Images de page
PDF
ePub

SAGHALIEN SAHARA.

forms a valuable article of food, being cheap, light, nutritious, and easy of digestion. The quantity of Sago and Sago-flour imported into the U. States in 1870 was 1,394,855 pounds, valued at $43,889. The quantity imported into Britain in 1866-1867 was 8249 and 8206 tons respectively, most of which was consumed at home.

leaves and shoots, is a popular astringent and tonic. S. grows best in a dry soil, and is easily propagated by slips or cuttings.-CLARY (q. v.) is a species of sage. MEADOW CLARY, or MEADOW SAGE (S. pratensis), is a common ornament of meadows and borders of fields in most parts of the continent of Europe, and in the south of England. It has bluish purple flowers. It is sometimes fraudulently put into beer, SAGOU'IN (Callithrix), a genus of American monto make it more intoxicating. The APPLE-BEARING keys, having a long but not prehensile tail, a small and S. (S. pomifera) is a native of the south of Europe rounded head, short muzzle, and large ears. They are and of the East, remarkable for its very large of small size, and remarkably active and graceful in reddish or purple bracts, and for the large gall-nuts their movements. They are sometimes called Squirrel which grow on its branches, as on the leaves of the Monkeys. They are of very gentle disposition, and oak, and which are known as S. Apples, have an when tamed, become strongly attached to their masters. agreeable aromatic taste, and are brought to market Both body and tail are covered with beautiful fur. and eaten. The Artemisia ludoviciana, which is The SIAMIRI or TEE-TEE (C. sciureus), native of widely spread over the arid interior of the central Brazil and Guiana, is one of the best known species. basin of N. America, is known as Sage.

SAGHALI'EN, spelled in all Russian accounts Sakhalin (q. v.).

SA'GINAW BAY, an arm of Lake Huron, extends south-west, and forms an important indentation of the shore of Michigan State, U.S. It is 60 miles long by 30 wide, with several fine harbours and picturesque islands. The water, like that of the whole lake, is of wonderful clearness and purity. The bay is named from the river Saginaw which

falls into it.

The

SAGO is the starch produced by several species of palms, prepared in a peculiar manner. species from which it is chiefly prepared are Sagus laevis, S. genuina, and Saguerus saccharifer, in the Indian Archipelago; Caryota ureus, in Assam; Phoenix farinifera, on the Coromandel coast; and the Talipot Palm (Corypha umbraculifera), in Ceylon. Several other species are occasionally used; and there is some reason to believe that some plants of the genus Cycas (natural order Cycadaceae) also yield sago. It is in all cases produced from the large mass of pith which fills the interior of the stems, therefore the trees require to be cut down. The stems are cut into lengths, split open, and the pith dug out, cut small, paced in a trough, and worked with clean water, to wash out the fecula; this makes the water white and turbid, and it is then run off into another vessel. Fresh washings of the pith take place, until it ceases to yield any starch. The water of the separate washings being all added together, is allowed to settle, and the starch is soon deposited; the clear supernatant water is then run off, and the deposit dried. This is the ordinary Sago Flour of commerce, of which large quantities are now imported for use as starch in the calico and other manufactures. When prepared for food, it is either in the state called Pearl Sago, or Granulated. The former is in little spherical grains of a pearly-white lustre, varying in size from that of a poppy-seed to a grain of millet. Granulated sago is also in round grains, but of a larger size, sometimes nearly as large as a pea. There are several varieties, differing much in colour-some quite white, others having the peculiar reddish-brown of radish-seed, which they strikingly resemble in appearance. One kind of granulated sago from India has lately been introduced into our shops under the erroneous name of Tapioca, from its having been called by the French Sagoutapioka.

The exact method employed by the Malays in pearling and granulating their sago, is not known to Europeans; but there are strong reasons to believe that heat is employed, because the starch is partially transformed into gum. It is not entirely soluble in hot water, like ordinary starch, hence it can be employed in making puddings, &c., and in this way

SAGU'NTUM, a wealthy and warlike town of ancient Spain, in Hispania Tarraconensis, stood on

an eminence near the mouth of the Pallantias
(modern Palancia). Its site is now occupied by the
town of Murviedro (q. v.). Founded (according to
Strabo) by Greeks from Zacynthus, it became at
an early period celebrated for its commerce, and
attained to great wealth. But it owes its historical
vitality to the circumstance of its siege and des-
truction by the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, in
218 B. C. Having withstood the siege for the greater
part of a year, against an army amounting to about
150,000 men, led by a general of consummate
ability and indomitable resolution, the Saguntines,
now most severely pressed by famine, concluded,
with an act of heroic defiance and self-sacrifice, a
resistance that had been characterised by the most
brilliant valour. Heaping their valuable effects into
one vast pile, and placing their women and children
around it, the men issued forth for the last time
against the enemy; and the women, setting fire to
the pile they had prepared, cast themselves upon
it, with their children, and found in flames the fate
their husbands met in battle. The destruction of
S. directly led to the second Punic war.

