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PYRMONT-PYROMETER.

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comparative softness, yielding readily to the knife, sufficiently. One of these retorts will yield about and by the green colour of its solution in nitric acid.200 gallons per day of pyroligneous acid. This acid Before the blowpipe, with borax and soda, it yields is of great use in the arts, especially in making a bead of copper.-COBALT P., or Cobaltine, a sulphuret and arseniuret of copper, is a principal ore of cobalt. It is generally of a silver-white colour, and occurs massive, disseminated, or crystallised in cubes, octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and polyhedrons, in primitive rocks.-NICKEL P., also called CopperNickel and Nickeline, used as an ore of nickel, is a compound of nickel and arsenic. It is generally found massive, and is of a copper-red colour.

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PYRMONT. See WALDECK AND PYRMONT. PY'ROLA AND PYROLA'CEÆ. See WINTER GREENS.

PYROLI'GNEOUS ACID, or WOOD VINEGAR, a crude commercial form of Acetic Acid (q. v.). It is made by the destructive distillation of wood, and contains, besides acetic acid, tar and other products, which have to be removed if it is required in a very pure state. Generally, it is obtained in Britain from oak branches, which, after being stripped of their bark, are too small for timber purposes. These are cut into short billets, which are placed in cast-iron retorts, and a sufficient which are placed in cast-iron retorts, and a sufficient heat applied to drive off the volatile constituents and carbonise the wood. The best woods for the distiller are 'hard' woods, although all will yield it. This will be seen from the following table, which partly summarises the experiments of Stolze :

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Juniper (Juniperus communis), Spruce Fir (Pinus abies),

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41.2

2.16

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Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris), 42.4 Quick distillation is always found to be much more productive than slow, and the acid is also freer from impurities; for the slower the process, the thicker and darker is the tarry matter. Hence two separate plans have been invented, one by Mr Halliday, and the other by Mr W. H. Bowers, both of Manchester, in which sawdust, chips, shavings, and spent dye-woods are used. In Mr Halliday's plan, the retort is a long tube, with the fire acting along its entire length; inside is an Archimedean screw, worked by machinery, which passes the sawdust or other material slowly from the commencement to the end, where, by a particular contrivance, it falls out in the state of thoroughly carbonised wood. It is supplied by means of a hopper. The volatile matters pass up an outlet-pipe in the upper part of the tubular retort. In Mr Bowers's plan, the principle is similar, though differently carried out, as seen in the wood-cut. a is the hopper through which the sawdust is fed; and it is always kept well supplied, so that, by the pressure of the supply, the escape of vapour may be prevented; ggg is an endless chain worked over the four rollers by a small steam-engine, and carrying the materials from the hopper by means of projections on the chain along the lower side of the retort. so as to bring them in contact with the furnace d, which, after passing along in the direction of the arrow, has its flue at e. By the time the material reaches the bottom, all the volatile matters have been vaporised, and have passed up into the condenser at ƒƒ, and the carbonised material falls into a cistern of water at c, into which the oper end of the retort dips, the water closing it

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the acetates used by dyers and calico printers; and it is also, when very carefully purified and properly diluted with water, used extensively as a substitute for common vinegar in pickling, and even for table use.

PY'ROMANCY. See DIVINATION.

PYROMA'NIA is an involuntary, motiveless instinct to burn is often manifested in children tendency to destroy by means of fire. The blind before reason or a knowledge of property can actuate them, and with no other object than mischievous destructiveness, or to enjoy the blaze of a conflagration. In a large number of the cases, where legal investigation has disclosed the mental condition of the incendiary, and where the motive could not be determined, or was obscure or inadequate, the perpetrators were youthful, of the female sex, and about the period of puberty. It is to be observed that the most remarkable example in modern times of this morbid tendency appearing epidemically, was presented in Normandy in 1830, where barns, granges, and vineyards over a large tract of country were consumed, and where the actors were exclusively girls. When apprehended in numbers, sensations, they had no other explicable purpose they confessed that, though prompted by internal than to see the light. But this is the pure and than to see the light. But this is the pure and typical form of the propensity. In general, insane incendiarism is the result of, or is complicated with, a very obvious incentive. Jonathan Martin, being insane, but impelled by superstition, set fire to York Minster (1829); and passions and delusions of every character, personal and political antipathies, and the spirit of agrarian outrage, may seek gratification in this kind of desolation. Like other outbursts of frenzy, it has been observed to accompany famines, pestilences, and great social convulsions.-Feuchtersleben, p. 293; Marc, De la Folie, t. ii. p. 305.

