PUERTO BE'LLO, a small decayed seaport | -18° 30′ N., long. 65° 39′-67° 11′ W. It is in size town of the United States of Colombia, on the northern shore of the Isthmus of Panama, and 40 miles north of the town of that name. It is surrounded by mountains, has an excellent harbour, is very unhealthy, and has fallen into decay since the year 1739, when it was stormed by Admiral Vernon, during the war between England and Spain. PUERTO DE SANTA MARI'A (usually called EL PUERTO, the Port), a seaport of Spain, in the modern province of Cadiz, stands at the mouth of the Guadalete, in a most fertile district, on the Bay of Cadiz, 6 miles north-east of the city of that name, and 9 miles by railway south-west of Xeres. Suspension-bridges cross the Guadalete and the Rio de S. Pedro. The mouth of the Guadalete forms the harbour; but the bar is dangerous and much somewhat less than Jamaica, being fully 100 miles from east to west, 40 miles from north to south, and closely resembling a rectangle in shape. Area, 3897 square miles; pop. in 1864, 615,574, of whom 323,032 were pure whites, and 292,542 coloured. Of the latter, 249,900 were free, and the remaining 42,642 were slaves. The island is traversed from east to west by a range of mountains, 1500 feet in average height, though rising in one peak to 3678 feet above the sea. extend to the sea, and there are numerous wellFrom the base of the mountains, rich alluvial tracts wooded and abundantly watered valleys. The climate is warm, but is considered more healthy than that of any other. island of the West Indies. The soil is remarkably fertile. The principal crops are neglected. P., a pleasant and well-built town, cotton remarkable for its length of fibre, tenacity, sugar, coffee, and tobacco of the finest quality, and resembling Cadiz in its houses, and containing only and whiteness. one long and handsome street, while the others are reared, of a quality superior to any others in the Cattle and sheep are extensively narrow and ill paved, is the port for the shipment West Indies. The value of the imports for the year of Xeres wines. The wines are lodged in numerous 1867 was $7,767,415, and that of the exports, bodegas, or wine-stores, lofty buildings built with $5,761,720. The imports consist of cotton, woollen, an even temperature inside. From this port about linen, silk, and embroidered goods, metals, hardware, 1,530,000 gallons of Xeres wines are exported to and provisions, as ale, porter, fruits, wines, &c. The foreign lands, and about 26,000 gallons are trans-exports are sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton, molasses, ported inland. here in May are among the most famous in the The bull-fights which take place rum, hides, and cattle. country. Steamers ply three times a day between this town and Cadiz, and P. supplies that city with drinking-water at a cost of £10,000 a year. Pop. 21,714. thick walls and narrow windows, in order to secure PUERTO PRI'NCIPÉ, SANTA MARIA DE, an important inland town, in the east of the island of Cuba, about 325 miles east-south-east of Havana, and 45 miles south-west of its port, Las Nuevitas, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 30,000. PUERTO RICO, an island in the West Indies, belonging to Spain, is one of the Greater Antilles, and lies west of Hayti or St Domingo, lat. 17° 55′ comprised the following articles: Articles. Hides, Sheep, head, Molasses, hhds., 1866. 1867. 255 1,301,390 219 111,358,765 1,085,998 120,257,796 19,220,194 775,012 14,924,810 1,042,440 8,161 43,134 3,379,966 8,640 43,998 Tobacco, pounds, 1,747,879 The chief ports are San Juan, commonly calle Puerto Rico (pop. stated at 10,000), in the nort east, Ponce in the south-west, and Mayaguez in the west. At the close of 1863 surveys had been completed for a railway running along the north coast PUFF-ADDER-PUFFIN. from San Juan to Arecibo, a distance of about 50 miles; while another railway along the south coast was about to be commenced. Owing to the great demand for cotton, consequent upon the American war, the cultivators have turned their attention to rearing that crop; and in 1863, four times the quantity grown in the previous year was produced. PUFF-ADDER (Clotho arietans), a serpent of the family Viperidae, having a short and broad flat head, with scales so sharply keeled as to end in a kind of spine. It is one of the most venomous and dangerous serpents of South Africa. It attains a length of four or almost five feet, and is thick in proportion to its length, often as thick as a man's arm. Its head is very broad; its tail suddenly tapered; its colour brown, chequered with dark Puff-adder (Clotho arietans). brown and white; a reddish band between the eyes; the under parts paler than the upper. Its movements are generally slow, but it turns very quickly if approached from behind. It usually creeps partially immersed in the sand of the South African deserts, its head alone being completely raised above ground. When irritated, it puffs out the upper part of its body, whence its name. The P. is easily killed by the oil, or even by the juice of tobacco. Its poison is used by the Bosjesmans for their arrows.