SAKI-S'AKUNTALA. from rice. It is the common alcoholic liquor of Japan. It is clear, and has a peculiar taste, which Europeans generally reckon unpleasant. The Japanese usually heat it before drinking, and pour it into flat cups or saucers of lacquered wood. It produces a very speedy and transient intoxication. SAKI (Pithecia), a genus of American monkeys, having the tail, which is not prehensile, covered with very long hair, whence they are often called Fox-tailed Monkeys. The head is round, and the muzzle short, the ears not unlike those of the human race. The whole body is covered with long hair. S'ÂKTAS is the name of one of the great divisions of Hindu sects (see INDIA). The term is derived from the Sanscrit s'akti, which means 'power, energy;' but, in its special application, denotes the energy of the deity, and particularly that of the gods of the Hindu triad, Brahma, Vishn'u, and S'iva. This energy, originally spoken of as the wish or will of the Supreme Being to create the universe, and afterwards dilated upon in metaphorical and poetical speech, assumed at the Pauranik period (see Hindu Religion under INDIA) the form of a separate deity, thought of as the wife of the god to whom it belongs. Accordingly, Saraswati (q. v.) became the S'akti or wife of Brahman; Lakshmi (q. v.), the S'akti or wife of Vishn'u; and Devi, or Durgâ, or Umá (q. v.), the S'akti or wife of S'iva. S'akta, properly speaking, means, therefore, a worshipper of any of these female representations of the divine power; but, in its special and usual sense, it is applied to the worshipper of the female energy or wife of S'iva alone; and the S., properly so called, are, therefore, the votaries of Durgâ, or Devi, or Umâ (q. v.). Since S'iva (q. v.) is the type of destruction, his energy or wife becomes still more so the type of all that is terrific; and, in consequence, her worship is based on the assumption that she can be propitiated only by practices which involve the destruction of life, and in which she herself delights. That such a worship must lead to the brutalisation, and degenerate into the grossest licentiousness, of those addicted to it, is but natural; and it will easily be understood that the S'âkta religion became the worst of all forms which the various aberrations of the Hindu mind assumed. Appealing to the superstitions of the vulgar mind, it has its professors, chiefly amongst the lowest classes; and, amongst these again, it prevails especially in Bengal, where it is cultivated with practices even scarcely known in most other provinces. The works from which the tenets and rites of this religion are derived, are known by the collective term of Tantras (q. v.), but as in some of these works the ritual enjoined does not comprehend all the impure practices which are recommended in others, the sect became divided into two leading branches, the Dakshin'acharins and Vâmáchárins, or the followers of the right-hand and left-hand ritual. to the immediate object of the worshipper,' Professor Wilson says, 'is the particular form of worship; but all the forms require the use of some or all of the five letters M--viz., Mânsa, Matsya, Madya, Maithuna, and Mudra-i. e., flesh, fish, wine, women, and certain mystical gesticulations. Suitable mantras (or formulas) are also indispensable, according to the end proposed, consisting of various unmeaning monosyllabic combinations of letters, of great imaginary efficacy. Where the object of the ceremony is to acquire an interview with, and control over, impure spirits, a dead body is necessary, The adept is also to be alone, at midnight, in a cemetery or place where bodies are burned or buried, or criminals executed; seated on the corpse, he is to perform the usual offerings, and if he does so without fear, the Bhûtas, the Yoginis, and other male or female goblins, become his slaves. In this, and many of the observances practised, solitude is enjoined; but all the principal ceremonies comprehend the worship of S'akti, and require for that purpose the presence of a female as the living representative and type of the goddess. This worship is mostly celebrated in a mixed society, the men of which represent Bhairava (or S'iva as the Terrific), and the women, Bhairavi (S'akti or Devi as the Terrific). The S'akti is personated by a naked female, to whom meat and wine are offered, and then distributed amongst the assistants; the recitation of various Mantras and texts, and the performance of the Mudrâ, or gesticulations with the fingers, accompanying the different stages of the ceremony; and it is terminated with the most scandalous orgies amongst the votaries.' The same author adds that, 'in justice to the doctrines of the sect, it is to be observed, that these practices, if instituted merely for sensual gratification, are