Admiralty are responsible both for discipline and finance; while in respect to the army, the commander-in-chief controls the discipline under the direct orders of the sovereign, and the Secretary of State for War directs the finance, for which he is responsible to parliament. The regulations for the army were first collected in 1788, since which several editions have been issued, the last being in 1859. The latest Admiralty regulations bear date 1844. The current regulations are supplemented, corrected, and cancelled by numerous circulars and addenda; so that they never represent the whole body of military or naval rules for many days together.

QUEENSTOWN, called formerly COVE OF CORK, Ireland, a seaport town, on the south side of Great Island, in the harbour of Cork, is distant from Cork 14 miles east-south-east, and from Dublin 157 miles south-west-by-west. It rose into some importance during the French war, as the port of embarkatiou for troops going on foreign service, and is now an admiral's station. On the occasion of the Queen's visit in 1850, the name Q. was given to it in honour of her Majesty. The formation of the town is rather peculiar, as it occupies the sides of an amphitheatre, around which it is built in parallel streets. It enjoys a high reputation for its mild and salubrious climate, and is much frequented by invalids during the winter season. The population in 1861 was 8653, of whom 7240 were Catholics, 1262 Protestants of the Established Church, and the rest of other denominations.

QUEEN'S YELLOW. See YELLOW COLOURS. QUENTIN, ST, a thriving manufacturing town in the north of France, department of Aisne, is situated on the Somme, about 80 miles north-east of Paris. It is a station on the railway from Paris to Liége. Q. has a celebrated church one of the finest, boldest, and purest Gothic buildings in this part of Belgic Gaul.' Q. is the centre of the manufacture of linen, muslin, lace, and gauze. Pop. 28,880. The Canal of St Quentin, connecting the basin of the Somme with that of the Scheldt, was finished by Napoleon in 1810. It is carried through the intervening hills by tunnels. At St Q., a battle July 28, was fought, 1557, between the Spaniards, August 10, assisted by a body of English troops, and the French, in which the latter were severely defeated.

QUE'RCITRON, the name both of a dyestuff and of the species of oak of which it is the bark. This oak (Quercus tinctoria), also called Dyer's Oak and Black Oak, is a native of North America-one of the noblest forest trees of the United States, found in New England, and as far south as Georgia, although there only at a considerable elevation. The name Black Oak is given to it from the dark colour of its outer bark. The leaves are obovate-oblong, dilated outwards, and widely sinuated; with short, obtuse, and bristle-pointed lobes. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, and porous, but much esteemed for strength and durability, and is used in America for shipbuilding. The bark is used for tanning as well as for dyeing. It is the inner bark which is the quercitron of dyers. It yields a yellow crystallisable substance, Quercitrin (C19H18010+2H2O), which may be extracted by means of alcohol; the tannic acid, which is simultaneously taken up, must be precipitated by the addition of gelatine, after which the liquid will, on evaporation, yield crystals of quercitrin. On the addition of alum, its solution assumes a beautiful yellow colour; and solutions of acetate of lead, acetate of copper, and chloride of tin precipitate it in yellow flakes. When boiled with dilute acids, it breaks up into glycose and

position shews that quercitrin belongs to the glycosides, or compounds which, when broken up, yield sugar.

QUERETA'RO, an important town of Mexico, capital of a state of the same name, is charmingly situated on a hilly plateau, 6365 feet above sea-level, 110 miles north-west of Mexico. It is built on a regular plan, contains 11 convents, 3 great squares, many richly-decorated churches, &c. Water is supplied from an aqueduct two miles long, and supported in part upon arches 90 feet high. The industry of the town is important, and is carried on with spirit. Woollen and cotton goods and leather are the chief manufactures. Q. contains the largest cotton-spinning mill in the country; 300 hands are employed in it. The peace between Mexico and the United States was ratified here in 1848. Pop. 47,570.