--South Africa produces several other species of Clotho, similar in their habits to the P., and almost equally dangerous. PUFFBALL (Lycoperdon), a Linnæan genus of Fungi, now divided into many genera, belonging to the section Gasteromycetes, and to the tribe Trichospermi. They mostly grow on the ground, and are roundish, generally without a stem, at first firm and fleshy, but afterwards powdery within: the powder consisting of the spores, among which are many fine filaments, loosely filling the interior of the peridium, or external membrane. The peridium finally bursts at the top, to allow the escape of the spores, which issue from it as very fine dust. Some of the species are common everywhere. Most of them affect rather dry soils, and some are found only in heaths and sandy soils. The most common British species is L. gemmatum, generally from one to two and a half inches in diameter, with a warty and mealy surface. The largest British species, the GIANT P. (L. giganteum), is often many feet in circumference, and filled with a loathsome pulpy mass, when young; but in its mature state, its contents are so dry and spongy that they have often been used for stanching wounds. Their fumes, when burned, have not only the power of stupifying bees, for which they are sometimes used, in order 2 to the removal of the honey, but have been used as ; PUFFENDORF, SAMUEL, son of a Lutheran clergyman, was born in 1632 at Chemnitz, in Saxony. He received the early part of his education at Grimma: whence he removed to the university of Leipzig. There he studied theology for several years. In 1656 he went to the university of Jena, where he seems to have devoted himself at first chiefly to mathematics, and subsequently to the study of the Law of Nature, as he, and others who have treated on the same subject, have termed the law which regulates the duties of men to one another, independent of the mutual obligation which is enforced by political government, or by revelation of divine will. After quitting Jena, he was appointed tutor to the son of the Swedish ambassador at Copenhagen. Soon after he had received this appointment, a rupture having taken place between Denmark and Sweden, P. was detained as a prisoner in the Danish capital. The power of his mind here shewed itself in a remarkable manner. Deprived of books and of society, he threw himself vigorously into meditating on what he had formerly read in the treatise of Grotius, De Jure Belli et Pacis, and in the writings of Hobbes on the principles of general law. The result was the production of the Elementa Jurisprudentiæ Universalis -a work which was the foundation of its author's fortune. It was dedicated to the Elector Palatine and by this prince, P. was appointed to the Professorship of the Law of Nature and Nations at the university of Heidelberg. He now gave his attention to the tissue of absurdities which existed in the constitution of the Germanic Empire., As was to have been expected, the work (De Statu Reipublicae Germanicae, 1667), in which he exposed the defects of the system, raised a storm of controversy. Austria was especially furious. P. had taken care to publish it under a pseudonym-that of Severinus a Mozambano, but still, to avoid the possible consequences, he accepted an invitation from Charles. XI. of Sweden, in 1670, to become Professor of the Law of Nations at Lund. During his residence there, he published the work on which his fame now principally rests, De Jure Naturæ et Gentium. He then removed to Stockholm, where the king of Sweden made him his historiographer, with the In his official dignity of a counsellor of state. character, he published a very uninteresting history of Sweden, from the expedition of Gustavus Adolphus into Germany to the death of Queen Christine. Berlin to write the history of his life and reign. P. In 1688, the Elector of Brandenburg invited him to Berlin to write the history of his life and reign. P. accepted the invitation, and executed the required work in 19 dreary volumes. His intention was to have returned to Stockholm, but death overtook P. lacked the genius to him at Berlin in 1694. render the subjects on which he wrote generally interesting, but his intellectual power was nevertheless very considerable, and it appears to have throughout been honestly exercised and with unflagging industry.-See Jenisch's Vita Pufendorfii in the Memoirs of the Academy of Stockholm, 1802 PUG-PUGILISM. and good-natured, bearing without resentment the roughest handling to which children can subject them. They are all of small size. The common English Pug is usually yellowish with a black snout, the tail firmly curled over the back. New breeds have bill gives to the birds of this genus a very extraordinary appearance. They have short legs, very short tail, and short wings; their legs are placed far back, and they sit very erect, like auks and penguins, resting not merely on the foot, but on the tarsus. Notwithstanding their shortness of wing, they fly rapidly, although they seem incapable of long-sustained flights. They swim and dive admirably. The best known and most widely distributed species is the COMMON P. (M. arcticus), a native of the arctic and northern temperate regions, breeding not only in high northern latitudes, but as far south as the coasts of England, and migrating from the colder regions in winter, when it is to be found even on the coasts of Spain and of Georgia. The P. is a little larger than a pigeon; the forehead, crown, back of the head, a collar round the neck, the back, wings, and tail are black, the other parts of the plumage white. The P. lays only a single egg, sometimes in a rabbit burrow, but more frequently in a burrow of its own, which often extends three feet, and is not unfrequently curved; Chinese Pug (Looty), found in the Summer Palace at sometimes in deep fissures or crevices of cliffs. Great numbers congregate together, and their chosen breeding-places are crowded with them. These are mostly on unfrequented islands and