SATIN-BIRD-SATIRE SATIN-BIRD. See BoWER-BIRD. SA'TINET, an inferior satin, woven much thinner than the ordinary kind. The term is also occasionally applied to a variety of cloth woven with cotton warp and woollen weft. SATIN-WOOD, a beautiful ornamental wood obtained from both the West and East Indies. The former is the better kind, and is supposed to be the produce of a moderate-sized tree, Ferolia Guianensis, and probably other species, as there are several varieties of the wood. That from the East Indies is less white in colour, and is produced by Chloroxylon Sweitenia. Both are much used by cabinet-makers, and for marquetry, &c. The logs are usually only 6 or 7 inches square. Chloroxylon Sweitenia is a tree of the natural order Cedrelaceæ, growing on the mountains of the Circars in India, and in Ceylon. Sir James E. Tennent says that 'in point of size and durability, it is by far the first of the timber-trees of Ceylon. The richly-coloured and feathery logs are used for cabinet-work, and the more ordinary for building purposes, every house in the eastern province being floored and timbered with satin-wood.'--Tennent's Ceylon. SA'TIRE (Lat. sǎtira; older form, sătura), the name given by the Romans to a species of poetry of which they may be considered the inventors. The word satura (from the root sat, enough) is strictly and originally an adjective, meaning 'full' or 'filled;' but afterwards it came to possess also a substantive signification, and denoted a dish filled with a medley of ingredients, like the Pot-pourri (q. v.) of the French, or the Olla Podrida (q. v.) of the Spaniards. Hence, in its figurative application to a branch of literature, it throws a light on the primary character of that literature. The oldest Roman satire was a medley of scenic or dramatic improvisations expressed in varying metres (Livy, lib. 7, cap. 2), like the Fescennine Verses (q. v.); but the sharp banter and rude jocularity of these unwritten effusions bore little resemblance, either in form or spirit, to the earnest and acrimonious criticism that formed the essential characteristic of the later satire. The earliest so far as we know-who wrote saturæ, were Ennius (q. v.) and Pacuvius; but the metrical miscellanies of these authors were little more than serious and prosaic descriptions, or didactic homilies and dialogues. Lucilius (b. 148, d. 103 B.C.) is universally admitted to be the first who handled men and manners in that peculiar style which has ever since been recognised as the satirical; and the particular glory of Lucilius, in a literary point of view, consists in this, that he was the creator of a special kind of poetry, which in all subsequent ages has been the terror and aversion of fools and knaves. The serious and even saturnine gravity of the Roman mind must have readily disposed it to a censorious view of public and private vices. After the death of Lucilius, satire, as well as other forms of literature, languished, nor do we meet with any satirist of note till the age of Horace (q. v.), whose writings are as a glass in which we behold mirrored the tastes and habits of the Augustan age. His satire, though sharp enough at times, is in the main humorous and playful. It is different when we come to Juvenal (q. v.)a century later, when satire became a sava indiynatio, a savage onslaught on the tremendous vices of the capital. Persius (q. v.), who lived in the generation before Juvenal, is every way inferior, in force of genius, to the latter. After Juvenal, we have no professed satirist, but several writers, prose and poetic, in whom the satiric element is found, of whom Martial, the epigrammatist, perhaps the most notable. But During the middle ages, the satirical element shewed itself abundantly in the general literature of France, Italy, Germany, England, and Scotland. Men who have a claim to the character of satirists, par excellence, are Ulrich von Hutten, one of the authors of the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum (q. v.), Erasmus (q. v.), Rabelais (q. v.), Sir David Lindsay (q. v.), George Buchanan (q. v.). In all of these writers, priests are the special objects of attack; their vices, their greed, their folly, their ignorance, are lashed with a fierce rage. it was in France that satire as a formal literary imitation of antiquity first appeared in modern times. Vauquelin (q. v.) may be considered the true founder of modern French satire. The satirical verses of Mottin, of Sigogne, and of Berthelot, of Mathurin Regnier, L'Espadon Satirique of Fourqueraux, and Le Parnasse Satirique, attributed to Théophile Viaud, are very impure in expression, and remind us that at this time a satire was understood to be an obscene work-the 17th c. scholars supposing that the name had something to do with Satyr, and that the style ought to be conformed to what might be thought appropriate