SAHA'RA. The immense tract of country to which this name is commonly given, has already been described under the heading AFRICA (q. v.). But the term Sahara is more correctly applied to a region of much more limited extent. The natives divide Africa north of the line into three portions -the Tell, the Sahara, and the Desert. The Tell extends from the Mediterranean to the Atlas Mountains; the Sahara, from the Atlas to the southern region where all regular supply of water fails; and the Desert, from the southern. and not very clearly-defined frontier of the Sahara, southward almost to the water-shed of the Niger, comprising a district salt and arid, inhospitable to man and beast, although the camel may even here snatch a scanty subsistence. As to physical geography, the S. may be subdivided into the following districts-1. The Hauts Plateaux, or Steppes, a series of high levels skirting the base of the Atlas Mountains. 2. The land of the Dayats or waterless oases, stretching south to the high lands on the south bank of the Wed Mzi or Djidi. 3. The region of the southern oases, to the south of the former, and extending south till it loses itself in the Desert. The principal feature of the S. is the Wed Mzi, which rises in the Djebel Amour, and after an east, north-east, and finally south-east course, falls into the Chott Melr' hir. Throughout almost the whole of its course, which is about 400 miles long, it flows under ground. Its waters seem to rest on a bed of hard limestone from 30 to 60 feet below the surface. Tristram's Great Sahara (John Murray, Lond 1860).

SAHIB-SAIL.

SAHIB (an Arabic word meaning a companion, a master, a lord) is, in Hindustani, the usual designation and address of a respectable European, equivalent to Mister, Sir, &c. Hence, Sahiba is the term for Lady, Madam. In Bengali and Mahrati, the word assumes the form Saheb. SAI'DA. See SIDON. SAIGA. See ANTELOPE.

courses.

SAIL. A sail is an expanse of canvas, matting, or other strong material, on which the wind may exert its force and propel the vessel. A sail is extended by means of a mast or yard, or both. It may be of various shapes, and of any size, according to the carrying power of the vessel. A vessel of shallow draught or of narrow beam can bear comparatively little sail; while a vessel of proportionately deep draught and heavily ballasted-as a

WIND'S

DIRECTION

S

Fig. 1.

SHIP'S
COURSE

A sail acts with the

ship, PAS its sail, WA the direction of the wind,
the wind on the sail. WA can be resolved into AB
and let the length of WA represent the pressure of
perpendicular to the sail, and BW parallel to it, the
latter of which has no
the sail; therefore AB
effect in pressing on
is the effective pres-

SAÏGON, one of the finest river-ports in Asia, the capital of the French possessions in Lower Cochin China, stands on a small river of the same name, about 35 miles from the Chinese Sea. The city is fortified, and its value as a strategical position is unquestionable. By land it is defended from attack by many miles of jungle and swamp, and the approach from the sea on the south, by the fine river Donnai, could easily be rendered impassable to the strongest fleet. The entrance to the Donnai yacht-or a vessel of great breadth of beam, can is at Cape St Jacques, and its winding course to S., carry sail of great area. through a rich level country, is from 50 to 60 miles greatest power when the wind is directly astern, in length, and might be defended by fortifications as in fig. 1; but it can be applied, though with at every point. It is of easy navigation, and is of of the wind on an oblique sail is a good example less strength, when on either beam. The action sufficient depth to allow vessels of the heaviest of the resolution of forces. See COMPOSITION AND burden to sail close to its banks under the over-RESOLUTION OF FORCES, &c. Let TD, fig. 2, be a hanging foliage. The breadth of the river from S. to the sea varies little, but it is never narrower than the Thames at London. It is joined on both sides by many large affluents, and it is the main channel of a river-system that covers the whole country to the south of the capital with a network of waterThe city of S. is fortified, and is defended by a permanent force of several large ships of war and a garrison of 10,000 men. At the beginning of the year 1865 the law of conscription, by which one man in seven is chosen from among the natives for military service, was put into operation. S. consists of two parts, the Chinese town, four miles inland, filled with an active population busily engaged in trade; and the European, or fortified town on the banks of the Saigon. The latter, with its fleet of vessels riding at anchor in mid-stream, is already of considerable size. Good roads have been constructed for many miles around, and there are barracks, hospitals, official residences, and other buildings for public purposes. The soil, only about one-fourth of which is under cultivation, is abundantly fertile, and is admirably suited to the production of cotton, sugar, indigo, and tobacco, besides rice, which is at present the principal, and almost the only, exported product. Its forests contain magnificent timber, and abound in woods rich in dyes. There is a naval yard and arsenal, and shipbuilding is carried on. Pop. estimated at 180,000.