held to be as illicit and reprehensible as in any other branch of the Hindu faith;' but full assent must be given to his remark which follows a text quoted by him in support of this view, for he says:It is only to be added that if the promulgators of these doctrines were sincere, which is far from impossible, they must have been filled with a strange frenzy, and have been strangely ignorant of human nature.' The members of this sect are very numerous, especially amongst the Brahmanical caste; all classes are, however, admissible, and equal at the ceremonies of the sect. The particular insignia of these S'âktas are a semicircular line or lines on the forehead, of red sanders or vermilion, or a red streak up the middle of the forehead, with a circular spot of red at the root of the nose. They use a rosary made of the seeds of the eleocarpus, or of coral beads, but of no greater length than may be concealed in the hand; or they keep it in a small purse, or a bag of red cloth. In worshipping, they wear a piece of red silk round the loins and decorate themselves with garlands of crimson flowers.' Two other sects are likewise mentioned as belonging to the S., the Kanchuliyas and Karârins, but it is doubtful whether they are still in existence. The former are said to have belonged to the south of India; and the latter seem to have been worshippers of Devi in her terrific forms, the offering to her of human sacrifices being the principal feature of their ritual. If there are still any votaries of this sect, Professor Wilson believes that they are the miscreants who, more for pay than devotion, at certain festivals, inflict upon themselves bodily tortures, such as piercing their flesh with hooks or spits, reclining upon beds of spikes, gashing themselves with knives, &c. See H. H. Wilson, A Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus; Works, vol. i. (edited by Dr R. Rost, 1862), pp. 240, ff. The Dakshin'âchârins are the more respectable of the two. They profess, indeed, to possess a ritual as pure as that of the Vedas. Nevertheless, they annually decapitate a number of helpless animals, especially kids, and in some cases pommel the animal to death with their fists, or offer blood without destroying life-practices contrary to the Vedic ritual. The Vâmacharins, on the other hand -the type of the S.-and amongst these especially hat branch called Kaula or Kulina, adopt a ritual f the grossest impurities. Their object is, by everencing Devî, who is one with S'iva, to obtain supernatural powers in this life, and to be identified after death with S'iva and his consort. 'According S'AKUNTALA is one of the most pleasing S'AKYAMUNI-SALAD. SAL (Vateria robusta), a tree of the natural order Dipteraceae, one of the most valuable timber trees of India. Great sal forests exist along the southern base of the Himalaya Mountains, but ir many places they have been nearly cut down. The care of government is now extended to their pre servation. SALAA'M (Selám, Arab. Heb. Shalom, peace), the general term of salutation among the Mohammedans. They are generally very formal in their social manners, although their demeanour and conversation are unrestrained enough, both among men and women. Several of their social usages in this respect are founded upon religious precepts; among these is the custom of greeting each other with the words: Es-selamu aleikum (Peace be with you), which is answered by: With you be peace, and the mercy of God, and His blessings!' This salutation is neither to be addressed to nor to be received from any non-Mohammedan. The reply, when one Moslem salutes another, is obligatory, while the address itself is rather arbitrary. Should the saluted refuse to reply, then the other may revoke his salutation, as he does in the case of his discovery that the person saluted is not a true believer, with the words: 'Peace be on us and on all the righteous worshippers of God.' Generally, the rider salutes the person on foot, the passer-by those who sit down or stand still; the smaller party salutes the larger, the young the older, &c. Salutation is to be the first and the last thing on entering a house. The following is the rising scale of the different modes of obeisance with the Moslem: 1. Placing the right hand upon the breast; 2. Touching the lips and the forehead or turban (or forehead and turban only) with the right hand); 3. Doing the same, but slightly inclining the head during that action; 4. The same, but inclining the body also; 5. The same, previously touching the ground with the right hand; 6. Kissing the hand of the person to whom the obeisance is paid; 7. Kissing his sleeve; 8. Kissing the skirt of his clothing; 9. Kissing his feet; 10. Kissing the ground. This, however, is to be understood (against De Sacy) as merely