to the lascivious deities of ancient Greece! During the 17th and 18th centuries, both England and France produced professed satirists of the first order of merit, who have not been surpassed by the best either of their predecessors or successors. The names of Dryden (q. v.), Butler (q. v.), Pope (q. v.), and Churchill (q. v.) on this side of the Channel, of Boileau (q. v.) and Voltaire (q. v.) on the other, are too well known to require more than mention. Dr Edward Young (q. v.) and Dr Johnson (q. v.) have also made a name for themselves in this branch of literature. It may be noticed, however, as a distinguishing characteristic of Dryden, Boileau, Young, Pope, Churchill, and Johnson, and as a mark of the difference of the times in which they lived from those of the satirists of the Reformation, that it is no longer the church that is assailed, but society, political opponents, literary rivals, &c.; the war is carried on, not so much against bad morals in the clergy, as against the common vices of men in general, or 18 even the expression of partisan hatreds. Swift (q. v.) and Arbuthnot (q.v.) are perhaps as great satirists as any of those we have mentioned. SATRAP-SATURNALIA. Satire in the shape of political squibs, lampoons, frustrating a prophecy which declared that his chil&c., is very abundant in the 17th and 18th centuries. dren would one day deprive him of his sovereignty, Butler's Hudibras is simply one long lampoon as he had done in the case of his father Uranos; against the Puritans; most of the playwrights of but fate is stronger even than the gods, and when the Restoration were royalist satirists-unscrupu- Zeus had grown up, he began a great war against lous and indecent partisans. Dryden himself was Kronos and the Titans, which lasted for ten years, but facile princeps of the herd. Andrew Marvell and ended in the complete discomfiture of the latter, (q. v.) is the most famous name on the side of who were hurled down to Tartarus, and there liberty. The Beggars' Opera of the poet Gay is a imprisoned. So ran the common myth. But other piece of very fine political satire. Gifford (q. v.) and myths added, that after his banishment from heaven, Wolcott (q. v.), better known as Peter Pindar, also Kronos fled to Italy, where he was received hosdeserve mention in a historical point of view, though pitably by Janus, who shared his sovereignty with their intrinsic merits are small. Incomparably him. At this point the Greek myth coalesced with superior to all their contemporaries, and among the the Italian. S., the old homely deity of the Latin first order of satirists, are Robert Burns (q. v.) and husbandmen, was transformed into a divine king, Cowper (q. v.).-Meanwhile, in France, since Vol- who ruled the happy aborigines of the Italian penintaire, no great name has appeared, except, perhaps, sula with paternal mildness and beneficence, taught that of Béranger (q. v.), though the spirit of satire them agriculture and the usages of a simple and has pervaded most of the current literature, more innocent civilisation, and softened the primitive particularly political literature, of which one of the roughness of their manners. Hence the whole land most pungent expressions is the pamphlet published received from him the name of Saturnia, or 'land of in 1865 by M. Rogeard against the system of plenty.' His reign was that 'golden age,' of which government pursued by Napoleon III., and entitled later poets sang as the ideal of earthly happiness, Les Propos de Labienus. In Germany, the most conspicuous modern names are those of Hagedorn, Rabener, Sturz, Stolberg (q. v.), Kästner, Wieland (q. v.), Tieck (q. v.), and Goethe (q. v.), but none of these have adhered very strictly to the classic models of satire. Of 19th c. satirists in England, the best names are Byron (q. v.), the brothers Smith (q. v.), and Hood (q. v.) in poetry; and Hook (q. v.), Jerrold (q. v.), Thackeray (q. v.), and Carlyle (q. v.) in prose. To these may be added the name of the author of the Biglow Papers, James Russell Lowell.-See Sellar's Roman Poets of the Republic (Edinb. 1863); Browne's History of Roman Classical Literature (Lond. 1853); Thomson's History of Roman Literature (forming a volume of the Encyclopædia Metropolitana); Mommsen's History of Rome; Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History; M. Viollet le Duc, article 'Satire' in the Dictionnaire de la Conversation; and James Hannay's Satire and Satirists. SA'TRAP, in the ancient Persian monarchy, was the governor of a province, whose power-so long as he enjoyed the favour of the king-was almost absolute. He levied taxes at his pleasure, and could ape the tyranny of his great master without let or hindrance. When the monarchy of Cyrus began to decline, some of the satraps threw off their slight allegiance, and founded independent kingdoms or sultanates of