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RUNES.

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and some longer, the number of shorter characters in each group denoting the class to which the letter intended to be indicated belonged; the number of longer ones, its position in the class. 2. Hahal-runa, where the letters are indicated by characters with branching stems, the branches to the left denoting the class, and those to the right the position in that class. There is an inscription in secret runes of this description at Hackness in Yorkshire. 3. Stofruna, in which the class is indicated by points placed above, and the position in the class by points below, or the reverse.

The best known inscriptions in the AngloSaxon character are those on two gravestones at Hartlepool in Northumberland, on a cross at Bewcastle in Cumberland, and on another cross at Ruthwell in Dumfriesshire. The inscription on the west side of Bewcastle cross, which we give as a specimen of Anglo-Saxon runes, is a memorial of Alefrid, son of Oswiu, who was associated with his father in the government of the kingdom of Northumbria, in the 7th century.

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SETTÆ HWETRED

EM GÆRFÆ BOLDU

ÆFTÆR BARÆ

YMB CYNING ALCFRIDA
GICEGÆD HEOSUM SAWLUM.

This memorial

Hwætred set

and carved this monument

after the prince

after the king Alcfrid,

pray for their souls.

The Anglo-Saxon runes, as here given, are derived
from a variety of MS. authorities, the most com.
plete containing forty characters, while some only
extend as far as the twenty-fifth or twenty-eighth
letter. Neither the name nor the power of some of
the later letters is thoroughly known, and they are
without any equivalents in the Norse runic system. Or in modern English:
The German runes are given from a MS. in the
conventual library of St Gall in Switzerland.
Though the various runic alphabets are not alike
copious, the same order of succession among the
letters is preserved, excepting that, in the Norse
alphabet, laugr precedes madr, although we have
placed them otherwise, with the view of exhibiting
the correspondence of the three systems.
number of characters in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet is
a multiple of the sacred number eight; and we have
the evidence both of a Swedish bracteate contain-
ing twenty-four characters, and of the above-men-
tioned St Gall MS., that there was a recognised
division of the alphabet into classes of eight letters
-a classification which forms the basis of a system
of secret runes noticed in that MS. Of these secret
runes, there are several varieties specified; in par-
ticular 1. Tis-runa and Lago-runa (of which speci-
mens exist in Scandinavia), consisting of groups of
repetitions of the character iis or lago, some shorter

388

The

The inscription on the Ruthwell cross, after being long a puzzle to antiquaries, was first deci phered in 1838 by Mr John M. Kemble, an eminent Anglo-Saxon scholar. It is written alternately down one side of the stone and up another, and contains a portion of a poem on the subject of the Crucifixion. Mr Kemble's interpretation received a very satisfactory confirmation by the discovery of a more complete copy of the same poem in a MS. volume of Anglo-Saxon homilies at Vercelli.

Mr D. H. Haigh, whose researches have added much to our knowledge of Anglo-Saxon runes, has endeavoured to set up for them a claim of priority

RUNGPUR-RUNNER.