touching the ground previous to touching the lips and forehead with the right hand. The first five modes are accompanied by the 'Peace be with you,' and the reply given above. The sixth mode is observed by servants or pupils to their master, wife to husband, and children to father, and sometimes mother, by the young to the aged, and the less learned to the learned and pious (Lane, Notes to Arab. Nights, &c.). female characters of Hindu mythology. She is men- name of the Buddha, the founder of the Buddhist tioned as a water-nymph in the Yajurveda (see religion. See BUDDHISM. VEDA); she is the subject of a beautiful episode of the Mahabharata (q. v.), and is spoken of in the Purân'as; but her name has become especially familiar in Europe through the celebrated drama of Kâlidâsa (q. v.), which, introduced to us by Sir William Jones in 1789, became the starting-point of Sanscrit philology in Europe. The principal features of the legend of S., as narrated in the Mahabharata, are the following: S. was the daughter of the saint Vis'wa'mitra (q. v.) and the Apsaras, or waternymph, Menaka. Abandoned by her parents, she was adopted by the saint Kan'wa, who brought her up in his hermitage as his daughter. Once upon a time, King Dushyanta went a-hunting in the forest, and accidentally coming to the hermitage of Kan'wa, saw S., and fell in love with her. He persuaded her to marry him according to the rite of the Gandharva marriage, and promised her that the son she would bear him should be the heir to his throne, and that he would take her home as his queen to his royal city. Kan'wa, who had been absent while this event happened, returned to the hermitage, and through his divine knowledge, knew the whole secret, though it had not been confessed to him by S'akuntala. She in due time was delivered of a son, and remained at the hermitage until the boy was six years old; but as Dushyanta, unmindful of his promise, did not send any messenger for her, Kan'wa directed her to proceed with her boy to the residence of Dushyanta. This she did; but when she arrived at his residence, she was repudiated by the king. Nor did her speech, however touching and eloquent, move his heart, until at last a heavenly voice assured him that S. had spoken the truth, and that he saw before him his lawful son. Thereupon, Dushyanta recognised S. as his queen, and her son as his heir. The latter was named Bharata, and become the founder of the glorious race of the Bharatas. In the drama, Kalidasa's genius had full scope to work out the incidents of this legend, so as to display the accomplished female character of S., and likewise to shew that the obstacle which arose to her recognition was not the fault of Dushyanta, but the consequence of a curse which S. had incurred from a wrathful saint who, when once on a visit to Kan'wa's hermitage, had considered himself neglected by her. Since, in the drama, Dushyanta recognises S. by means of a ring he had given her at the hermitage, the name of the drama is Abhijnana-S'akuntala, or 'the drama in which S'akuntala (is remembered) by a token.' There are two versions in which this drama now exists-an older and a more recent one. The latter was first edited at Calcutta, 1761, then at Paris, 1830, by A. L. Chézy, who also gave a French translation SA'LAD, the name given to a preparatior of of it; later and better editions of it (Cal. 1860 and raw herbs for food. It derives its name from 1864) were prepared by the Pandit Prem Chunder the fact that salt is one of the chief ingre lients Tarkabâgish, under the superintendence of Professor used in dressing a salad. The principal salaa erba Edward B. Cowell, the Principal of the Sanscrit are lettuce, endive, chicory, celery, mustard, and College at Calcutta. The older version has been cress; water-cress, onions, radishes, chervil, and a edited by Dr O. Boehtlingk (Bonn, 1842), by Pro- few savory herbs used to give flavour. They are fessor M. Williams (Hertford, 1853), and by a Bom- usually cut up, and mixed with salt, vinegar, oil, bay Pandit at the Induprakâs'a press (Bomb. 1861). and other condiments, according to taste. Sugar The first English translation of it is that by Sir is also frequently added. Cresses, seed-leaves of William Jones (Cal. 1789); the second was made by mustard, &c., are often eaten without any addition. Professor M. Williams (Hertford, 1856); it deserves Salad has always been a favourite food with civithe highest acknowledgment, on account of the lised nations, and has very little varied in its comconsummate taste with which it has rendered position. The Romans used it, and made it thus: the metrical part of the original. Among the Cultivated endive was cut small after careful washvarious German, Italian, Danish, and other ing and draining, then gravy and cil were poured