[graphic]

S., together with the territory of which it is the capital, was taken by the French in 1860. Treaties of peace and commerce and commerce have been concluded with the Anamite government, from which the colonial government derives great advantages. These treaties, signed 15th July 1864, provide that the protectorate of the six provinces of Lower CochinChina shall remain in the hands of France; that three important ports on the coast of Anam shall be opened; and that a space of nine kilometres on the shore of each port shall be conceded to the French for the establishment of factories; that French merchants and missionaries shall be allowed to traverse the kingdom of Anam without hindrance, and that an indemnity of 100 millions of francs shall be paid. By these treaties the French still protect, though they do not formally at least possess the six provinces of Cochin-China, but they retain vast tracts of territory at S., at Cape St Jacques, and at Mytho, and remain masters of the rivers Saigon and Cambodia.

the vessel round, it
sure on the sail. Were

would move in the
direction BA. Let BA

[ocr errors]

be resolved into CA
Fig. 2.
and BC, the former, CA, acting in the direction of
the keel or length of the vessel, or in the direction
CAD, and the latter perpendicular to it, or in the
direction of the breadth. The former pressure, CA,
is the only pressure that moves the vessel forward,
the other, BC, makes it move sideways. From the
form of the vessel, however, this latter force, BC,
produces comparatively little lateral motion; any
that it does occasion is called leeway. It results,
therefore, that with the wind exerting an oblique
pressure, the actual progress will be to the power of
the wind only as CA to WA.

In the East and the Mediterranean, sails are frequently made of strong matting; but among northern nations, and for ocean navigation, very strong cloth, or canvas, called sailcloth, is usually resorted to. It is woven narrow; and the many breadths in the sail are joined by carefully made

double seams.

[merged small][graphic][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][merged small]

SAIL-SAILINGS.

the outer edge all round the sail; this rope has eyes in it, to which the various ropes employed in connection with the sail are fastened. The top of a sail is its head; the bottom, its foot; and the sides are leeches; the upper corners are termed earrings; the lower corners of a square sail, and the after lower corner of other sails, clews; the front lower corner of a fore-and-aft sail is the tack. The ropes from the lower corners, used in tightening the sail against the wind, are the sheets.

The sails of a ship are either 'square' or 'foreand-aft.' The square-sails-beginning from below -are, the course, the topsail, the topgallant-sail, the royal, and, though very rarely used, the skyscraper. Each has the name of the mast on which

it is set prefixed, as 'fore-topsail,' 'main-royal, &c. The square-sails are made fast by their heads to yards, the foot being drawn to the extremity of the yard below. Fore-and-aft sails are the spanker or driver, extended by the gaff at its head, boom at its foot, and mast on its fore-leech; the staysails, which are suspended by rings to the stays, and the Jibs (q. v.). In a three-masted vessel, the sails of most importance are the main-course, the spanker, the topsails, the fore-staysail, and the jibs, which can usually be all distended to the full without taking wind from each other. In very light winds, when every breath is of consequence, the area of the sails is increased by setting the studdingsails, which are oblong sails set on each side of the

[graphic][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][merged small]

1, Course; 1a, Studding-sails; 2, Fore-topsail; 2a, Studding-sails; 3, Main-topsail; 3a, Studding-sails; 4, Mizen-topsail; 5, Fore-topgallant-sail; 5a, Studding-sails; 6, Main-topgallant-sail; 6a, Studding-sails; 7, Mizen-topgallant-sail; 8, Fore-royaltopsail; 8a, Studding-sails; 9, Main-royal-topsail; 9a, Studding-sails; 10, Mizen-royal-topsail; 11, Fore-skysail-topsail; 12, Main-skysail-topsail; 13, Mizen-skysail-topsail; 14, Fore-topmast-staysail jib; 15, Jin; 16, Flying jib; 17, Mizen spanker; 18, Spenser; 19, Main-royal-staysail; 20, Main-topgallant-staysail; 21, Mizen-royal-staysail

square-sails, on short booms run out beyond the yards of the latter. Fig. 4 represents a square-rigged ship with the whole of her canvas shewn.