their own, the most famous of which in ancient times was the Mithridatic king dom of Pontus. See PONTUS and MITHRIDATES. and in memory of which the famous Saturnalia (q. v.) were thought to have been instituted. At the foot of the Capitoline, where the fugitive god had formed his first settlement, there stood in historical times a temple dedicated to his worship. Ancient artists represented him as an old man, with long straight hair hanging down, the back part of his head covered, his feet swathed in woollen ribbons, and a pruning-knife or sickle-shaped harp in his hand. Other attributes, as the scythe, serpent, wings, &c., are of later invention. SATURNA'LIA, an ancient Italian festival, instituted, according to the common belief of the ancients, in memory of the happy reign of Saturn (q. v.). Discarding all mythical explanations of the institution of the S. as simply incredible, and not worth the trouble of refutation, we may rationally conjecture that the S. was a rural festival of the old Italian husbandmen, commemorative of the ingathering of the harvest, and therefore of immemorial antiquity. It is not, we conceive, to be doubted for a moment that the untrammelled jollities of the S. were familiar to the farmers of Latium long before their homely national god, who blessed the labours of seedtime with abundant fruit, had been decorated with incongruous Hellenic honours, and transformed duced novel elements into the S. befitting the into a skyey Titan. Later ages may have introhybrid myth of king Saturn, but originally, no thoughtful investigator can doubt that the cessation from toil, and the wild self-abandoning mirth that marked the feast, were expressive of the SA'TURN, an ancient Italian divinity, who pre- labouring man's delight that the work of the year sided over agriculture. His name, from the same was over, and not of an artificial enthusiasm for a root as satum (sero, to sow), indicates what was golden age' that never had been. The great probably one of the earliest personifications in the feature of the S., as we know the festival in histoItalian religion, S. being the god who blessed the rical times, was the temporary dissolution of the labours of the sower. His identification with the ordinary conditions of ancient society. The disGreek KRONOS by the later Græcising myth-mongers tinctions of rank disappeared or were reversed. is a peculiarly infelicitous blunder, and has led to Slaves were permitted to wear the pileus, or badga more than ordinary confusion. The two have of freedom, and sat down to banquets in their absolutely nothing in common except their antiquity. master's clothes, while the latter waited on them at The Greek Demeter (Ceres), it has been observed, table. Crowds of people filled the streets, and approaches far more closely to the Italian conception roamed about the city in a peculiar dress, shouting of the character of Saturn. The process of amalga- Io Saturnalia; sacrifices were offered with uncovered mation in the case of Kronos and S. is visible enough. head; friends sent presents to each other; all busiFirst, there is the Greek myth. Kronos, son of ness was suspended; the law-courts were closed; Uranos (Heaven) and Gæa (Earth), is there the school-boys got a holiday; and no war could be youngest of the Titans. He married Rhea, by whom begun. During the Republic, the S. proper occupied he had several children, all of whom he devoured at only one day-the 19th of December (xiv. Kal. birth except the last, Zeus (Jupiter), whom his Jan.). The reformation of the calendar by Julius mother saved by a stratagem. The motive of Cæsar caused the festival to fall on the 17th Kronos for this horrible conduct was his hope of (xvi. Kal. Jan.), a change which produced much SATURNIAN VERSE-SAUER-KRAUT. confusion, in consequence of which the Emperor Augustus ordained that the S. should embrace the whole three days 17th, 18th, and 19th of December. Subsequently, the number was extended to five, and even seven, though even in the times before the Empire, it would appear that the amusements often lasted for several days. But while the whole week was regarded in a general sense as devoted to the S., three distinct festivals were really celebrated the S. proper; the Opalia, in honour of Ops, the wife of Saturn, and the goddess of field-labour (from opus, a work); and the Sigillaria, in which sigilla, or little earthenware figures, were exposed for sale, and purchased as children's toys. The modern Italian Carnival (q. v.) would seem to be only the old pagan S. baptised into Christianity. sities to law, decency, and decorum.