translations of this drama, the German translation over it; and finely-minced onions were strewed by Ernst Meyer (Stutt., 1852) is worthy of especial over the whole; then a little vin gar and honey was added, and the salad served up. The great S'AKYAMUNI, or the SAINT S'AKYA, is a value of salads is in the fact that they are uncooked, notize. SALADIN-SALAMANDER. and consequently contain a larger quantity of noblest qualities of medieval chivalry, invincible Inineral matter, such as potash, soda, &c., than if courage, inviolable fidelity to treaties, greatness of boiled. Salads are sometimes prepared with animal soul, piety, justice, and moderation. food, such as boiled lobsters, crabs, eggs, &c. SALADIN, the name given by western writers to SALAH-ED-DIN YUSSUF IBN AYUB, the sultan of Egypt and Syria, and the founder of the Ayubite dynasty in those countries. As the great Moslem hero of the third crusade, and the beau-idéal of Moslem chivalry, he is one of the most interesting characters presented to us by the history of that period. He belonged to the Kurdish tribe of Ravad, and was born at Tekreit (a town on the Tigris, of which his father Ayub was kutwal or governor under the Seljuks) in 1137. Following the example of his father and uncle, he entered the service of Noureddin (q. v.), prince of Syria, and accompanied his uncle in his various expeditions to Egypt in command of Noureddin's army. S. was at this time much addicted to wine and gambling, and it was not till, at the head of a small detachment of the Syrian army, he was beleaguered in Alexandria by the combined Christians of Palestine and Egyptians, that he gave indications of possessing the qualities requisite for a great captain. On the death of his uncle, Shirkoh, S. became grand-vizier of the Fatimite calif, and received the title of El-melekel-nasr, the Victorious Prince;' but the Christians of Syria and Palestine, alarmed at the elevation of a Syrian emir to supreme power in Egypt, made a combined and vigorous attack on the new vizier. S. foiled them at Damietta, and transferred the contest to Palestine, taking several fortresses, and defeating his assailants near Gaza; but about the same time his new-born power was exposed to a still more formidable danger from his master, Noureddin, whose jealousy of the talents and ambition of his able young lieutenant, required all the skill and wariness at S.'s command to allay. On Noureddin's death, in 1174, S. began a struggle with his successor, which ended in his establishing himself as the sultan of Egypt and Syria, a title which was confirmed to him by the calif of Bagdad. The next ten years were occupied in petty wars with the Christians, and in the arrangement and consolidation of his now extensive dominion. The plundering by the Christians of a rich pilgrim caravan on its way to Mecca, an infringement of the treaty with S., brought down upon them the latter's vengeance; their army suffered a dreadful defeat at Tiberias (4th July 1187); the king of Jerusalem, the two grand-masters, and many other warriors of high rank were taken captive; Jerusalem was stormed (2d October), and almost every other fortified place in Palestine was taken. The news of this great success of the infidels being brought to Western Europe, aroused the enthusiasm of the Christians to its highest pitch, and a powerful army of crusaders, headed by the kings of France and England, speedily made their appearance on the scene of strife. They captured Acre in 1191, and Richard Coeur-de-Lion, at the head of that portion of the crusading army which adhered to him, continued the war with success, twice defeated S., took Cæsarea and Jaffa, and finally obtained a treaty for three years (August 1192), by which the coast from Jaffa to Tyre was yielded to the Christians. In the following year, S. died at Damascus of a disease under which he had long suffered. S. was not a mere soldier; his wise administration left behind it traces which endured for centuries; and the citadel of Cairo and sundry canals, dikes, and roads are existing evidences of his careful attention to the wants of his subjects. In him the warrior instinct of the Kurd was united to a high intelligence; and even his opponents frankly attribute to him the The Ayubite dynasty of which he was the founder ruled over Syria till 1259, when it was dispossessed by the Perso-Mongols, and over Egypt till the rise of the first Mameluke kingdom under Ibeg in 1250. SALAMA'NCA, one of the three modern provinces of Spain, into which the ancient kingdom of Leon (q. v.) was divided. Area about 4876 sq. m.; pop. (1864) 274,421. The narrow, of the modern province of the same name, stands S., the ancient Salmantica, was a Roman municipium. In the vicinity was won one of the most famous victories of the Peninsular