over the Norse characters. Instead of considering by force. In 1799, having rendered important the additional Anglo-Saxon letters as a develop- service as an ally to Zeman Shah of Afghanistan, ment of the Norse system, he looks on the Norse who had invaded the Punjab, he received from that alphabet of sixteen letters as an abridgment of an monarch liberty to take possession of Lahore, which earlier system, and finds occasional traces of the he accordingly did, and held it, despite the utmost existence of the discarded characters in the earliest efforts of his brother sirdars. To these quarrelsome Norse inscriptions, and in the Scandinavian Iis-runa neighbours he next turned his attention, and sucand Hahalruna, where the letters are classified in ceeded in subduing some and rendering others accordance with the Anglo-Saxon groups of eight. tributary, so that by 1809 he had greatly reduced The Scandinavian kingdoms contain numerous their number. His successes having alarmed the runic monuments, some of them written bous- Sikh chiefs, situated between the Sutlej and the trophedon, or with the lines beginning alter- Jumna, they besought the governor-general's inter nately from the right and left; and there are ference, and this was the only occasion on which he many interesting inscriptions on Swedish Swedish gold ever came into collision with the British. Arrangebracteates, generally having reference to some ments were amicably made, and Britain gave up all design which they accompany. The Celtic races, pretension to interference north of the Sutlej, on from their connection with the Scandinavians, condition that that boundary should be carefully became acquainted with their alphabet, and made respected. R., thus freed from the only danger he use of it in writing their own language; and hence feared, pursued his schemes of aggrandisement; we have in the Western Islands of Scotland, and in and in 1812, having compelled all but three of the the Isle of Man, runic inscriptions, not in the Punjab sirdars to resign their authority, he organAnglo-Saxon, but in the Norse character, with, ised the whole under one sovereignty, and prohowever, a few peculiarities of their own. Some of claimed himself rajah. His army had for several the most perfect runic inscriptions are in Man; years previously been organised and disciplined others of a similar description exist at Holy Island, according to the European fashion by English in Lamlash Bay, Arran, and there is an inscription officers who had entered his service, so that the in the same character on a remarkable brooch dug | wild and undisciplined troops of the neighbouring up at Hunterston in Ayrshire. Dr D. Wilson con- states had not a chance of successfully opposing him. siders that the Celtic population of Scotland were About this time his capital was resorted to by two as familiar with Norse, as the Northumbrians with of the dispossessed rulers of Afghanistan, one of Saxon runes. whom, Shah-Sujah, was the possessor of the celebrated Koh-i-nûr (q. v.), which prize R. eagerly coveted, and at last obtained as the price of his assistance in recovering the throne of Cabul. In 1813, R. obtained possession of Attock, took Mûltan by storm in 1817, and in 1819 annexed Cashmere, assuming after these exploits the title of maharajah. In 1822, he took into his service Allard and Ventura, two French officers who formerly served under Napoleon, and by their aid he finished the reconstruction of his army, with the view of extending his dominion to the west of the Indus. In pursuance of this scheme, he wrested The term RUNIC KNOTWORK is often applied (1829) from the Afghans the province of Peshawur. loosely and inaccurately to a kind of interlaced He had now an extensive territory, peopled by ornamentation to be seen in MSS. and on monu- more than 20,000,000, and a well-trained army ments of Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Scandinavian, Scoto- of 70,000 men, of whom 36,000 were infantry, Irish, and Pictish origin, from the 6th to the 12th thoroughly disciplined, and this numerous host century.

We sometimes find the Norse runes used to denote numerals, in which case the sixteen characters stand for the numbers from 1 to 16; ar combined with langr stands for 17, double madr for 18, and double tyr for 19. Two or more letters are used to express higher numbers, as ur ur, 20; thurs thurs Os, 34.

See Planta's essay, On the Runic or Scandinavian Language; W. C. Grimm, Ueber Deutsche Runen; Archæologia, vol. 28; Haigh's Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain; Dr D. Wilson's Prehistoric Annals of Scotland.

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RUNJEET-SINGH, maharajah of the Punjab (generally described by English writers as the king of Lahore), was born at Gugaranwalla, 2d November 1780. His father, Maha-Singh, was sirdar of Sukur-Chukeah, one of the twelve missouls or military organisations of the Sikhs, and died when R. was about 12 years old, leaving a full treasury and a well-regulated government. His widow took charge of the administration, and attempted by every means in her power to render her son effeminate, but R.'s character was not capable of being weakened by such treatment. When about 17 years old, his mother died suddenly (poisoned, as it is reported, by her son), and he immediately assumed the government. R. now shewed himself to be a prince of overwhelming ambition, and capable of attaining his object either by policy and address, or

was employed for several years in desultory wars with the Afghans. Between him and the British there was always a mutual distrust, dissembled by the show of extreme cordiality; but as both parties scrupulously abstained from any cause of offence, pacific relations were never interrupted. In 1836, his army was totally defeated by the Afghans, but this reverse seems not in the slightest degree to have affected the stability of his rule, even in the most recently-acquired districts; and, strange to say, his long reign was not disturbed by a single revolt. He died 27th June 1839. R. is one of the most remarkable men in eastern history; in person he was short and slight; his countenance, deeply marked with small-pox (which had deprived him of the sight of one eye), was, however, expressive of strong determination, to which the calm of his brilliant dark eye lent additional effect. He was totally uneducated; could neither read nor write; yet the indefatigable energy of his administration, and his clemency and moderation (rare qualities in an Asiatic despot), are without a parallel in the East. See H. T. Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjaub, and Political Life of Runjeet-Singh, 1839; W. L. Macgregor, RunjectSingh; History of the Sikhs.