In small craft and boats, the most common sail is a lugsail (see LUGGER), which is a small square-sail, occasionally supplemented by a shoulder-of-mutton (triangular) sail on a shorter mast at the stern. Cutters or sloops carry a large spanker, with a topsail of similar shape, and jibs; some having the power of setting a large course when the wind is astern; but it is obvious that the course and spanker cannot be used together. A schooner uses the same sails as a cutter, except that, in one form, she carries a square topsail and topgallant-sail on the foremast.

Sails are furnished with rows of short ropes for the purpose of reefing them, when their area is too large for the wind. The effect of a sail is increased

by wetting it, as the pores of the canvas close more tightly through the swelling of the hemp.

SAILCLOTH, a very strong fabric, woven generally with linen yarn, but in America it has been made wholly of cotton; and in Great Britain, under Armitage's patent, of cotton and linen mixed. Hair-such as of the ox, horse, and deer-has also been used, under Taylor's patent, in 1832, but without success. Linen and hempen cloths are those generally used in all parts of Europe.

SAILINGS, the technical name in Navigati‹ n for the various modes of determining the amount or direction of a ship's motion, or her position after having sailed a given distance, in a given direction. The direction of a ship's motion is her course, and is expressed in terms of the angle between the line of direction and the meridian; the length of her

421

C

B

SAILINGS.

its drift, i. e., its rate per hour multiplied by the number of hours it has affected the ship, the distance.

Parallel Sailing may be employed when a ship sails between two places, on the same parallel of latitude, in which case, if her head be kept accurately and constantly in an east and west direction, she will describe an arc of the parallel between the two places. As in this sailing the departure is the same arc of the parallel that the difference of longitude is of the equator, the dep. (which is now the distance) dif. of long. × cos. of lat. The other elements are found as in plane sailing. Middle Latitude Sailing is the application of the principle of parallel sailing to the case in which the ship's course is not perpendicular but oblique to the meridian; it is merely an approximate method, coming very close to a true estimate in low latitudes for any course, and in all latitudes for a course nearly E. and W. (i. e., one in which the distance is large as compared with the difference of latitude), but erring widely under other circumstances, though errors may be diminished as much as we please by dividing the distance into portions, and calculating the dif. of long. for each. The object of this sailing is to deduce the dif. of long. from the dep., and vice versa, on the supposition, that the whole departure has been made good along the parallel of latitude which is equidistant from each extremity of the course, a method which, at first sight, would seem to give a correct result, and would do so if the parallels of latitude increased uniformly, which they do not. The dep., when laid off along the parallel of middle latitude, always gives the dif. of long. too small, and hence the limitations above noticed. When the latitudes are of the same name, the | middle latitude is half their sum; but when of contrary names, it is better to find the dif. of long. for the portion on each side of the equator separately, the two middle latitudes being respectively half the latitude of the place sailed from, and half that of the place sailed to. The formulas are the same as for parallel sailing and plane sailing.