War, by the British under Wellington against the French under Marmont, 22d July 1812. SALAMA'NDER, in the superstitions of the middle ages, denoted a being possessing the shape of a man, whose element was the fire, or who at SALAMANDER-SAL AMMONIAC. least could live in that element. Paracelsus placed salamanders among the elementary spirits. a genus SALAMANDER (Salamandra), Batrachians, of the family Salamandrida, to which Newts (q. v.) also belong. The name is sometimes extended to the whole family (see SIREDON, SPELERPES, THORIUS); newts being called Aquatic Salamanders, and the name Terrestrial S. being given to this genus, which inhabits water only in its tadpole state, and returns to it only to deposit its eggs, generally living in moist places, as under stones, roots of trees, &c. The general form is very similar to that of newts, but the tail is round, not flat as in newts. Several species are found in Europe; none of them, however, in Britain. The SPOTTED S. (S. maculosa), six or eight inches long, black, with bright yellow Spotted Salamander (S. maculosa). contingent, and Adimantus of the Corinthian, while the whole was under the command of the Spartan of Eurybiades. Great dissensions prevailed among the Grecian leaders, which would probably have led to a general break-up, had not Themistocles by a stratagem induced Xerxes, king of the Persians, to bring up his fleet, and give immediate battle to the Greeks. Xerxes drew up his ships, numbering at least 1000, during the night previous to the battle, opposite the Grecian fleet, along the coast of Attica, almost completely blocking up both entrances to the straits; and confident of victory if he himself superintended operations, he took his seat on a throne erected on a lofty height on the Attic coast, almost opposite New Salamis. Both Greeks and Persians fought with great bravery, but the latter were entirely defeated, owing, perhaps, chiefly to their immense, unwieldy fleet being compressed into so small a space, which rendered it almost unworkable, and completely at the mercy of their opponents. The only name mentioned on the Persian side with distinction is that of Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, who is said to have fought with desperate bravery. The loss of the Greeks is said to have been 40, and that of the Persians 200 ships, exclusive of those which were captured. stripes on its sides, and livid blue beneath, is widely spread throughout Europe. The BLACK S. (S. atra) much smaller, black, the body and tail ringed, the tail almost as if formed of beads. It is abundant in the Alps and mountains of Southern Germany. Other species are found in Spain, Italy, &c.; Asia and North America also produce numerous species. Salamanders feed on worms, slugs, snails, and insects. They are inert and sluggish creatures, and timid to the utmost extent that their stupidity permits. The brain is very small. They are perfectly harmless, although exuding, when alarmed, from pores on the back and sides, a milky humour, which is injurious to very small animals. But they have long had, and still retain, a popular reputation of extreme venomousness, and are therefore objects of the utmost dread to the vulgar in almost all countries which they inhabit. Strange fables have been current concerning them from remote ages, particularly concerning the icy cold which envelops their body, and enables them not only to endure fire without burning, but to extinguish fire. Pliny, indeed, records that he tried the experiment, and the poor S. was burned to powder; yet the fable continued to be credited until very recent times. SA'LAMIS (modern name, Koluri), in ancient times called also Pityoussa (Island of Pines), an irregularly-shaped, mountainous island of Greece, off the coast of Attica, and forming with it the Bay of Eleusis. Its area is about 30 sq. m., and it has a modern population of about 5000, the chief town being Koluri, on the west coast. It had anciently two principal towns, Old and New Salamis, the former on the south, and the latter on the north-east coast. S. is remembered chiefly on account of the great naval battle between the Greeks and Persians, which was fought (480 B. C.) a few days after the battle of Thermopylæ, in the narrow strait between the east coast of S. and the west coast of Attica. The Grecian fleet, consisting of about 360 vessels, was drawn up at the trance of the bay forming the harbour of New Salamis, Themistocles being leader of the Athenian SAL AMMO'NIAC (known in Chemistry as HYDROCHLORATE OF AMMONIA) is an article of considerable importance in the Materia Medica. It is obtained on a large scale by decomposing with common salt (chloride of sodium) the sulphate of ammonia, which is formed in the manufacture of coal gas, or the carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the distillation of bones. It is sold in large, crystalline, grayish-white, semi-transparent cakes, convex on one side, and concave on the other. It is inodorous, but possesses an acrid, bitter, and nauseous taste. Its specific gravity is 145; it volatilises without decomposition when heated, and is freely soluble in water. Its aqueous solution, when heated with caustic potash, evolves gaseous ammonia; and when treated with nitrate of silver, yields a white, curdy precipitate of chloride of silver. This salt is largely given in France and Germany in cases of pneumonia and of inflammation of the serous membranes, in mucous diarrhoea, in chronic rheumatism and gout, and in passive dropsies. Neligan recommends it in cases of low fever, in subacute laryngitis, in chronic affections of the liver, and in facial neuralgia. It may be given in doses varying from 10 to 30 grains, dissolved in some aromatic water. As a local external application, it is of great value in promoting the absorption of effused blood; and there is probably no remedy so effectual for that common but disfiguring affection popularly known as a black eye, as a moderately strong solution of this salt, kept constantly applied as a lotion. If it is desired to apply cold to any part of the body, an excellent Refrigerant (q. v.) may be obtained by dissolving five parts of this salt and five parts of nitre in sixteen parts of water. S. A. is employed for various purposes in the arts. It is used in soldering, and in the tinning of copper and iron to prevent the oxidation of the surface to be tinned. It is exported from Britain to Russia, where it is used by dyers. It occurs as a mineral, as an efflorescence on the surface of rocks, or as a sublimate in fissures, crystallised in small crystals, or forming crusts, stalactites, &c. It is found in volcanic regions, but is produced during the time of the quiescence of active volcanoes, rather than during their eruptions. occurs in Britain, near burning beds of coal. It is found in Persia, Tartary, Siberia, and many other countries, where there are no active volcanoes. It SALDANHA BAY-SALE OF LAND. Formerly all Europe was supplied with it from grammar school, 6 newspapers, 7 banks, 21 churches, the_neighbourhood of the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Egypt, whence its name. SALDAʼNHA BAY. See CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. SALE, GEORGE, an eminent oriental scholar, was born' towards the end of the 17th c., and died at London in 1736 under forty years of age. Almost nothing is known of his private life. He is supposed to have been born in Kent; and he received his education at the King's College, Canterbury. Brought up to the law, he is believed to have practised it almost to the end of his life. That he spent five-and-twenty years in Arabia, as Voltaire and many after him asserted, is a complete fiction. He assisted in getting up the Universal History together with Swinton, Shelvocke, Campbell, George Psalmanazar, and A. Bower, each remarkable enough in his way-for which he wrote the cosmoguy and several portions of oriental history. He was also one of the authors of the General Dictionary; but he is best known by his unrivalled translation of the Koran, 'with explanatory notes taken from the most approved commentators, to which is prefixed a preliminary discourse' (1734). This preliminary discourse,' which is of great value, and proves S. to have been deeply versed in oriental literature, treats, among other things, of the Arabs before Mohammed, or, as they express it, in the "time of ignorance"-their history, religion, learning, and customs; of the state of Christianity, particularly of the Eastern churches, and of Judaism, at the time of Mohammed's appearance; and of the methods taken by him for establishing his religion, and the circumstances which concurred thereto; of the doctrines, precepts, and peculiarities of the Koran, and of the principal Mohammedan_sects.' S.'s work was translated into French by Duryer (Antw. 2 vols. 1770). This translation formed a new epocn in the study of Islam and its literature; and though many other translations have been attempted since, in nearly all European_and_oriental languages, it still bears the palm. See KORAN. That his contemporaries fastened the charge of heresy upon one who spoke philosophically and humanely of other creeds, is not to be wondered at. After his death, a catalogue of his oriental MSS. was published, and the contents are now in the Radcliffe Library, Oxford. a cotton-mill, with 65,000 spindles, and manufactures of chemicals, varnishes, leather, shoes, machinery, &c. S. was settled in 1626, and is the oldest town, except Plymouth, in New England. The first church mania broke out, and 