RUNNER (flagellum, a whip), in Botany, is a long slender branch proceeding from a lateral bud

RUNNERS-RUPERT.

of a herbaceous plant with very short axis, or to the practice which money-changers had introin popular language, without stem. It extends along the ground, and produces buds as it proceeds, which often take root and form new plants. Strawberries afford a familiar example. Another is found in Potentilla anserina. Runners are common in the genus Ranunculus.

RUNNERS. See KIDNEY BEAN.

RU'NNIMEDE, a long stretch of green meadow, lying along the right bank of the Thames, from which it is partly concealed by plantations of willows, 20 miles west-south-west of London. It is proposed to derive the name from the Sax. rhynes, water-brooks, which abound in these meadows; others suppose the word to be Runningmead, referring to the horse-races which appear to have been held here from time immemorial, and which still take place in the month of August. R. is of great historical interest, from the fact that Magna Charta was signed by King John, June 19, 1215, either on this meadow, or on Charter Island, lying a short distance off the shore. The Great Charter itself professes to have been signed per manum nostram in prato quod vocatur Runnimede. See MAGNA CHARTA.

RU'NRIG LANDS, a peculiar species of property known in Scotland, by which alternate ridges of land belong to two individuals respectively. The origin of holding lands in this way is said to have arisen out of the practice of common defence and watching, and the common ploughing and labouring necessary or natural in the occupation of burgh acres and lands near towns. Each party is absolute proprietor of his own ridge; but owing to the obstruction often caused to agricultural improvement, a mode of compulsory division or allotment of the lands was introduced by. statute in 1695. This remedy, however, does not apply to burgh acres, or to patches of land less than four acres in extent.

RUPEE' is the name of a silver coin current in India, of the value of 2s. English. The word is a corruption of the Sanscrit rûpya, from rûpa, shape, form, meaning, according to Pân'ini, a coin-not necessarily of silver-on which the shape of a man, according to the Kâs'ikâ commentary on this grammarian, is struck; and if this ellipsis of the word man is correct, as it very probably is, the word rupee would be of great numismatic interest, inasmuch as it would prove that even as early as at the time of the grammarian Pân'ini (q. v.) coins existed with a human figure impressed on them. The coin bearing the name of rupee was first struck by Shir Shah, and was adopted by Akbar and his successors; it was of the weight of 175 grains troy, and was considered to be pure; but in the decline of the Mohammedan empire every petty chief coined his own rupee, varying in weight and value, though usually bearing the name and titles of the reigning emperor. In the reign of Shah Aalam, a great variety of coins bore his name and the years of his succession, until 1773, when they were suppressed in the territories subject to the East India Company, and a rupee was struck, called the Sicca rupee, with an inscription on it, which, translated, runs: 'The king, Shah Aalam, the defender of the faith of Mohammed, the shadow of the grace of God, has struck this coin, to be current through the seven climes;' and on the reverse: 'Struck at Murshidabad, in the 19th year of the auspicious_accession.' Though rupees were coined also at Dacca, and finally only at Calcutta, and also at various dates, the place of coinage (the mint of Murshidabad) and the date just named (the 19th of Shah Aalam's reign) remained unaltered, in order to put a stop

duced, of levying an arbitrary rate of discount on rupees of different places of coinage and of previous dates, without reference to any actual diminution of weight by wear. Although the Dacca rupee was thus the actual medium of exchange, the Company's accounts were for a long time kept in a different valuation, or that of the Chalani, or current rupee, 100 Sicca rupees being reckoned as equivalent to 116 Chalani rupees. The Sicca rupee served also as a unit of weight-80 Sicca weight being equal to one ser, and 40 sers to one man other rupees were current in the Bengal presidency or maund 82 lbs. 82 lbs. Beside the Sicca rupee, two

the Benares rupee, which ceased to be struck in 1819, and the Farakhabad rupee. At Madras, the rupee of the Nawabs of the Carnatic, originally struck at Arcot, and at Bombay that of the Nawabs of Surat, became the currency of the Company. In 1818, the standard of the Sicca and Farakhabad rupees was altered, but their intrinsic value was unaffected, as they continued to have the same amount of fine silver. Other changes of these coins took place--of the latter in 1824, of the former in 1833; but in 1835, the coinage of the Company was entirely remodelled, and a coin, thenceforth termed the Company's rupee, with its proportionate subdivisions, was struck to replace all the former currencies, being of the same weight and fineness throughout, and bearing inscriptions in English, or on one face the head and name of the reigning sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, and on the reverse the designation of the coin in English and Persian, with the words 'The East India Company' in English. The latter, of course, have disappeared since India has been placed under the direct govern ment of the English crown. The weight, intrinsic several coins are as follows: purity, and value of the British currency of these

