the new king, and in November 1830 was intrusted with the formation of a cabinet, the conservative character of which caused the loss of his popularity. Meanwhile his banking affairs fell into confusion, and he was obliged to sell all his property to pay his debts. A national subscription preserved him his hôtel in Paris; and being again elected to the Chamber as a deputy for Paris, he became a leader of the opposition. From the ruins of his fortune he founded a new Discount Bank. As the government receded more from the principles of the revolution of 1830, L. became more active in opposition. In 1843, to the great displeasure of the court, he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies. He died 26th May 1844. natural order Lythracea, the type of a sub-order Lagerstræmi, which is distinguished by winged seeds, and in which are to be found some of the noblest trees of tropical forests, whereas the true Lythree are generally herbaceous. Lagerstroemia Regina is the JAROOL of India-a magnificent tree, with red wood, which, although soft, is durable under water, and is therefore much used for boatbuilding. LA'GOMYS, a genus of rodent quadrupeds, of the family Leporide, much resembling hares or rabbits, but with limbs of more equal length, more perfect clavicles, longer claws, longer head, shorter ears, and no tail. They are interesting from their peculiar instincts, storing up herbage for winter use in heaps or stacks. The ALPINE L., or PIKA of Siberia (L. alpinus), the largest of the genus, is scarcely larger than a guineapig, yet its stacks are sometimes four or five feet high, by eight feet in diameter, and often afford adventurous sable-hunters the food necessary for their horses. The little animals live in burrows, from the inhabited part of which galleries lead to the stacks. The herbage of which they are composed is of the choicest kind, and dried so as to retain much of its juices, and form the very best of hay. LAGOON (Lat. lacuna, a hollow or pool) is a species of lake formed by the overflowing either of the sea or of rivers, or by the infiltration of water from these; and hence lagoons are sometimes divided into fluvial and marine. They are found only in low-lying lands, such as the coasts of Holland, Italy, the Baltic, and the east coast of South America; are generally shallow, and do not always present the same aspect. In some cases, they are completely dried up in summer; in others, after being once formed, they preserve throughout the whole year the character of stagnant marshy pools; and in others, again, the sea, which re-unites them to itself in winter, is separated from them in summer by a bar of sand or shingle. LA'GOS, a city and seaport of Portugal, in the province of Algarve, on a wide bay. 23 miles eastnorth-east from the extremity of Cape St Vincent. The harbour affords protection from north and west winds only, and accommodates oniy small vessels. A productive tunny-fishery is carried on in the vicinity. Pop. 7800. In the bay of L., Admiral Boscawen obtained a signal victory over the French Toulon fleet, August 18, 1759. LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS, COMTE, one of LAFONTAINE, JEAN DE, a French poet, distinguished above all his countrymen as a fabulist, was the son of a Maître des Eaux et Forêts, and was born July 8, 1621, at Château-Thierry, in Champagne. In his early youth, he learned almost nothing, and at the age of 20, he was sent by his father to the Oratory at Rheims, in a state of extreme ignorance. Here, however, he began to exhibit a decided taste for the classics and for poetry. Though selfish and vicious to the last degree, he possessed withal a certain childlike bonhommie; it was not grace, or vivacity, or wit, but a certain soft and pleasant amiability of manner, so that he never wanted friends. He successively found protectors in the Duchess de the greatest of mathematicians, was born at Turin Bouillon, who drew him to Paris; in Madame de in 1736. He was of French extraction, and Sablière, and in M. and Madame Hervart. He was the grandson of Descartes. When still a enjoyed the friendship of Molière, Boileau, Racine, youth, he solved the isoperimetrical problem of and other contemporary celebrities; and even the Euler, and when scarcely 19 years of age, was saintly Fenelon lamented his death in extravagant appointed Professor of Mathematics in the Artillery strains. In 1693, after a dangerous illness, he School in Turin. Frederick the Great appointed carried into execution what a French critic char; him to be Euler's successor, as director of the acteristically terms his projet de conversion, and Academy at Berlin, in 1759. After Frederick's spent the brief remainder of his life in a kind of death, Naples, Sardinia, Tuscany, and France strove artificial penitence, common enough among licen- for the honour of offering L. a better position. He tions men and women in those sensual days. He accepted the offer of France, and took up his died at Paris, April 13, 1695. His best, which, how-quarters in the Louvre in 1787, obtaining a pension ever, are also his most immoral