PYRO'METER (Gr. pyr, fire, and metron, ♣ measure) is a term originally applied by Muschenbroek in 1731, to an instrument which he invented for measuring the changes produced in the dimensions of solid bodies by the application of heat. It is, however, now applied to any instrument the object of which is to measure all gradations of temperature above those that can be indicated by the Mercurial Thermometer (q. v.). Desaguliers gives a description of Muschenbroek's instrument, as improved by himself, in his Experimental Philosophy. Numerous pyrometers have since been invented, amongst which may be noticed those of Ellicott (described in The Philosophical Transactions for 1736 and 1751), Graham (in Do. for 1754), Wedgwood (in Do. for 1782, 1784, and 1786), and Guyton (in the Annales de Chimie, tome 46). None of these instruments, however, gave accurate results for very high temperatures; and it was not till the year 1821 that Professor

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PYROPE-PYROSIS.

Daniell announced the invention of his pyrometer, which has supplanted all others, and for which, in an improved form, he received the Rumford Medal from the Royal Society. It consists of two distinct parts, the register (1) and the scale (2). The register is a solid bar of black-lead earthenware, A, eight inches long, cut out of a common black-lead crucible. In the axis of this, a hole is drilled, reaching from one end of the bar to within half an inch of the other extremity; and in this cylindrical cavity a bar, aa, of metal (as platinum or iron, for example) is placed. A cylindrical piece of porcelain, cc, sufficiently long to project a short distance beyond the extremity of the black-lead bar, is placed on the top of the metallic bar. This is termed the index, and it is kept firmly in its position by a ring or strap of platinum, d, which is tightened by a wedge of porcelain, e. When the register is exposed to a high temperature, the expansion of the metallic rod, aa, forces the index forward; and when the register has afterwards cooled, the tension of the strap will retain the index at the furthest point to which it has been protruded. The scale (2) consists of a frame composed of two rectangular plates of brass, f, g, joined together by their edges at a right angle, and fitting square upon two sides of the register. Near the end of this frame is a small brass plate, h, which projects at a right angle.

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To the extremity of the frame nearest the brass plate is attached a movable arm, D, turning round a fixed centre, i, and at its free end carrying the arc of a circle, E, the radius of which is five inches, and which is accurately graduated into degrees and thirds of a degree. Upon this arm, at the centre, k, another lighter arm, C, is made to turn, carrying at its longer part a Vernier (q. v.), H, which moves on the face of the arc, and divides it into minutes, together with an eye-glass, l, to assist the reading; while the shorter part terminates in a knife-edge m, turned inwards at a right angle.

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the scale, and the new position of the index read off; the difference of the two readings determining the expansion of the metallic bar above that of the black-lead. In order to employ the instrument as a measure of temperature as well as of expansion, Professor Daniell adopted the doubtful assumption that equal increments of length are the effects of equal increments of temperature. For further information on this instrument and its uses, we must refer to the original memoir in the Philosophical Transactions for 1830-1831.

In the Great Exhibition of 1851, Mr Ericsson exhibited in the United States' department a pyrometer in which temperatures were indicated by the tension of a permanent volume of air or of nitrogen gas, which was measured by the reading of a column of mercury under a vacuum. M. Edmund Becquerel, of Geneva, in 1864 suggested a thermo-electric pyrometer, which, constructed by Ruhmkorff, has proved very reliable. C. W. Siemen's Electrical Resistance Pyrometer will measure the heat of the hottest furnace.

PY'ROPE, a beautiful and much-prized gem, often called Carbuncle and Hyacinth by lapidaries. It is nearly allied to garnet. It is composed of silica, alumina, magnesia, lime, and the protoxides of iron, chrome, and manganese. It is always of a deep red colour, and is transparent, or at least translucent. It generally occurs in roundish grains, but rarely in imperfectly cubical crystals. It is found chiefly in Saxony and Bohemia; also at Elie, in Fife, Scotland. The specimens found at Elie are popularly called Elie Rubies.