QUERN, a primitive mill for grinding corn, the stone of which was turned by the hand before the invention of windmills or water-mills. It is a contrivance of great antiquity, and so well adapted for the wants of a primitive people, that we find it perpetuated to the present day in remote districts of Ireland, and some parts of the Western Islands of Scotland. The remains of querns have been dug up in Britain, Ireland, and Continental Europe, wherever the traces of ancient population are to be found. They occur in the Scottish Weems (q. v.), or cyclopean underground dwellings; in the Crannoges (q. v.), or lake-dwellings of Ireland and Scotland; and the very similar Pfahlbauten of Switzerland; and abundantly among the remains of the Roman period in Britain and Northern Europe. The most usual form of quern consists of two circular flat stones, the upper one pierced in the centre with a narrow funnel, and revolving on a wooden or metal pin inserted in the lower. The upper stone is occasionally ornamented with various devices; in the Roman period, it is sometimes funnel-shaped, with grooves radiating from the centre. using the quern, the grain was dropped with one hand into the central opening, while, with the other, the upper stone was revolved by means of a stick, inserted in a small opening near the edge. As early as 1284, an effort was made by the Scottish legislature to supersede the quern

In

d'un Royaume Agricole, the notes to which occupy more space than the text; Le Droit Naturel; Analyse du Tableau Economique; Problèmes Economiques; and Dialogues sur le Commerce et sur les Travaux des Artisans, all of which are to be found in Dupont's Recueil of Q.'s writings (Leyden and Paris, 1768).

Probably the oldest type of quern is that which was fashioned from a section of oak; one of this description was found in Scotland in 1831, in the course of removing Blair Drummond Moss. It is 19 inches in height by 14 in diameter, and the centre is hollowed to a depth of about a foot, so as to form a mortar, in which the grain seems to have been pounded by a wooden or stone pestle.

A less simple variety of the stone quern, known as the Pot Quern, and also of great antiquity, consists of a circular stone basin, with a hole through which the meal or flour escapes, and a smaller circt lar stone fitting into it, perforated with an open ng through which the grain was thrown into the ill. A number of querns of this description have been exhumed in Scotland, and still more in the bogs of Ireland, in which country the pot quern is believed not to be yet altogether disused. The sub-uned wood-cut represents one in the Museum of

Quern.

the Scottish Antiquaries; it is of unusually large size, 17 inches in diameter, and 8 high, and was discovered in the parish of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian. It is made of coarse pudding-stone, and is furnished with holes in the sides, to which handles were probably attached. The iron ring is a modern addition. See Dr Wilson's Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, vol. i. p. 211, et seq., 2d edition (London and Cambridge, 1863).

QUESNAY, FRANÇOIS, an eminent French economist and physician, was born at Mérey, near Montfort-l'Amaury, June 4, 1694, and studied at Paris, where, in 1718, he passed surgeon with a high reputation. He acquired a high reputation in his profession, and at his death, in 1774, was first physician to the king. But Q.'s fame depends almost wholly on his economistic speculations, which are to be found scattered through the pages of the famous Encyclopédie (see, for example, the and Grain'), the Journal

articles Fermiers'

d'Agriculture, and the Ephémérides du Citoyen. He is the inventor of the term 'Political Economy, and one of the earliest and most distinguished writers on the subject. His views were systematically set forth in a little treatise, entitled Tableau Economique, which was nicknamed by La Harpe, the Alcoran des Economistes. Only a few copies of this work were printed about the end of the year 1758, and these have now all disappeared. Nevertheless, the principles maintained by Q, are well known, partly from the sources above mentioned, but chiefly from other treatises that have met with a better fate than the Tableau, viz.,