headlands, where there is some depth of soil. In some of them, the ground is covered by puffins, old and young, in thousands. The eggs are sought after by fowlers, and also the young birds, the flesh of which is used for food. The Scilly Isles were held in the 14th c., under the king as Earl of Cornwall, by Ranulph de Blancminster, for an annual payment of 68. Sd., or 300 puffins at Michaelmas. Puffins are not readily Common Puffin (Mormon arcticus). alarmed by the approach of man, and many are taken by means of a noose at the end of a rod. Their food consists of small crustaceans and fishes. -Other species are found in different parts of the world; one in Kamtchatka, the Kurile Islands, &c., with two silky tufts of long feathers on its head. The name P. is given in France to the Shearwaters (q. v.), or Puffin Petrels, the genus Puffinus of some ornithologists. PUG, or PUG-DOG, a kind of dog much like the bull-dog in form, and in particular, in its much abbreviated muzzle. The nose is often a little turned up. The disposition is, however, extremely unlike that of the bull-dog, being characterised by great timidity and gentleness. Pug-dogs are only kept as pets. They are often very affectionate Pekin. Presented to Her Majesty. of late been introduced from China and Japan, interesting from their peculiar appearance, gentleness, and docility, with extremely short puggish muzzle; the Chinese breed very small, with smooth hair; the Japanese rather larger, with an exuberance of long soft hair and a very bushy tail. PU'GET SOUND, a collection of inlets on the north-western border of Washington Territory, U.S., forming the southern termination of Admiralty Inlet, which communicates with the Pacific by the Strait of St Juan de Fuca, south-east of Vancouver's Island. It forms a sheltered bay and harbour of about 15 square miles, surrounded by a fertile well-timbered country. PU'GGING, a coarse kind of plaster laid on deafening-boards between the joists of floors, to prevent sound. PU'GILISM, or BOXING, is the art of defending one's self or attacking others with the weapons which nature has bestowed-viz., fists and arms. The origin of boxing, or the use of the fists, is likely as old as man himself. We find numerous allusions to it in the classic authors. Pollux, the twin-brother of Castor in the heathen mythology, was reckoned the first who obtained distinction by the use of his fists, conquering all who opposed him, and obtaining, with Hercules, a place among the gods for his sparring talents. The ancients were not, however, satisfied with the use of the weapons of nature, but increased their power by the addition of the Cestus (q. v.). With the ancients, pugilism was considered an essential part in the education of youth, and formed part of the course of training practised in their gymnasia; it was valued as a and banishing fear; but it was practised in public means of strengthening the body rather with a view to the exhibition of the power of endurance than for mere skilful self-defence. The earliest account we have of systematic British boxing is in 1740, when public exhibitions of professors of the art attracted general attention. to this period, the science of self-defence had made but little progress, and strength and endurance constituted the only recommendations of the prac titioners at Smithfield, Moorfield, and Southwark fair, which had long had booths and rings for the display of boxing. Broughton, who occupied the position of champion of England,' built a theatre in Hanway Street, Oxford Street, in 1740, for the display of boxing; advertisements were issued announcing a succession of battles between first-rate Up PUGILISM-PULCI. pugilists, who never quitted the stage till one or other was defeated, the reward of each man being dependent upon, and proportioned to, the receipts. Broughton was for 18 years champion of England, and with him commences the first scientific era of pugilism. He propounded some rules for the regulation of the ring, and these remained in authority till 1838, when they were materially altered. Rule 1 is, That a square of a yard be chalked in the middle of a stage, and that in every fresh set-to after a fall, the seconds are to bring their men to the side of the square, and to place them opposite each other, and until this is done, it is not lawful for one to strike the other. Rule 2, That if either of the combatants is unable to be brought up to the square within 30 seconds after a fall and the close of a round, he shall be deemed a beaten man. No man is permitted to hit his adversary when he is down, or to seize him by the breeches, or below the waist, and a man on his knees is to be reckoned down. These rules laid the foundation of fair play, and robbed boxing of half its horrors. To Broughton also is due the introduction of gloves for 'sparring-matches,' where lessons could be taken without injury. The greatest professor of the art was Jackson, who was champion in 1795. He was not only the most scientific boxer of his day, but he gave his art such a prestige and popularity that half the men of rank and fashion of the period were proud to call themselves his pupils. He opened rooms for the practice of boxing in Bond Street, and for years these were crowded by men of note. His 'principles of pugilism' were, that contempt of danger and confidence in one's self were the first and best qualities of a pugilist; that in hitting, you must judge well your distances, for a blow delivered at all out of range, was like a spent shot, and valueless; that men should fight with their legs, using