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But as silver is subject, in the London mint, to a seigniorage of nearly 6 per cent., the London mint produce of the rupee, if of full weight and standard value (11 dwts. fine) should be ls. Ild. For further detail, see H. H. Wilson, Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms (Lond. 1855), under RUPEE.

RUPERT, PRINCE, the son of the ElectorPalatine Frederick V., and Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, was born in 1619. In 1642, he received from his uncle, Charles I. of England, a commission to command a regiment of horse at Worcester against the Parliamentarians. The impetuosity with which he charged the enemy there, and in the battle of Edgehill, would have proved of greater use to the Royalists had not his rashness in pursuing the wavering foe nearly counteracted the advantages which he had already gained. Subsequently, at Chalgrove, Newark, and Newbury, he was more successful; but his petulant dis. regard of orders, and his hasty retreat from the field of battle at Marston Moor, resulted in a signal

in

RUPERT'S LAND-RURIK.

commercial product of the country. There are also abundance of foxes of various colours, bears, wolves, Canadian lynxes, &c. Among the animals used for food are the wapiti, reindeer, moose, and other spe cies of deer; the musk-ox, hares, and an immense variety of wood-fowl and other birds. Rupert's Land was surrendered by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870, and a portion of it admitted into the Dominion of Canada, under the name of Manitoba.

defeat, the consequences of which had a most disastrous effect upon the fortunes of the Royalist party. His conduct at Naseby, and his hasty surrender of the city of Bristol, irritated the king, who forthwith deprived him of his command, and requested him to leave England without delay. In 1648, however, he was recalled and appointed to the command of the royal fleet. In this new vocation he acquitted himself with much daring and somewhat more caution, and for three years RU'PIA is a somewhat severe form of skin-disease. he kept his ships afloat, after escaping the block- It is characterised by flattish, distinct bulla or blebs, ade in which he had been held for a twelvemonth containing a serous, purulent, or sanious fluid, which off the Irish coast by the great parliamentarian become changed into thick scabs. Several varieties Admiral Blake; but in 1651, the latter attacked of this disease have been established by dermatolothe prince's squadron, and burned or sunk most gists. In its simplest form, the blebs are not preof his ships. With the few vessels still remain- ceded by any inflammatory symptoms, are about ing to him, R. escaped to the West Indies, where, an inch in diameter, and contain a fluid which is concert with his brother Maurice, he led originally thin and transparent, but soon thickens, a bucaneering life, maintaining himself and his becomes purulent, and dries into brown ragged men by seizing upon English and other merchant- scabs, which are elevated in the centre. The scabs men. After a few years spent in this manner, R. are easily separated, and leave ulcerated surfaces, managed to elude the vigilance of Cromwell's cap-on which several successive scabs usually form tains, and made good his way to France, where he before healing ensues. In a more severe form, known remained till the restoration of his cousin, Charles II. as Rupia prominens, the scab projects so much R. served with distinction under the Duke of York, in the centre as to resemble a limpet-shell in and in concert with the Earl of Albemarle, against form. the Dutch, and died in 1682 in the enjoyment of various offices and dignities, being a privy councillor, a member of the Admiralty, governor of Windsor Castle, &c. The last ten years of his life were spent in retirement in the pursuit of chemical, mechanical, and physical researches, for which he evinced considerable aptitude. Although it is certain that he did not discover the art of engraving in mezzotinto – the real inventor of which appears to have been a German, Von Tregen, whose early works bear the date of 1642-R. no doubt improved the mechanical mode of the art, which he described and illustrated for the Royal Society of London in 1662, after he had completed several interesting engravings on the new principle. The glass bead known as Prince Rupert's Drop (q. v.) derives its name from the prince.