QUESNEL, PASQUIER, a French theologian, was born at Paris, July 14, 1634, and having been educated in the Sorbonne, entered the Congregation of the Oratory in 1657. He obtained even early in his career the reputation of a profound familiarity with Scripture and the Fathers; and by several popular ascetical treatises which he published, he attracted so much notice, that, at the early age of 28, he was appointed director of the Paris house of his Congregation. It was for the use of the young men under his charge that he commenced the series of his afterwards celebrated Reflexions Morales. The first specimen of this work having been much admired, Q. continued to extend it to other portions of the New Testament. Soon afterwards, he published an edition of the works of much criticised. His residence at Paris, however, St Leo (2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1675), which has been was cut short by the disputes about Jansenism. Having refused to sign certain propositions, subscription to which was, by a decree of 1684, required of all members of the Oratory, Q. left the Congregation, and retired to the Low Countries, where he attached himself to the party of Arnauld, in which he speedily rose to the first position of influence and authority. He continued at Brussels his Reflexions Morales; and in 1693-1694, the Reflections on the New Testament were published in a complete form, with the approval of the Cardinal de Noailles, Bishop of Châlons, and ultimately Archbishop of Paris. The work, however, on examination, was found to contain all the most obnoxious doctrines of Jansenius; and Q., having been denounced to the authorities, was arrested, by order of Philip V., and put into prison. He escaped, and betook himself to concealment. But his book was condemned, first by the decree of an assembly of the bishops of France, and afterwards by a decision of Clement XI. in 1711, and finally by the celebrated bull Unigenitus, September 8, 1713. With this condemnation, the formal dogmatic declarations of the Roman Church on this controversy may be said to have ceased. The controversy continued, but nothing, or very little, that Amsterdam, where he lived to a great age, not was new was afterwards elicited. Q. withdrew to having died till 1719, in his 85th year. Besides the Reflexions Morales, he left a vast number of treatises, he published, as well as his critical edition of St chiefly ascetical. The few dogmatical essays which Leo, are all tinged with his peculiar opinions. The Reflexions Morales falling in, in the main, with the views of one of the religious parties in the Protestant Church, has been translated into German and English, and at one time enjoyed considerable popularity both in England and in Germany.

QUETELET, LAMBERT ADOLPHE JACQUES, a celebrated Belgian statistician and astronomer, was born at Ghent, 22d February 1796, and studied at the lyceum of his native city, where, in 1814, he became Professor of Mathematics. In 1819, he was appointed to the same chair at the Brussels Athenæum ; and in 1826, was chosen by King William I. to superintend the construction of the Royal Observa tory in the capital, of which he became director in 1828. In 1836, he was made Professor of Astronomy and Geodesy at the Brussels Military School.

Admiral Conflans in Quiberon Bay.

QUICKENS. See COUCH-GRASS.

QUICK-MATCH, a combustible match, made by dipping cotton-wick in a composition of vinegar, saltpetre, and sometimes an admixture of gunpowder when lighted, it continues to burn to the end, and hence is useful in exploding mines, &c. The rate at which it burns being known, it is only necessary, for insuring safety, to take the right length of quickmatch.

QUEVEDO Y VILLEGAS, DON FRANCISCO GOMEZ DE, a Spanish classic, was born at Madrid, 26th September 1580, and studied at the university of Alcala de Henares, where he acquired a good knowledge not only of Latin and Greek, but also of Hebrew and Arabic, besides French and Italian. His career, which was chiefly that of a diplomatist, was marked by numerous vicissitudes. He died 8th September 1645, at Villa Nueva de los Infantes. The prose works of Q. are divisible into two classes--the serious and the burlesque. Among the former are his Vision of St Paul, The Spanish Epictetus, Phocylides, Fortune become Reasonable, and particularly The Life of Marcus Brutus, and The Policy of God-the last two of which are remarkable for the purity and elevation of their sentiments. Among his satirical and burlesque productions, in which his genius finds its happiest expression, the principal are-The Dream of the Death's Heads, The Demon Alguazil, Pluto's Stables, The Side-scenes of the World, The Letters of the Knight of the Forceps, Recollections of Student Life, and The Grand Sharper, or the History of Don Pablo de Segovia, a romance of rascaldom, a species of fiction much cultivated in Spain at that time, in which the hero is usually an adventurous scamp. The lively sallies, the piquant allusions, and the happy metaphors found in these books, have enriched Spanish literature with a crowd of proverbs and colloquial phrases. Q.'s poetry is also chiefly of a humorous character. His works have been often reprinted; the most complete edition is that by Sancho (Madrid, 11 vols. 1791-1794); a more recent collection is the one by M. Guerra y Orbe (Madrid, 1852). An English translation of Q.'s satirical works was published at Edinburgh in 1798; his Sueños, or Visions, among the most popular of all his productions, were also translated into English by Sir Roger l'Estrange (1708).