productions, are Contes et Nouvelles en Vers (Paris, 1665; 2d part, 1666; 3d part, 1671), and Fables Choisies mises en Vers (also in three parts, of which the first appeared in 1668, and the third in 1693). The editions of the Fables have been innumerable. The best edition of L's collected works is that of Walckenaer (18 vols. Paris, 1819-1820; improved edition, in 6 vols. 1822-1823). LAGERSTRE'MIA, a genus of plants of the of 6000 francs (£238). In 1791, he was chosen a foreign member of the Royal Society of London, and the same year the National Assembly confirmed to him his pension, and he was appointed one of the directors of the Mint. He was in great danger during the Reign of Terror, but escaped, and was afterwards professor in the Normal and Polytechnic Schools. Napoleon made him a mem ber of the Senate, bestowed on him the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, the title of Count, LAGRIMOSO-LAITY. and many other favours. He died 10th April the circuit, wells are abundant; the ground is well 1813, and was interred in the Pantheon. His cultivated, adorned with magnificent gardens, and principal works are: Memoirs on the Motion of strewn with numerous ruins of a bygone splendour Fluids' and the Propagation of Sound;' another and prosperity. The present town, which has a memoir refuted D'Alembert's views regarding the population of about 100,000, is said to have postheory of the earth's formation. When only 24 sessed under the Moguls 1,000,000 inhabitants. In years of age, he published his New Method, subse- the 12th c., it was the capital of the dynasty of the quently known as the Calculus of Variations, Ghaznevides, and subsequently a favourite resithus adding a new and powerful weapon to the dence of the successors of Baber. In 1799, Runjeet philosophical armoury. In 1764, his memoir on the Singh, the Sikh prince, became ruler of Lahore; Libration of the Moon' carried off the first prize but as he chose for his head-quarters, Amritsir, a at the Academy. It was in this treatise that he city about forty miles to the east, L. became much shewed the extent and fruitfulness of the prin- neglected. Since 1849, the epoch of the British ciple of virtual velocities' which he afterwards so conquest of the Punjab, L. has advanced in comsuccessfully applied to mechanics. Next appeared merce and wealth. More especially, however, has his works on the solution of numerical' and the change of masters been beneficial to educa'algebraic' equations; and in 1787, his Mécanique tion. A seminary not only for imparting Hindu Analytique, a work in which mechanics is reduced to and Mohammedan literature, but also for commua mere question of calculation. His last important nicating, through vernacular languages, European works were, Calcul des Fonctions Analytiques, Traité knowledge, has been successfully established. The des Fonctions, and Résolution des Equations Numé-institution, though it does receive a grant in aid riques. L. made many other important investiga- from the supreme government, is yet mainly suptions in pure and mixed mathematics, and particu- ported by the rulers and populations of native larly in astronomy-the chief subjects of which are, principalities. Even in 1849, the pupils numbered the problem of Three Bodies, the Long Inequality | 541. of Jupiter and Saturn, the moon's Secular Inequality, LAHR, a manufacturing town of Baden, situated attraction of ellipsoids, perturbations of Jupiter's on the Shutter, an affluent of the Rhine, 53 miles satellites, diminution of the ecliptic, variation of the south-south-west of Carlsruhe. It stands in a rich elements of the planetary orbits, &c. and beautiful district, and carries on considerable manufactures of linen and woollen cloth, silk ribbons, leather, and tobacco. Pop. 7000. LAGRIMO'SO, an Italian term used in Music, meaning weeping, or mournfully; similar to lamentoso, which expresses the same, but in a higher degree. The delivery should be heart-stirring, but at the same time free from all mannerisms and embellishments. LA GUAYRA. See GUAYRA, LA. LA GUÉRONNIÈRE, LOUIS ETIENNE ARTHUR, VICOMTE DE, a conspicuous French politician of the present day, was born in 1816, of a noble family of Poitiers. He first attracted notice by the articles which he contributed to the Avenir National of Limoges, about 1835. Subsequently, he made the acquaintance of Lamartine, whom for many years he regarded both as his political and literary master. Ultimately, he came to a rupture with Lamartine, and became an ardent Bonapartist, and after the coup d'état (2d December 1851), the apologist of that audacious deed. In 1853, he entered the Council of State. La G. retained his connection with the press, and for many years stood so well in the good graces of the French emperor that his articles and pamphlets were considered to possess a semi-official value. He conducted La France, which, under his care, attained a high degree of importance in the sphere of political journalism. La G.'s most noted publications of late years have been: L'Empereur Napoléon III. et l'Angleterre (1858), L'Empereur Napoléon