-Mason Good, Study of Medicine, vol. v. p. 124; Sauvages, vol. ii. p. 214. SA'TYRS, in Greek Mythology, were a race of woodland deities, first mentioned by Hesiod, who designates them the race of worthless Satyrs unfit for work.' Subsequently, they figure in great numbers in the train of Dionysus (Bacchus)-their leader being that model of tipsy revellers, the neversober Silenus! In appearance, they were at once grotesque and repulsive, like all old woodland demons. They are described as robust in frame, with broad snub noses, large pointed ears like those of animals (whence they are sometimes called theres, wild beasts'), bristly and shaggy hair, rough skin, little horny knobs on their foreheads, and small SATU'RNIAN VERSE, the name given by the tails. The `S. are of course sensual in their Romans to that species of verse in which their inclinations, and ravishers of the woodland nymphs, oldest poetical compositions, and more particularly fond of music, dancing, wine, and of the deep the oldest national poetry, were composed. In the slumbers that follow a debauch. The Roman poets usage of the later poets and grammarians, the phrase identified them with the Fauni of their own mythohas two different significations. It is applied in logy, and gave them larger horns and those goats' a general way to denote the rude and unfixed feet with which they are so often represented. measures of the ancient Latin ballad and song, and Ancient sculpture was fond of the Satyr as a 'subperhaps derived its name from being originally ject'-one of the most famous specimens of ancient employed by the Latin husbandmen in their harvest-art being the Satyr of Praxiteles (q. v.). songs in honour of the god Saturn (q. v.). In this sense, it simply means old-fashioned, and is not intended to determine the character of the metre. It is also applied to the measure used by Nævius, and a common opinion, sanctioned by the great name of Bentley, is, that it was a Greek metre introduced by him into Italy. But though the Saturnian verse is found among the measures employed by Archilochus, scholars generally incline to the opinion that this is an accidental coincidence, that the measure of Nævius is of Italian (Hermann even thinks of Etruscan) origin, and that it merely improved on the older ballad-metre-the primitive Saturnian verse. It continued in use down to the time of Ennius (q. v.), who introduced the Hexameter (q. v.). According to Hermann, the basis of the verse is contained in the following schema : Sauces SAUCES are preparations of various condiments, used for the purpose of giving piquancy and flavour to various kinds of food, chiefly animal. have been in use from the earliest times of culinary art. The ancients prided themselves much upon them, and used them almost wholly with fish. Sauces were used by the Greeks, but seem to have arrived at the summit of their reputation in the time of the Roman Empire, when that called garum, made from a fish called garon by the Greeks, probably the anchovy, was considered one of the greatest luxuries of the table. Besides the garum, many other sauces were made of the tunny and other fishes. In modern times, we have sauces in great variety: there are those ready prepared, as Harvey's, the Worcestershire, the Holyrood, &c., the basis of which is Ketchup (q. v.), which of itself is one of the most extensively known sauces; and there are a large number prepared, when wanted, by which, as Macaulay happily points out, corresponds the cook, to suit every kind of dish sent to the exactly to the nursery rhyme, The queen was in her párlour | éating bréad and honey, and is frequently found in the Spanish poem of the Cid, the Nibelungen Lied, and almost all specimens of early poetry; but in the treatment of it a wide and arbitrary freedom was taken by the old Roman poets, as is proved by the still extant fragments of Nævius, Livius Andronicus, Ennius, and of the old inscriptionary tables which the triumphatores set up in the Capitol, in remembrance of their glorious achievements.-See History of Roman Literature, by Thompson, Arnold, Newman, &c. (Encyclopædia Metropolitana, 1852); Browne's History of Classical Roman Literature (1853); Niebuhr's History of Rome; Preface to Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome; and Sellar's Roman Poets of the Republic (1863). SATYRI'ASIS (see SATYRS) is the insanity, or the ungovernable sway of the lowest instincts and propensities, by which man becomes an animal in its savage and excited state. The ancients were acquainted with this loathsome form of alienation, in which man is the sport of foul and dangerous instincts, and recognises no law or hindrance to the promptings of hunger, thirst, or lust. It still appears at puberty and in dotage, but is more rarely met with; and its disappearance may be hailed as significant of the predominance of the higher sentiments, or of the subjection of propen One of table. These usually consist of rich gravies, SAU'CISSON, or SAUSAGE, is a fascine of more than the usual length; but the principal application of the term is to the apparatus for firing a military mine. This