19 persons were hung for was organised in 1629. In 1692, a great witch'witchcraft.' In the war of the revolution, S. sent out 153 privateers, which took 455 prizes. Pop. in 1860, 21,974; in 1870, 24,117. SALE OF GOODS is a contract by which the seller, in consideration of a price, transfers the property in the goods to the purchaser. Where the consideration is not money but goods, the contract is called exchange or barter. The law on the subject is not the same in England and Scotland. In England, when the bargain is struck, and the sale relates to specific goods-that is, goods already made, and existing, and identified-the property vests at once in the purchaser, so that in the event of any damage or destruction happening to the goods, the loss is that of the purchaser and not of the seller, even though the goods have not been delivered, and whether the price has been paid or not. The coutract may be made either by word of mouth or by writing; but when the price exceeds £19, the statute of Frauds enacts that the contract shall not be binding unless it is in writing. If, however, the buyer shall have accepted part of the goods sold, and actually received the same, or if he shall have given something in earnest to bind the bargain, or in part payment, then a verbal contract will be binding though the price exceeds £10. Many nice questions have occurred and constantly recur as to what amounts to an acceptance and delivery of the goods, so much so, that the general policy of restricting the proof of the contract to writing in any case has been much complained of in late years; and efforts have been made, but as yet in vain, to repeal the statute of Frauds, which, it is said, encourages rather than discourages fraud. When a contract of sale is made, the duty of the seller is to deliver the goods as soon as the buyer has performed all the conditions agreed upon. If no time was specified for delivery, then he must deliver the goods in a reasonable time. In general, if nothing is agreed to the contrary, the seller need not deliver till the price is paid; but he must do so if the bargain was, that delivery was to SA'LEM, a town in the south of India, capital of take place before payment, in other words, if the the collectorate of the same name. The collectorate sale was on credit. On the other hand, it is the is the chief seat of the Indian steel manufacture—a duty of the buyer to accept the goods and pay for branch of industry as curious as it is ancient. The them. If either party fail at any stage in his pertown stands in an elevated valley, 1070 feet above formance of the duties arising out of the contract, sea-level, bounded on the north and south with the other may bring an action which varies according hills, 193 miles south-west of Madras. It is well to the nature of the breach of contract. One valubuilt, contains a number of handsome two-storied able right of the seller, when he has sent his goods houses, and is surrounded by land in a high state to the buyer, and they are in course of delivery, but of cultivation. Cotton is grown in the vicinity in not already delivered, is to stop them in transitu, quantity more than sufficient for the use of the this stoppage In Transitu (q. v.) being chiefly resorted numerous cotton weavers, who, together with the to when the seller hears of the bankruptcy of the silk weavers, form the great mass of the non- buyer after he has sent away the goods.-In Scotagricultural inhabitants of the town. Population land, the chief points of difference from the law of England as to sale are these. The rule is, that no SALEM, a city and port of entry of Massachu- writing whatever is necessary to make the contract setts, U. S., 14 miles north-east of Boston, on a peninsula 2 miles long by of a mile broad, with irregular but well-built streets, and a fine harbour, from which was formerly carried on a large trade with China, the East Indies, and Eastern Africa. The principal institutions of S. are: the East India Marine Society, whose unique museum of oriental curiosities is now united with that of the Peabody Academy of Science; the Essex Institute, with a library of 18,000 vols., and a picture-gallery; and the Salem Athenæum. There is a normal school for females, 19,000. 439 not. binding, whether the price exceeds ten pounds or Again, the rule is, that the property in the goods does not pass until they are either actually or constructively delivered to the buyer. See Paterson's Compendium, 2d ed. ss. 520-544. SALE OF LAND differs from sale of goods in several respects. An agreement for the sale of land must be in writing, otherwise it cannot be enforced. When once a contract for the sale of land has been entered into, a Court of Equity will, contrary to the general rule which prevails when a contract is |