III. et l'Italie (1859), and Le Pape et le Congrès (1859). LAI'BACH, or LAYBACH, a town of Austria, capital of the crownland of Carniola, is situated in an extensive plain on a river of the same name, fifty miles north-east of Trieste. It contains a lyceum, gymnasium, and other educational institutions, and carries on an extensive transit-trade with Trieste, Fiume, Grätz, &c. Its manufactures of cotton employ 400 hands, and upwards of 200 workmen are employed in the sugar-works. To the south-west of the town is the Laibach Morass, which formerly was frequently covered by the swollen waters of the extent. Within the last thirty years, the half of it river. It is upwards of eighty square miles in has been brought under cultivation, the remainder affords an inexhaustible supply of turf. Pop. 23,032 which met here in 1821. This town is famous for the congress of monarchs The purpose of this congress was to secure the peace of Italy against of revolution, and to restore in Naples and Sicily Carbonarism, to arrest the then increasing progress the former condition of affairs. The result of it was the passing of a resolution establishing among Euroaffairs of any neighbouring state which may be pean nations the right of armed intervention in the troubled with factions. In the resolutions of this Congress the British minister refused to take part. LA'IS, the name of one, or, more probably, two Greek courtesans, celebrated for extraordinary beauty. The elder is believed to have been born LAHIJA'N, an important trading-town of Persia, in the province of Ghilan, close to the southern at Corinth, and flourished during the Peloponnesian shore of the Caspian Sea, thirty miles east-south-ful figure of any woman of her time in Greece, but War. She was reckoned to possess the most graceeast of Reshd. Pop. 7000. LAHN, an important affluent of the Rhine (q. v.). LAHORE, the chief city of the Punjab, stands on the left bank of the Ravi, the middle of the five rivers which give name to the country; lat. 31° 36′ N., long. 74° 21' E. It is surrounded by a brick wall, formerly twenty-five feet high, and by fortifications seven miles in circuit. In the northwest corner of the city stand the citadel, the great magazine, and military workshops. The streets are narrow and gloomy, the bazaars well furnished, but the houses in general insignificant. Within she was capricious, greedy of money, and in her old age became a tippler.-The younger appears to have been born in Sicily, but came to Corinth when still a child. She sat as a model to the painter Apelles, who is said to have recommended her to adopt the profession of a prostitute, in which she obtained a bad eminence.' She was stoned to death by some Thessalian women whom she had made jealous. Both of these women had temples erected to their memory. LA'ITY (from the Gr. laos, the common people), the name given in the Roman Catholic Church to LAKE-LAKSHMİ. all persons who do not belong to the Clergy (q. v.). The name appears to have originated as early as the 2d c., when the idea grew up that the priesthood formed an intermediate class between Christ and the Christian community. The influence which the laity had at first exercised in the government of the church gradually declined as the power of the hierarchy increased, and although, as late as the end of the 3d c., cases occur in which learned laymen taught publicly with the approval of bishops, still this liberty was ever more and more narrowed, until finally, in 502, a synod, held at Rome under the bishop, Symmachus, forbade laymen to interfere in any way in the affairs of the church. The Protestant Church, in general, maintains on scriptural grounds the common and equal priesthood of all Christians; still, as marking a visible distinction of office, the words continue in very general use, the depth of the distinction implied varying with the church' views of those employing them. Some very strict Protestants are careful to say minister and people, instead of clergy and laity. LAKE (Lat. lacus) is a portion of water surrounded by land. There are (1) some lakes which neither receive nor emit streams; (2) some, fed by springs, emit, but do not receive streams; (3) others, as the Caspian and Aral Seas, receive rivers, but have no visible outlet; but (4) by far the greater uumber both receive and emit streams. Almost the whole of the lakes coming under the third class are salt or brackish; Lake Tchad, in Central Africa, forming one of the most prominent exceptions. LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS, an expansion of the St Lawrence (q. v.), extends about 40 miles below the north-east end of Lake Ontario. It is well worthy of its name, being said to contain 1700 islets, the largest measuring 10 miles by 6. It separates Upper Canada from the state of New York. LAKE OF THE WOODS, a body of water famous in the history of the international boundary between the United States and the Hudson's Bay Company's territories, takes its name from the fact of its being studded with wooded islands, and lies 190 miles west-north-west of Lake Superior. At its south-east