consists of a long bag or pipe of linen, cloth, or leather, from one inch to one and a half inch in diameter, and charged with gunpowder. One end is laid in the mine to be exploded; the other is conducted through the galleries to a place where the engineers can fire it in safety. The electric spark is now preferred to the saucisson. See BLASTING. SAUER-KRAU'T, a preparation of the common white cabbage, well known and in extensive use in Germany and the north of Europe, where it supplies during the winter the place of fresh vegetables. The cabbages are gathered when they have formed firm white hearts; and these, sliced into thin shreds, are placed in a succession of thin layers in a cask, each layer being sprinkled with fine salt, SAUL-SAURIA. to which some add juniper berries, cumin seed, caraway seeds, or other condiment. A board is then placed on the top, with a heavy weight, so as to press the whole down firmly, but gently. After a time, fermentation begins; and when a sour smell arises from the cask, it must be removed into a cool place, and kept for use. It is generally eaten boiled, in the same way as fresh cabbage. SAUL, the first king of Israel, was the son of Kish, a wealthy chief of the tribe of Benjamin. The circumstances that marked his election to the royal dignity are familiar to all the readers of Scripture, and need not be repeated here (see JEWS, SAMUEL) Gigantic in stature, noble in mien, and imperious in character, he appeared admirably fitted to accomplish the task of consolidating the dislocated tribes of Israel. His earlier achievements augured hopefully for his future. The deliverance of the men of Jabesh Gilead, above all, his victories over the Philistines, the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, and Amalekites, were unmistakable proofs of his vigorous military capacity, but gradually there shewed itself in the nature of the man a wild perversity- an evil spirit of God,' as it is calledculminating in paroxysms of insane rage, which led him to commit such frightful deeds as the massacre of the priests of Nob. Samuel, who had retired from the court' of S., and had secretly anointed David as king, did not cease to mourn for the wayward monarch; but nothing availed to stay his downward career, not even the noble virtues of his son Jonathan; and at last he fell in a disastrous and bloody battle with the Philistines on Mount Gilboa. SAUMAREZ, JAMES, BARON DE, a celebrated naval hero, was descended from an old French family, which had long been settled in Guernsey, and was born there, 11th March 1757. He entered the navy as midshipman at the age of thirteen, and served in the American war (1774-1782), receiving for his gallantry at the attack of Charleston (1775) the grade of lieutenant; but he was recalled before the end of this war, and placed under Sir Hyde Parker. He did good service in the action off the Dogger Bank (August 1781), and was rewarded with promotion to the rank of commander, being soon afterwards placed under the orders of Admiral Kempenfeldt on the Jamaica station. At the great fight between Rodney and De Grasse (12th April 1782), S. commanded the Russell, a line-of-battle ship, and gained much distinction by his coolness and intrepidity throughout. For his gallant capture of the French frigate La Réunion, with one inferior in size and equipment, he received the honour of knighthood; and in command of the Orion, a seventy-four, he served under Lord Bridport at the battle of L'Orient, June 23, 1795. He also took a prominent part in the battle off Cape St Vincent (Fel ruary 14, 1797), and was second in command at the battle of the Nile, in which he was severely wounded. In 1801, he became a baronet, and vice-admiral of the blue, and in the same year he fought his greatest action off Cadiz (July 12), defeating a French-Spanish fleet of 10 line-of-battle and 4 frigates, with a squadron less than half their strength, and causing to the enemy a loss of 3000 men and three ships. This contest, than which, according to Admiral Nelson, a greater was never fought,' gained for S. the Order of the Bath, the freedom of the city of London, and the thanks of parliament. In the Russian war, he commanded the Baltic fleet, and took or destroyed two large Russian flotillas (July 1809). In 1814, he became admiral, vice-admiral of Great Britain in 1821, was created a peer in 1831, and died at Guernsey, 396 9th October 1836. His life has been written by Sir John Ross (Memoirs of Admiral Lord de Saumarez, 2 vols., 1838). SAUMUR, a town of France, on the left bank of the Loire, in the dep. of Maine-et-Loire, 28 miles south-east of Angers by railway. Bridges connect the town with a suburb on the right bank of the river. The river-side is lined with handsome quays, and there are good bridges and agreeable promenades. There is an imperial riding-school, in which