path is the distance; the distance in nautical miles,
made good to the east or west, is the departure, and
is measured along a parallel; the difference of lati-
tude is an arc of the meridian intercepted by the
parallels, one of which passes through the place
sailed from, the other through the place sailed to;
and the difference of longitude is an arc of the
equator intercepted by meridians through the same
two places. It will at once be seen that if a ship
sails along a meridian, the difference of latitude
becomes the course, and there is no departure or
difference of longitude; and that if it sails along a
parallel the departure will be the same as the
course, and there will be no difference of latitude.
The two general questions which present themselves
to the navigator for solution, are-1. Given the
course and distance from one place in given latitude
and longitude to another place, find the latitude and
longitude of the other; and 2. Given the latitude
and longitude of two places, find the course and
distance from the one to the other. The simplest
way in which such problems can be solved is by the
method known as plane sailing, a method, however,
which is only roughly approximate, assuming, as it
does, that the surface of the sea is a plane; it is
consequently applicable only to short distances
and low latitudes where the meridians are nearly
parallel. According to plane
A sailing,' the elements of a ship's
path are represented by a right
angled plane triangle, as ABC
(fig.), where AB is the distance,
the angle BAC the course, AC
the difference of latitude (AC
being a portion of a meridian,
and BC of a parallel of latitude),
and BC the departure. The two
problems given above are in this
method merely simple cases of the resolution of a
right-angled plane triangle (see TRIGONOMETRY),
for if the course and distance are given, the
dif. of lat. = distance x cos.
cos. of course, and
dep. dist. x sin. of course; while the idea of
dif. of long., as distinct from dep., is quite in-
admissible, since the method presupposes that
the ship is sailing on an absolutely flat plain. If
the ship does not stand on one course, but changes
from time to time, the calculation of her final
position may be effected, either by the previous
method, repeated for each change of course, or
more conveniently, by the method of traverse sailing.
This method consists in the resolution of a ship's
course and distance into two courses and dis-
tances, the courses being in the direction of some of
the four cardinal points of the compass; thus, a
ship which has sailed S.-W.-by-S. for 24 miles, has
made 20 miles of southing, and 13.3 miles of westing.
The traverse table has consequently six columns, the
first containing the courses; the second, the corres-
ponding distances; while the third and fourth contain
the difference of latitude for each course, which, if N.
is put in one column, and if S. into the other; the fifth
and sixth columns, marked respectively E. and W.,
contain in a similar manner the departure for each
course. When the table has been made out for the
various courses and distances, the columns of dif. of
lat. and departure are summed up, and the difference
between the third and fourth, and between the fifth
and sixth columns, gives the dif. of lat. and depar-
ture between the place sailed from and the place
arrived at, from which the course and distance made
good can be calculated as before. When a current
interferes in any way, either by accelerating or
retarding the ship's motion, its effect is estimated
as in traverse sailing, as if it were one course and
distance, the set of the current being the course, and

[graphic]

Mercator's Sailing is a perfect method of obtaining the same result as is found approximately by parallel sailing, but in the former case the dif. of long. is found from the departure, while in this method, the difference of latitude is employed for the same purpose. A table of meridional parts, as it is called, is necessary; this table shews the number of minutes in Mercator's projection (see MAP) corresponding to each degree and minute of latitude up to 78°, and is employed as follows. The latitude sailed from, and that reached, being known or found, the meridional parts for each are obtained, and their difference, if the latitudes are of the same name, or sum if of opposite names, gives the dif. of lat. We have then a right-angled triangle, with the dif. of lat. and dif. of long, forming the two smaller sides, and the vertical angle representing the course, whence dif. of long. of lat. x tan. of course. This sailing is the one most generally employed by navigators, but is inferior in practice to middle-latitude sailing, in the cases noticed under that head, for though it be a perfect, and the other merely an approximate method, yet a small error in the course (if large), or in the dif. of lat., becomes greatly magnified in the dif. of long.; while in the case of the latter, a considerable error in departure is hardly magnified, and a large error in the course (if nearly E. and W.) becomes imperceptible in the dif. of long. It is, however, better to work the problem according to both methods, and then estimate the true result as nearly as possible.

dif.

Great Circle Sailing (q. v.), the most perfect of all methods for finding a ship's course, is separately noticed. See also SPHEROGRAPH.

SAINFOIN-ST BEES.

The obstacles that interfere with the correctness that word, will similarly be found under the other part of the mariner's calculations are chiefly those which (of the name).

affect his data, the course and distance, the more SAINT AMAND, a town of France, in the dep. of important being the magnetic deviation of the Cher, stands on the right bank of the river of that compass produced by the attraction of the ship, name, 27 miles south-south-east of Bourges. It carerrors in the estimated leeway or in the set and ries on a trade in iron, and contains important irondrift of currents, &c.; all of which require to be works. Pop. 8607. taker into account. The necessity for frequently checking the Dead-reckoning (q. v.), by means of astronomical observations, is sufficiently apparent.