PYRO'PHORUS (from the Gr. pyr, fire, and phero, I bear) is a term applied to any substances which take fire from the rapidity with which they are oxidised. If iron, cobalt, or nickel be reduced by hydrogen from its oxide at a low red heat, it is obtained in a state of such extreme division as to become incandescent by the oxidising action of the atmosphere; and the tendency to rapid oxidation is much increased by the interposition of some infusible matter, as a little alumina or magnesia, between the particles of the oxide. This is probably due to the cohesion of the minute particles of the reduced metal being thus mechanically prevented, and the access of air to the surface of each particle being thus facilitated. If tartrate of lead be heated in a tube till the organic portion becomes charred, the metallic lead is reduced to a state of extreme subdivision, and usually takes fire when poured into the air. If finely-powdered sulphate of potash be mixed with half its weight of lampblack, and heated in a covered crucible, the sulphate is reduced to sulphide of potassium, which remains in a finely-divided state, mixed with the excess of carbon, and takes fire spontaneously in the air from the rapid absorption of oxygen. These are amongst the best examples of pyrophori.

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PYRO'SIS, or WATERBRASH, is a modification of dyspepsia, or indigestion, characterised by a burning sensation at the pit of the stomach, followed by the eructation of a considerable quantity of a thin, watery fluid, which is generally tasteless, but sometimes sour, and is often described by the patient as being cold. It occurs in paroxysms, which usually come on in the morning or forenoon, To use the instrument, the scale is carefully when the stomach is empty. The first symptom of applied, the brass plate, h, being pressed upon the it is a pain at the pit of the stomach, and a sense of shoulder of the register, and the lighter arm being constriction, as if the stomach were drawn towards so placed that the steel point, m, may rest on the the back. The pain is often very severe, and after top of the index in a notch cut for it which coincides continuing for some time it brings on the diswith the axis of the rod. The position of the index charge of fluid which has been already mentioned, being then read off on the scale, the register is after which it lessens, and gradually disappears. detached and exposed to the heat to be measured; When the attack has once occurred, it is commonafter it is removed and cooled, it is again placed inly repeated at intervals for a considerable time.

PYROSOMIDE-PYROTECHNY.

It is usually accompanied with other symptoms of dyspepsia, and is sometimes associated with organic disease of the stomach, or of the liver. It seems to be due in a great measure to indigestible diet, and the too free use of spirits. When no organic disease is present, the affection usually disappears under the use of a well-regulated diet, and the administration of opium, combined with astringents (as in the Compound Kino Powder), care being taken to guard against the constipating effect of these drugs by the prescription of a mild aperient daily, as, for example, a little confection of senna, or three grains of the Compound Colocynth Pill, combined with two grains of Extract of Hyoscyamus. If this treatment fail, nitrate of bismuth, or oxide of silver, in appropriate doses, may be tried. In some cases a cure has been effected by the use of lime-water and milk.

PYROSO'MIDÆ, a family of tunicated molluscs forming the order Dactylobranchiata of Owen. They are marine, and swim freely in the water, many individuals usually combined together, by their elastic integument or tunic, into a mass of definite form and arrangement, nearly cylindrical, hollow, closed at one end, and open at the other. The individuals which form this group or mass have each a gill-sac with two gills, and inhale water by an orifice on the outer surface of the cylinder, expelling it by another orifice on the inner surface; and by the action of the stream of water which thus constantly flows from the open end of the cylinder, the whole mass is slowly propelled through the water with the closed end foremost. The P. are plentiful in warm seas. Pyrosoma Atlanticum is usually from three to seven inches long. The P. are brightly luminous.

PY'ROTECHNY, the art of making fireworks, is of unknown antiquity. It was practised amongst the Chinese from the earliest times, and has attained with them a perfection unknown in other countries. So much is this the case, that they treat as insignificant the most brilliant of our European displays. In their fireworks they introduce many surprises, such as figures of men and animals darting out, but they are somewhat deficient in the mechanical arrangements. Fireworks, as the name is now understood, were hardly known in Europe until the discovery of the composition of gunpowder, and for a long time only very simple pyrotechnic contrivances were used. At present they may be divided into two kinds-the simple hand-pieces, such as squibs, crackers, rockets, &c.; and the other, the fixed contrivances which have often very ingenious mechanical arrangements for making some of their parts revolve rapidly when being discharged. The materials used are gunpowder, sulphur, charcoal, saltpetre, filings of steel, iron, copper, &c., and several salts, such as nitrate of strontian, acetate of copper, common salt, &c. The ingredients of fireworks are usually filled into paper cases, made by rolling pasted paper round a cylinder of wood of the proper diameter, until the case is of sufficient thickness, and then cutting the paper tube so formed into the required lengths for squibs, Roman candles, small rockets, and similar articles; they seldom exceed ten inches; one end of each is closed by drawing a piece of string tightly round, so as to pinch it in, or choke it as it is technically called, and then dipping it into melted resin, which effectually seals it (a, figs. 1, 2, and 3). The combustible ingredients are filled in at the open end, and, if necessary, are