riding-màsters for the army are trained. Upwards of 600 workmen are employed in the manufacture of rosaries of cocoa-nut shell and beautiful articles in enamel. Its trade is in spirits, wines, hemp, and linen. Pop. 14,079. S., formerly the capital of the province of Saumurois, was a stronghold of the Protestants during the reign of Henry IV., at which time it contained 25,000 inhabitants. Its prosperity was annihilated by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and its population reduced to a fourth. Perhaps the most striking event in the history of the town was its brilliant capture by Larochejaquelein and the Vendeans, June 10, 1793. In this action, the victors, with but a slight loss, captured 60 cannon, 10,000 muskets, and 11,000 republicans. SAUNDERSON, NICHOLAS, LL.D., a distin-. guished English scholar, was born at Thurleston in Yorkshire in 1682. He became blind from smallpox at the age of twelve months, but received a good education, including instruction in the classics, which was orally communicated. His strong predilection for mathematics becoming known to his friends, attempts were made with success to instruct him in arithmetic, geometry, and algebra, by means of ingenious mechanical contrivances which it is not necessary to describe. In 1707, he came to Christ's College, Oxford, as a teacher, and there delivered a series of lectures on the Newtonian philosophy, including (strange to say) a discussion of Newton's theory of optics. Four years afterwards, he suc ceeded Whiston as Lucasian professor, and died 19th April 1739. A valuable and elaborate treatise on Algebra, from his pen, was published in 1740 (2 vols., 8vo), and another on Fluxions, including a commentary on some parts of Newton's Principia, in 1756. The mental process by which he was enabled to understand the rules of perspective, the projections of the sphere, and some of the more recondite propositions of solid geometry, seems to have been peculiar to himself, and was almost wholly unintelligible to others. is said even to have been able to distinguish, by His sense of feeling was extremely acute; and he this sense alone, true Roman medals from counterfeits. He could judge fairly of the size of a room and of his position in it by the sound of his own footsteps, and could tell, in some inexplicable manner, when light clouds were passing across the sun's disc. SAU'RIA, in the systems of Cuvier and other recent naturalists, an order of Reptiles (q. v.), having an elongated body, covered with scales or with bony plates; a more or less elongated tail; four limbs, or sometimes only two apparent, the rudimentary hind-limbs being concealed beneath the skin; the mouth always furnished with teeth; the ribs movable, rising and falling in respiration; the young issuing from the egg in a form similar to that of the mature animal.-To this order belong Chameleons, Geckos, Iguanas, Agamas, Varans, Teguixins, Lizards, Skinks, &c., numerous families, some of which contain many genera and species. Crocodiles and their allies, having a quadripartite heart, cere 497 SAURIN-SAUSSURE. bellum with lateral lobes, articulate quadrate bone, &c., are removed from amongst the Saurians, and a place nearer to the Chelonians is assigned to them. In their external form and structure, however, they correspond to Saurians, and have no resemblance to Chelonians. The recent S. are far excelled in size and in variety of strange forms by the saurian-like fossils, as the Ichthyosaurus, Lœlaps, &c. belong to the Cretaceous, especially in North America. The E. platyurus, from Kansas, was 50 feet long, with a neck of 22 feet. SAU'RY PIKE (Scomberesox), a genus of fishes of the order Synentognathi, family Scomberesocida, having the body greatly elongated, and covered with Saury Pike (Scomberesox saurus). SAURIN, JACQUES, a celebrated French Protestant preacher, was born at Nîmes, 6th January, 1677, studied at Geneva, and was chosen minister of a Walloon church in London in 1701. But the climate of England did not agree with his delicate health; and in 1705 he settled at The Hague, where his extraordinary gift of pulpit oratory was prodigiously admired, but not by his clerical brethren, who enviously assailed him with the accusation of heresy. The ground of their charge was that S. had attributed falsehood to God. Commenting in a thesis on the conduct of Samuel (1 Sam. chap. xvi.) when about to proceed to Bethlehem to anoint David, S. had pointed out that God certainly induced minute scales; the head also much elongated, and the the prophet to adopt such measures and such lan-jaws produced into a sharp long beak, as in the Garguage as could not but lead King Saul to believe fish (q. v.); from which, however, the present genus what was not true. He argued, however, that the differs in the division of the dorsal and anal fins into 'will of God' can never