QUIBERON, a small fishing town of France, in the dep. of Morbihan, at the extremity of a long slender peninsula, 25 miles south-west of Vannes. Pop. about 700. It is historically celebrated as the spot where a body of French emigrant royalists, under D'Hervilly and Puisaye, landed from an Eng lish fleet, on the 27th of June 1795, and endeavoured to rouse the people of Brittany and La Vendée against the Convention, but were defeated, and driven into the sea by General Hoche. All the prisoners taken were shot, by order of the Convention. At an earlier period, during the war of the Austrian Succession, an English force attempted a landing

QUICKSILVER. See MERCURY.

QUI'ETISTS, the name of a somewhat numerous class of mystical sects, who, in different ages, have held that the most perfect state of the soul is a state of quiet, in which the soul ceases to reason, to reflect, whether upon itself or on God, and, in a word, to exercise any of its faculties, its sole function being passively to receive the infused heavenly light, which, according to their view, accompanies this state of inactive contemplation. Under the various heads, FENELON, HESYCHASTS, BRETHREN OF THE FREE SPIRIT, MOLINOS, MYSTICISM, most of the details of the doctrines of the Q. have been explained. Some of these are of a purely speculative character, and involving but little of practical consequence, whether for good or for evil. But there is one most pernicious class of errors, which, however eschewed by the leaders of the various schools, has seldom failed to characterise the practical working of the system among the vulgar crowd of its followers. From the belief of the lofty and perfect nature of the purely passive state of contemplation, there is but a single step to the fatal principle in morals, that in this sublime state of contemplation all external things become indifferent to the soul, which is thus absorbed in God; that good works, the sacraments, prayer, are not necessary, and hardly even compatible with the repose of the soul; nay, that so complete is the self-absorption, so independent is the soul of corporeal sense, that the most criminal representations and movements of the sensitive part of the soul, and even the external actions of the body, fail to affect the contemplating soul, or to impress it with their debasing influence. These results will be found detailed under some of the heads named above. The chief Quietist sects have been the Messalians or Euchites, in the 4th c.; the Bogomili, in the 11th c.; the Beghards and Beguines, in the 13th c.; the Hesychasts, in the East, about the same period; the Brethren of the Free Spirit, in the 14th c.; Michael Molinos, in the 17th c.; and others of less note.

QUILIMA'NÉ, a seaport of Eastern Africa, in the Portuguese territory of Mozambique, stands about 15 miles from the mouth of the river of the same name. The town itself, or village, stands on a large, moist mudbank (in any part of which water can be found by digging two feet deep), surrounded by mango-bush and marsh. The climate is unhealthy in an eminent degree. The bar at the harbour is extremely dangerous, and the volume of water is so small, that the bed of the small stream which communicates between the Quilimane and the Zambesi (q. v.) is dry for at least nine months in the year. During the dry season, trade is carried on by land-carriage. Pop. about 15,000, including the inhabitants of the country in the immediate vicinity of the town.

QUILLA'IA, a genus of plants of the natural order Rosacea, the type of a tribe called Quillaieæ, with herbaceous calyx-tube, capsular fruit, and seeds winged at the apex. The sub-order is remarkable for saponaceous secretions. The barks of some

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