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Fig. 1.

rammed down with a wooden ramrod; the opening is afterwards covered with a piece of touch-paper, to prevent the composition falling out, and to ignite it by (b, figs. 1, 2, and 3). The effects produced by fireworks are either streams of fire issuing straight out of the cases, and much varied with sparks in the form of stars, &c., and coloured with brilliant colours; or wheels of beautiful sparks produced by making the cases revolve rapidly. Revolving pieces are made by coiling the paper tube, when not too tightly filled, around a flat wooden centre (c, fig. 2); the force with which the b combustion of the materials is carried on, is sufficient to make the board revolve with great rapidity. Small wheels of this kind are called Catharine Wheels (fig. 2). Squibs or serpents are made by filling tubes, eight to ten inches in length (fig. 1), with composition of 1 lb. of nitre, 2 oz. of charcoal of sulphur, and 6 oz. of steel filings. The last is powder (rather coarse), 4 oz. of gunpowder, 4 oz. an important ingredient in many fireworks, producing brilliant, feather-like coruscations, which are the more beautiful the larger and cleaner the filings are. Rockets are tied to a wooden

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Figs. 3 and 4.

Fig. 2.

stick (c, fig. 3). When they are about to be discharged, this stick is stuck in the ground, and in that position the igniting point of the rocket, b, is downward; when lighted, it rushes into the air with great velocity, and reaches a considerable height, discharging as it goes a brilliant stream of sparks. Rockets require a hollow centre all down the tube; without this, they will not rise. At the end of their course, they often discharge brilliant clusters of golden, ruby, emerald, sapphire-like stars, or showers of golden or coloured rain, or of fiery serpents. This is produced by a supplementary part, called the garniture of the rocket, consisting of a shorter and broader paper tube called the pot, attached to the end of the fusee part of the rocket (as in fig. 4, a), and filled with a composition made into a paste with pure alcohol, and cut into stars, or granulated into small round bodies for drops. The serpents for rockets are small fusees, with the same composition as squibs; they are so packed in as to ignite all at once. The white stars are made of nitre, 16 parts; sulphur, 8 parts; gunpowder, 3 or 4 parts; nitrate of strontian added, makes them ruby red; sulphate or acetate of copper. and sulphate and carbonate of barytes, green; zinc filings give a blue colour. Yellow stars and yellow showers are made of nitre, 16 parts, 10 of sulphur, 4 of charcoal, 16 of gunpowder, and 2 of lampblack. A deeper and richer golden colour is produced by a very slight variation in the composition

viz., 2 parts less of sulphur and charcoal, and 4 additional of gunpowder. Many other ingenious devices are used by masters in the art of pyrotechny, but they are too numerous and too technical to come within the limits of this work. The

PYROXENE-PYRRHIC DANCE.

Roman candle is a favourite firework; it is a tube which is held on the ground, and discharges upwards a continuous stream of blue or white stars or balls. Bengal lights are cases of about an inch or more in diameter, filled with a composition of 7 parts nitre, 2 of sulphur, and 1 of antimony. These are much used as signals at sea; they diffuse an immense glare of bluish-white light. Chinese or jasmine fire, which is used by itself or in combination with other mixtures, consists of 16 parts of gunpowder, 8 of nitre, 3 of finely-powdered charcoal, 3 of sulphur, and 10 of small cast-iron borings; the last must be finer or coarser in proportion to the bore of the case to be filled. The compound devices in fixed fireworks, such as are seen at public entertainments, are very complicated in their structure, and are varied more or less by every artist. One nice point in the arrangement is to insure simultaneous ignition of all the various parts.