end, it receives the Rainy River from the Rainy Lake; and at its north-west extremity, it sends forth the Winnipeg on its course to Hudson's Bay. According to the treaty which closed the War of Independence, it was divided by a central line between England and her old colonies. It measures about 300 miles round; and its remotest point is in lat. 49 N., and long. 95° W. LAKE SCHOOL, the name with which the Edinburgh Review dubbed certain poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey) who, towards the close of last c., took up their residence in the Lake district of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and who-though widely different from each other in almost every other respect-professed to seek the sources of poetical inspiration in the simplicity of nature, rather than in the works of their predecessors and the fashion of the times. The epithet, however, is not a happy one, and does not help us to a better knowledge of the men. LAKES, in point of law, belong to the owner of the land which surrounds them; by which is meant not only the water and the use of it, but the soil under the water. Where the land surrounding the lake belongs to different owners, each has prima facie the right to use the lake for ordinary purposes, including fishing or boating; but it depends on how the properties were acquired, whether and how far this general rule applies to any particular case. LAKES, colours prepared by combining animal and vegetable colouring matters with alumina, which has a remarkable property of uniting with and separating these colours from their solutions. Thus, if we take the coloured solution of cochineal, and add to it a solution of alum, the alumina in the alum immediately combines with the colouring matter, and the result is a precipitate which is carmine or Florentine Lake. Red lake is made in a similar manner from Brazil wood, a little solution of tin being added to heighten the colour, and potash being used to accelerate the precipitation. Lakes of several shades of red and purple are also made from madder-roots, the quantity of potash used determining the proper colour. Two or three yellow lakes are used, the manufacture of which is very similar; they are prepared from yellow berries or from arnotto. Almost every known animal or vegetable colour may be converted into a lake, but those mentioned are the only ones found practically useful. They are chiefly employed by calico-printers and paper-stainers. LAKSHMI, in Hindu Mythology, the name of the consort of the god Vishn'u (q. v.), and considered also to be his female or creative energy. According to the mystical doctrine of the worshippers of Vishn'u, this god produced the three goddesses, Brahmi, Lakshmi, and Chan'dika, the first representing his creating, the second, his preserving, and the third, his destroying energy. This view, however, founded on the superiority of Vishn'u over the two other gods of the Hindu triad-Brahmi, or Saraswati, being generally looked upon as the energy of Brahmâ, and Chan'd'ika, another name of Durga, as the energy of S'iva-is later than the myth, relating to L., of the epic period; for, according to the latter, L. is the goddess of Fortune and of Beauty, and arose from the Ocean of Milk when it was churned by the gods to procure the beverage of Immortality, and it was only after this wonderful occurrence that she became the wife of Vishn'u. When she emerged from the agitated milk-sea, one text of the Ramayan'a relates, she was reposing on a lotos-flower, endowed with transcendent beauty, in the first bloom of youth, her body covered with all kinds of ornaments, and marked with every auspicious sign... Thus originated, and adored by the world, the goddess, who is also called Padma and Sri, betook herself to the bosom of Hari-i. e., Vishn'u.' A curious festival is celebrated in honour of this divinity on the fifth lunar day of the light half of the month Magha (February), when she is identified with Saraswati, the consort of Brahmâ, and the goddess of learning. In his treatise on festivals, a great modern authority, Raghunandana, mentions, on the fath of a work called Samwatsara-sandipa, that L. is to be worshipped in the forenoon of that day with flowers, perfumes, rice, and water; that due honour is to be paid to inkstand and writing-reed, and no Wilson, in his essay on the writing to be done. .... Religious Festivals of the Hindus (works, vol. ii. 188, ff.), adds that, on the morning of the 24 and the books, if not too numerous and bulky, are February, the whole of the pens and inkstands, collected, the pens or reeds cleaned, the inkstands scoured, and the books, wrapped up in new cloth, are arranged upon a platform, or a sheet, and strewn over with flowers and blades of young barley, and that no flowers except white are to be offered. After performing the necessary rites.... all the members of the family assemble and make their prostrations; the books, the pens, and ink having an entire holiday; and, should any emergency require a written communication on the day dedicated to the divinity of scholarship, it is done with |