command what is criminal finlets, as in mackerels. One species (S. storeri) is or wrong, and that this deception-this falsehood, as common on the American coasts. It is about fifteen men would call it was quite innocent and permis- inches long, the back dark-blue, the under parts white; sible. S.'s logic is not perhaps quite faultless, but the fins dusky-brown. It approaches the coast, and he at least deserves credit for not denying the enters bays in shoals, which are pursued by larger existence of a moral difficulty. The dispute was fishes, porpoises, &c.; and in order to escape from carried to the synod of Hague, and S. was subjected these, the S. P. often leaps out of the water, or to a series of petty persecutions that shortened his rushes along the surface, for a distance of one hundays. He died at the Hague in 1730. As a preacher, dred feet, scarcely dipping or seeming to touch the S. has often been compared with Bossuet, whom he water. rivals in force, if not in grace and subtlety of religious sentiment. His chief productions are: Sermons sur divers Textes de l'Ecriture Sainte (La Haye, 1708-1725); Nouveaux Sermons sur la Passion (Rotterdam, 1732); Discours sur les Evénements les plus mémorables du V. et du N. T. (Amst. 1720— 1728); Abrégé de la Théologie et de la Morale Chrétiennes en Forme de Catéchisme (Amst. 1722); and Etat du Christianisme en France (La Haye, 1725). SAU’SAGE, a preparation of flesh, made by chopping the raw meat very fine, adding salt and other flavouring materials, and often bread-crumbs also, the whole forming a pasty mass. The sausages of Lucania were very celebrated amongst the Romans. They were made of fresh pork, and bacon chopped fine, with nuts of the stone-pine, and flavoured with cuminseed, pepper, bay-leaves, various pot-herbs, and the sauce called garum. SAUSAGE-POISON. It is well known that saus SAURODOʻNTIDÆ, a family of fossil fishes related to the Herring and Salmon families, whose remains occur in the Cretaceous formations of Amer-ages made or kept under certain unknown conditions ica and Europe. There are three genera, Sauroceph- where sausages form a staple article of diet, fatal are occasionally highly poisonous; and in Germany, alus, Harl, Saurodon, Hays, and Ichthyodectes, Cope. cases of sausage-poisoning are by no means rare. The They were all predaceous, the teeth of the first being symptoms are slow in appearing, three or four days lancet-shaped; in the last two, cylindric. The rays sometimes elapsing before they manifest themselves. of the tail were long and strong, and beautifully and The poison may be described as of the narcotico-irritant minutely segmented. Many of the species were of character, and is very dangerous. An English case large size, the Saurocephalus thaumas, from Kan- recorded by Dr Taylor, in his Medical Jurisprudence, sas, having been ten feet in length. differed from those commonly occurring in Germany SAUROPLEU'RA, a species of Stegocephalous Ba- in this respect, that the sausages were fresh, while trachians, of snake-like form, from the coal-measures the sausages which have proved poisonous in Germany of Linton, Ohio. There are three species, S. digi-had always been made a long time. Dr Kerner, a tata, S. remex, and S. pectinata, Cope. The last two had exceedingly weak limbs and compressed tails, which were used as oars in swimming. This form is caused by the presence of fan-like spines extending in a vertical plane above and below the vertebræ, which are variously sculptured. SAUROPTERY'GIA, an order of extinct Reptilia, which first appear in the Trias and disappear in the Cretaceous. They are distinguished by their immovable quadrate bone, single attachments for ribs, and fin-like feet. They have been found in New Zealand, Europe, and North America. The older are the more varied, there being several genera in the German Trias, as Pistosaurus, Nothosaurus, and Simosaurus. In the Jura it is represented by many species of Plesiosaurus and Pliosaurus, some of the latter of huge size. The genera Elasmosaurus and Cimoliosaurus German physician, who has specially studied this subject, believes that the poison is an acid formed in consequence of a modified process of putrefaction; others regard it as an empyreumatic oil. SAUSSURE, HORACE BENEDICT DE, a celebrated Swiss physicist and geologist, was born at Conches, near Geneva, 17th February, 1740. His education was directed with such success that, in 1762, young S. obtained the chair of Physics and Philosophy in the university of Geneva. In 1768, he commenced the famous series of journeys which were fraught with such important consequences to science and to his own reputation; and during the course of which he visited the Jura and Vosges Mountains, those of Germany, England, Italy, Switzerland, Sicily, and the adjacent isles the extinct craters of Auvergne, &c.; and traversed |