PY'ROXENE. See AUGITE.

PYROXY'LIC SPIRIT, Hydrate of Methyl (CH4O2), known as wood spirit, or methylic alcohol, an alcohol obtained by the dry distillation of wood in the manufacture of Pyroligneous Acid (q. v.). It is one of numerous volatile products of that distillation, and has to be separated from the others by saturating it with the chloride of calcium, with

which it combines, and is no longer volatile, except at a greater temperature than 212° F. It is therefore easily separated by means of a steam-bath from its more volatile associates, which are carried off at a temperature below boiling water. A higher temperature is afterwards applied to the residue, which is the compound of chloride of calcium and pyroxylic spirit, and the spirit is thus distilled off. Commercially, the discovery of this substance was of great importance, as many of its properties are the same as those of common alcohol; and now, notwithstanding a long opposition from the Revenue Board, its manufacture and importation are regu larly allowed. It is of nearly equal value to alcohol in making varnishes, as it dissolves the resins, oils, and other similar substances. It has a peculiar naphtha-like odour, which is inseparable from it, and prevents its use as a potable spirit at present; but it has been asserted lately that some makers have almost made it odourless, and that it is consequently taking the place of common alcohol in the manufacture of cheap perfumes.

PYRO'XYLIN, a name for Gun Cotton (q. v.). PY'RRHIC DANCE, the most famous of all the war-dances of antiquity, is said to have received its name from one Pyrrichos, or, according to others, from Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles. Critical scholars, however, content themselves with

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a general inference deduced from the substantial avoiding missiles and blows, or assaulting the harmony of the various mythical or legendary accounts given of its origin-viz., that it was a Doric invention. It was danced to the flute, and its time was both quick and light, as may be seen from the Pyrrhic foot, composed of two shorts (~~), and the Prokeleusmatic, or challenging-foot, of two double shorts (~~~~). According to Plato, it aimed to represent the nimble motions of a warrior either

enemy; and in the Doric states, it was as much a piece of military training as an amusement. Elsewhere, in Greece, it was purely a mimetic dance, in which the parts were sometimes represented by women. It formed part of the public entertainments at the Panathenaic festivals. Julius Cæsar introduced it at Rome, where it became a great favourite. The Romaika, still danced in Greece is

PYRRHON-PYTHAGORAS.

said to be a modern relic of the ancient Pyrrhic dance; but if Dr Corrigan's description of it (Ten Days in Athens, 1861) is correct, it is not easy to see the resemblance.

PYRRHON (Lat. Pyrrho), the founder of a school of Greek scepticism, named after him, was a native of Elis, and was born in the first half of the 4th c. B. C. In his youth he is said to have been a painter, but was subsequently attracted to philosophy by the study of the writings of Democritus. Diogenes Laertius tells us that, along with Anaxarchus (one of his teachers, according to Aristocles), he joined Alexander the Great's eastern expedition; and it has been conjectured that, at this period, he obtained some knowledge of the opinions and beliefs of the Persian Magi and the Indian Gymnosophists. He died about the age of 90, after spending a great part of his life in retirement. P.'s scepticism was by no means of the thorough-going kind that is usually associated with his name, which is synonymous with absolute and unlimited infidelity. He certainly disbelieved in the possibility of acquiring a scientific knowledge of things, but (like Kant) he appears to have tenaciously maintained the reality of virtue and the obligations of morality. So greatly was he reverenced by his townsmen, on account of his personal excellences, and so little did they consider his philosophical scepticism a barrier to his holding a religious office, that they chose him high-priest of their sacred city, and for his sake declared all philosophers exempt from public taxes. Cicero (not so far wrongly either) ranks him among the Socratics; and, indeed, he was as much opposed to the pretensions of the Sophists as Socrates himself, though from a different point of view. P., so far as we know, wrote nothing; and the works of his friend and follower, Timon, are lost.