Rupia is a chronic disease, and is usually limited to the limbs, the loins, and the nates. It is not contagious, and generally attacks persons debilitated by old age, intemperance, bad living, or previous diseases, especially small-pox, scarlatina, and syphilis. The general treatment consists mainly in the administration of tonics, such as quinia, the mineral acids, ale, wine, animal food, &c. Some writers strongly recommend the tincture of serpentaria; and there is no doubt that certain cases which will not yield to tonics, rapidly improve when treated with iodide of potassium. The local treatment consists in puncturing the blebs as soon as they arise, in removing the scabs by poulticing, and in applying a slightly stimulating applicationsuch as a solution of nitrate of silver to the subjacent ulcers. The disease is frequently tedious and obstinate, but the patient almost always ultimately recovers.

RUPPI'N, NEU, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, on a small lake of the same name, which communicates by water with the Elbe, 38 miles north of Potsdam. It contains a castle, a lunatic asylum, and 12,000 inhabitants, who are engaged in brewing, spinning, and the manufacture of linen and woollen cloths.

RU'PTURE. See HERNIA.

RURAL DEAN, an official, ordinarily a beneficed clergyman, appointed in a diocese to maintain in a certain district, called a deanery, a supervision over the condition of churches, church furniture, glebe houses, schools, the appliances of public worship, and all other things appertaining to the service, and to report on all to the bishop as occasion may arise.

RU'PERT'S LAND, so called from Prince Rupert (q. v.), who was one of the founders of the Hudson's Bay Company, the official designation of that extensive tract in North America which forms the basin of Hudson's Bay and Strait, and is bounded on the west, south, and north by the water-sheds of the Arctic, St Lawrence, and Atlantic rivers. The western boundary is a little indefinite, but it may without much risk of error be assumed to run from Deer Lake in a south by east direction, enclosing a portion of the territory west of Lake Winipeg (q. v.) and the Red River Settlement (q. v.). The whole of this vast territory slopes inwards towards Hudson's Bay, and is well supplied with rivers of sufficient magnitude to serve for commercial highways. The mountains of this region, which are chiefly on the boundaries, are of primitive rock, and a great portion of the country is densely wooded. The soil is rich, but on account of the severity of the climate-which is not only of a generally low RURIK, who is considered to have been the temperature, but exceedingly variable in summer founder of the Russian monarchy, was, according and autumn - the cereals and other alimentary to most authors, a 'Varangian' of Scandinavian plants are not cultivated to any extent; in fact, origin, who was invited by the Slaves of Novgorod to they are only planted in the neighbourhood of the come and rule over them; according to others, he trading posts of the Hudson's Bay Company (q. v.) was the chief of a tribe of Norse colonists which and in the agricultural settlement on Red River, in was located near the Gulf of Finland, and after a the south-west. In the north, the vegetation and long contest, succeeded in subduing the northern climate are those of the polar regions. The chief Slaves and some neighbouring tribes of Finns; while dependence of the inhabitants of R. L. for food Kostomarof attempts to prove that he was a Lithuand clothing is on the animal kingdom, which is anian. That he was either a Scandinavian or of here most abundantly represented. Beavers are Scandinavian origin, there seems to be very little still found, and bears, otters, martens, and musk-doubt, and it is as generally maintained that, rats are abundant, their skins forming the chief accompanied by his brothers, Sindf (Sineous) and

RUSA-RUSH.

Truvor, he, at the head of a small army, took possession of the country to the south of the Gulf of Finland, Lakes Ladoga, Onega, and Beloe in 861 or 862, and laid the foundation of a monarchy. His brothers afterwards settled, the one at Bielo-ozero, and the other at Izborsk; but dying without issue, their principalities were united to Novgorod by Rurik. Novgorod was made the seat of government in 864 or 865, and the various insurrections of his Slavic subjects were quenched in blood, Vadim, their leader, whose valour is celebrated by the ancient chroniclers, perishing by R.'s own hand. To secure himself and his descendants in their newly-acquired territory, R. invited various colonies of Varangians to settle in the country, and after reigning peaceably from this time, he died in 879. During his reign, some of the Varangians attempted a land expedition against Constantinople, but renouncing the scheme, settled on the banks of the Dnieper, and founded the little state of Kiev. The family of R. reigned in Russia till the death, in 1598, of Feodor, son of Ivan the Terrible, when, after a brief intestine contest, it was succeeded by the nearly allied House of Romanoff (q. v.). Many noble families of Russia, such as Odojefski, Obolenski, Dolgorouki, Lfot, Belosselski-Beloserski, and Gagarin, are legitimately descended in the male line from R.; and the princes of Romodanofski-Lady- | shenski are legitimate descendants in the female line.