all possible agility, as well as with their hands; and that all stiffness of style and position was wrong. Jackson is still regarded as the best theorist on the noble art,' and since his time, it has received no essential improvement. Shaw, the Life Guardsman, who iminortalised himself at Waterloo, was a pupil of his, and the prowess which he so brilliantly displayed on that occasion, was owing as much to his scientific training as to his great strength. At this period, pugilism was actively supported by many persons of high rank -the Dukes of York and Clarence, the Earls of Albemarle, Sefton, &c., Lords Byron, Craven, Pomfret. In 1814, when the allied sovereigns were in England, among other entertainments, a 'sparring' display was provided under Jackson's management; and the distinguished foreigners expressed the great gratification they had experienced from the exhibition of so much science and fine physical development. Besides Jackson, Belcher, Gulley, and Cribb were noted champions at this period. George IV. was a staunch patron of boxing in his youth, and although he discontinued by his presence to give countenance to the sport, frequent indications were observable of his desire for its promotion. At the time of the coronation, when the popular feelings were much enlisted on behalf of Queen Caroline, who was excluded from the throne, a body of pugilists were employed to preserve order; and so well did these men perform their duties, that the king presented each man with a gold medal, to commemorate the event, and to shew his satisfaction. This period may be termed the 'palmy days of the ring;' and from various causes, its decline has since then been uninterrupted. Among other causes, several cases occurred of prizefighters who were tempted to lose fights on which large sums had been staked, and to deceive their most influential backers. The more distinguished patrons of the ring gradually seceded; the Pugilistic Club,' which had been established in 1814, and which included all the aristocratic patrons of the ring, was broken up. The magistracy of the country set their faces against the lawless assemblies of roughs' and pickpockets who latterly formed the greater part of the spectators at prizefights. The electric telegraph, and the establishment of an efficient rural police, have given the finishing touches to an already-expiring profession. Matches can now only be got up by stealth, and the place of meeting is kept a profound secret to the last moment, for fear of interruption. A few years ago, however, the international combat between Tom Sayers the Englishman, and John Heenan the American, revived for a moment public interest in the art; but apart from exceptional matches, the popular feeling is that prize-fighting should not be countenanced, and we may look for its gradual extinction. The art of boxing, as an active and healthy exercise, is likely to be maintained; and the display of science between two accomplished boxers is very interesting, while it is deprived of all the horrors of the prize-ring; the rapidity of the blows, the facility with which they are mostly guarded or avoided by moving the head and arms; the trial of skill and manœuvre to gain a trifling advantage in position, all give a wonderful interest to the spectator, who can watch the perfection of the art devoid of the brutalities of the ring. The pugilists of the present day are mostly publicans; their friends and the patrons of the 'fancy' meet at their houses for convivial evenings, sparring-matches, ratting, and the like. It has constantly been urged in defence of pugilism, that were it abolished, the use of the knife would increase, and Englishmen would lose their present manly system of self-defence. This may be true, if the use of the fist in self-defence depended on the mercenary exhibition of pugilistic encounters, which, however, is mere assumption. The best authority on the subject of pugilism is Fistiana, 24th ed. 1863, office of Bell's Life. PULCI, LUIGI, an Italian poet of distinguished family, was born at Florence, 3d December 1431, and devoted his life to study and to literary composition. He was one of the most intimate friends of Lorenzo de' Medici and of Poliziano, from the latter of whom he derived no little assistance in the composition of his poem Il Morgante Maggiore (Morgante the Giant). This celebrated work, a burlesque epic (in 28 cantos), of which Roland is the hero, is a vivacious parody of the romances of Carlovingian chivalry, which had become (as P. thought) undeservedly popular in Italy. His mocking imagination took a pleasure in turning into ridicule the combats with giants, the feats of magicians, and all the incredible adventures that form the material basis of the medieval epic; and he manages to do it with a wonderfully pleasant and original naïveté. But although the poem is essentially heroico-comic, it occasionally contains passages of the finest pathos, in which P. fortunately seems to forget his design of travestying the inventions of the trouvères, and comes out undisguisedly as a real poet. Moreover, in the midst of the most extravagant buffooneries, we come upon the truest and most natural pictures of manners-the vanity and inconstancy of women, the avarice and ambition of men. P. died in 1487. The Morgante Maggiore is one of the most valuable sources for acquiring a knowledge of the early Tuscan dialect, the niceties and idioms of which have been employed by P. with great skill. The first edition appeared at Florence in 1488, and has since been frequently reprinted. Other works of |