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PY'RRHUS, king of Epeirus, born about 318 B. C., a Greek warrior, whose personal bravery and passion for adventurous exploits equal anything recorded of the knights of chivalry, was the son of Eacides, who succeeded to the throne of Epeirus by the death of his cousin, Alexander, 326 B. C. Alexander was the brother of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great; and thus young P. was a distant kinsman of the Macedonian hero, whose career of far-stretching conquest he dared to dream of imitating. After experiencing many vicissitudes of fortune in his youth, he became sole king of Epeirus in 295 B. C.; and, in the following year, increased his territories by the addition of the western parts of Macedonia, which he obtained in reward for aiding Alexander, son of Cassander, against his brother, Antipater, in their struggle for the paternal inheritance. In 281 B. C., a glorious prospect opened up before the eyes of the restless warrior-nothing less than the conquest of Rome and the western world, which (if he should achieve it) would confer on him a renown equal to that of his Macedonian kinsman. The Tarentines, a Greek colony in Lower Italy, then at war with the Romans, sent an embassy to P., in the name of all the Greek sent an embassy to P., in the name of all the Greek colonies in Italy, offering him the command of all their troops against their enemies. The king was overjoyed at the proposal; instantly accepted it; and in the beginning of 280 B. C. sailed for Tarentum with 20,000 foot, 3000 horse, 2000 archers, 500 slingers, and a number of elephants. The gay, pleasure-loving Tarentines had no great relish for the rigorous service of war, and were far from pleased at the strict measures taken by P. to inure them to its hardships. The first battle between P. and the Romans (who were commanded by the consul, M. Valerius Laevinus) took place at the

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river Siris in Lucania. The contest was long, obstinate, and bloody; and P. only succeeded by bringing forward his elephants, whose strange appearance and gigantic size excited a sudden panic for P., who said, as he looked upon the field, thickamong the Romans. It was a hard-bought victory victory, and I must return to Epeirus alone.' Many strewn with his numerous dead: 'Another such of the Italian nations now joined P. (for Rome was not liked by her neighbours and dependents), and he proceeded on his march towards Central Italy, The Roman senate was thoroughly frightened, and would have come to terms with P., but for the stirring speech of old Ap. Claudius Cæcus, which made them resolve to 'fight it out' with the foreigner. P., after penetrating to within 20 miles of Rome, found it impossible to proceed further with safety, as one Roman army occupied the city, and another hung upon his flanks and rear. drew to Campania, and thence to Tarentum, where he wintered. The campaign of 279 B. C. was carried on in Apulia, and the principal engagement took defeated; but P. himself lost so heavily, that he place near Asculum. The Romans were again felt it impossible to follow up his victory; and again withdrew to Tarentum. Here a truce was entered into between the belligerents; and P. passed over into Sicily to assist the Sicilian Greeks against the Carthaginians, 278 B. C. His first exploits in that island were both brilliant and successful; but the repulse which he sustained in his attack on Lilybæum broke the spell which invested his name. Soon afterwards he became involved in misunderstandings with the Greeks; and in 276 B. C. he quitted the island in disgust, to renew his war with Carthaginians attacked him, and destroyed 70 of While crossing over to the mainland the his ships; and although he reached Tarentum in safety, his prospects were now much more clouded than at first. In 274 B. C. he fought a great battle with the Romans, under the consul Curius Dentatus, near Beneventum, and was utterly defeated, escaping to Tarentum with only a few personal attendants. He now saw himself forced to abandon Italy and return to Epeirus, where he almost immediately engaged in war with Antigonus Gonatas, son of Demetrius, and king of Macedonia. His success was complete, for the Macedonian troops deserted to him en masse, and he once more obtained possession of the country; but nothing could satisfy his love of fighting, and in less than a year he was induced to enter on a war with the Spartans. He marched a large force into the Peloponnesus, and tried to take their city, but was repulsed in all his attempts. He then proceeded against Argos, where he met his death, 272 B. C., in the 46th year of his reign.

Rome.

PY'RUS, a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Rosacea, suborder Pomece, having a two seeds in each cell. It includes species differing 5-celled fruit, with a cartilaginous endocarp and everything except the characters of the flower and very much in appearance, in foliage, and in almost fruit, and formerly constituting the genera Sorbus, Aria, Aronia, &c.; or included in Mespilus (see MEDLAR) and Crataegus. Some botanists separate the Apples (Malus) as a distinct genus. Amongst the species of P. are some of the most valuable fruits of temperate climates, and some highly ornamental trees and shrubs. See APPLE, PEAR, SERVICE, ROWAN, BEAM-TREE.

PYTHAGORAS. The life of this celebrated man, the founder of what is known as the Italic School of Philosophy, has been so greatly obscured by the mass of legends and incredible stories which

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