RU'SA, a genus of Cervidæ, or subgenus of Cervus (see DEER), containing a number of species of deer, natives of the forests of the East Indies, which may be described as stags with round antlers, a snag projecting in front just above the base of each, and the top forked, but the antlers not otherwise branched. They are generally of large size, and among them are some of the finest kinds of Asiatic deer. The GREAT R. (R. Hippelaphus) is supposed by some to be the Hippelaphus of Aristotle; but his description is not complete enough to identify the species. It is a native of Java, Sumatra, &c., and is about the size of a large stag, with brown rough hair, the neck with a long mane. The SAMBUR or SAMBOO (R. Aristotelis) of India, is a

Sambur (Rusa Aristotelis).

similarly large and powerful animal, and no Indian deer is more sought after by European sportsmen. It also is supposed by some to be the Hippelaphus of Aristotle. The colour is sooty brown, and the male has a mane. It is solitary in its habits, and delights in low forests where water abounds.-The Axis (q. v.) is very nearly allied to this genus.

RU'SCUS. See BUTCHER'S BROOM.

RTSH (Juncus), a genus of plants of the natural order Junceæ, having a glume-like (not coloured)

perianth, smooth filaments, and a many-seeded generally 3-celled capsule. The species are numerous, mostly natives of wet or marshy places in the colder parts of the world; some are found in tropical regions. Some are absolutely destitute of leaves, but have barren scapes (flower-stems) resembling leaves; some have leafy stems, the leaves rounded or somewhat compressed, and usually jointed internally; some have plane or grooved leaves on the stems; some have very narrow leaves, all from the root. The name R. perhaps properly belongs to those species which have no proper leaves; the round stems of which, bearing or not bearing small lateral heads of flowers, and popularly known as Rushes, are used for plaiting into mats, chair-bottoms, toy-baskets, &c.-The Soft R. (J. effusus) is a native of Japan as well as of Britain, and is cultivated in Japan for making mats. In ruder times, when carpets were little known, rushes were much used for covering the floors of rooms; to which many allusions will be found in early English writers. The stems of the true rushes contain a large pith or soft central substance, which is sometimes used for wicks of candles. There are 20 or 22 British species of R., some of which are very rare, some found only on the highest mountains, but some are among the most common of plants. They are often very troublesome weeds to the farmer. Thorough drainage is the best means of getting quit of them. Lime, dry ashes, road scrapings, &c., are also useful. Tufts of rushes in pasture are a sure sign of insufficient drainage. of which there are 18 or 20 natives of the U. States; Many marshy and boggy places abound with rushes, but the one most troublesome is J. effusus, which forms numerous unsightly tussocks in wet grounds. It also occupies rice-fields as soon as they are thrown out of cultivation. The black grass common in salt marshes along the coast is the J. bulbosus, and the common little species abounding in dry paths is the J. bufonius.

RUSH, BENJAMIN, M.D., an American physician, was born near Philadelphia, December 24, 1745, was educated at Princeton College, studied medicine in Philadelphia, London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and in 1769 was made Professor of Chemistry in the Philadelphia Medical College, and became a contributor to medical literature. Elected a member of the Continental Congress, he advocated and signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1777, he was appointed Surgeon-general and Physician-general of the continental army. His duties did not prevent him from writing a series of letters on the constitution of Pennsylvania, which was changed by his influence. He resigned his post in the army, because he could not prevent frauds upon soldiers in the hospital stores. In 1785, he planned the Philadelphia Dispensary, the first in the United States; and was a member of the convention which ratified the Federal constitution. Retiring from politics, he became Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Philadelphia Medical College; and was so successful in the treatment of yellow fever in 1793, that he was believed to have saved the lives of 6000 persons. His practice, in consequence, became so large that he prescribed for 100 patients a day, whom he saw even at his meals. Virulently attacked by Cobbett, who published a newspaper in Philadelphia, he prosecuted him for a libel, and recovered 5000 dollars damages. His medical works produced honours from several European sovereigns. The chief of them were Medical Inquiries and Observations, Diseases of the Mind, Medical Tracts, Health, Temperance, and Exercise. In 1779, he was appointed Treasurer of the United States Mint, which post he held until his death in Philadelphia, April 19, 1813.

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