SAINT AMAND, a town of France, in the dep. of Nord, 8 miles north-west of Valenciennes. The town contains hot sulphur-springs; flax of a superior quality is cultivated; and lace, clay-pipes, and porcelain

SAINFOIN, or SAINTFOIN (Onobrychis sativa), a plant of the natural order Leguminosa, suborder are manufactured. Pop. 10,210. Papilionacea, of a genus nearly allied to Hedysarum (see FRENCH HONEYSUCKLE), but having one-seeded pods, which are marked with wrinkles or pits, and are more or less prickly-toothed at the margin. It is a spreading perennial, about 2 or 3 feet high, with leaves of 9-15 smooth acute leaflets, and spikes of

SAINT ANTHONY'S FIRE. See ANTHONY, SAINT.

Saintfoin (Hedysarum onobrychis).

ST ARNAUD. See LEROY.

SAINT AUGUSTINE, an ancient Spanish town on the east coast of Florida, U.S., is built on the western shore of an estuary 2 miles from the Atlantic, 160 miles south of Savannah. It enjoys a mild and equable climate, and is a resort for con sumptive invalids. It was founded in 1565, and is the oldest town in the United States. Pop. (1870),

[graphic]

1717.

SAINT AU'STELL, a small town of Cornwall, 13 miles north-east of Truro by railway. Woollen goods are manufactured, and at the bay of Saint Austell, from which the town is about a mile distant, there is a pilchard-fishery, and tin and copper are exported. Pop. (1861) 3825.

ST BEES, an ancient village of Cumberland, pleasantly situated on the bay formed by St Bees Head. It is 4 miles south of Whitehaven, and about 10 miles beyond the limits of the Lake district. St Bees is a station on the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway. The parish is very large, comprising town and port of Whitehaven, village of St Bees, and several chapelries and townships. The village of St Bees contains about 1000 inhabitants. According to tradition, preserved by the early chroniclers, St Bees originated in a nunnery founded here, 650 A. D., by an Irish saint named Bega, of whom Sandford's MS. (in the Dean and Chapter Library, Carlisle) records a very pretty legend. It appears to have been destroyed before the reign of Henry I., in beautiful flesh-coloured flowers, striated with rose- whose time we find that Ranulph Earl of Cumberred, on long stalks. It is a native of the continent land reconstituted it as a priory; but after the of Europe and of the south of England, and is much dissolution of the monasteries, it went to ruin. The cultivated as a fodder-plant in dry, and particularly institution known as ST BEES COLLEGE was estabin calcareous soils, to which it is admirably adapted. lished in 1816 by Dr Law, then Bishop of Chester, Its cultivation was introduced into England in 1651; to supply a systematic training in divinity to young and before the introduction of turnip-husbandry, men desirous of ordination, whose means the sheep-farmers of the chalk districts depended inadequate to defray the expenses of a university almost entirely upon it, as they still do to such a education. The bishops of the province of York degree, that in many leases there is a stipulation had previously been compelled to ordain a number for the tenant's leaving a certain extent of land in of such men as literates, the poverty of many of sainfoin. It is, however, a very local crop, being the northern benefices not securing a sufficient scarcely cultivated on any but the most calcareous supply of graduates. A portion of the ruined soils, where nothing else is nearly equal to it, priory of St Bees was fitted up by the Earl of Lonsdale although it has been found to succeed well on as lecture-rooms, library, &c. On the recommenany soil sufficiently dry. There is no more nutri-dation of the bishop, an incumbent was selected for tious fodder than S., whether for sheep, oxen, or the perpetual curacy of St Bees (value, £100 per horses. Even the dry stems of a crop which annum) by the patron, the Earl of Lonsdale, with has produced seed are readily consumed by cattle, a view to his holding the position of Principal of if cut into small pieces. S. sometimes endures the College in connection with the living. The for 10, or even 15 years on the same land-more following persons have held this office-viz., Rev. generally only for 4 to 7 years; and in the eastern counties of England it is often sown instead of clover on light and somewhat calcareous sands and sandy loams, and the ground is ploughed again in two or three years.-The name S. is perhaps rather Sang-foin, from the blood-colour of the flowers, than Saint-foin (Holy Hay).

SAINT AʼLBANS. See ALBANS, SAINT. (Other names beginning with Saint, and not given under

were

W. Ainger, D.D., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, appointed 1816; Rev. R. P. Buddicom, M.A., Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, appointed 1840; Rev. R. Parkinson, D.D., Canon of Manchester, appointed 1846; Rev. G. H. Ainger, D.D., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, appointed 1858. The Principal selects his own staff of lecturers. The expenses are defrayed from the fees paid by the students-£10 each term. The College

« PrécédentContinuer »