QUINCY-QUININE. St Louis, is handsomely built on a high bluff, and has a large trade by the river, railway connections with Chicago, Toledo, &c., extensive manufactures, three banks, five newspapers, and twenty-one churches. Pop. in 1870, 24,053. QUINCY, JOSIAH, an American lawyer, orator, and man of letters, and son of Josiah Quincy, a distinguished orator of the Revolution, was born at Boston, February 4, 1772; graduated at Harvard College, 1790; studied the profession of law; took an active interest in politics as a leading member of the Federal party in New England; entered Congress in 1805, where he became distinguished as a ready, earnest, and fervent orator, in opposition to the policy of Jefferson and Madison. He was one of the earliest to denounce slavery in Congress, and declared that the purchase of Louisiana was a sufficient cause for the dissolution of the union. Disgusted with the triumph of the democratic party and the war of 1812, he declined a re-election to Congress, and devoted his attention to scientific agriculture. He became, however, a member of the senate of Massachusetts, and in 1822, judge of the Municipal Court of Boston. In 1823, he was elected Mayor of Boston; and in 1829 accepted the post of President of Harvard College, which he held until 1845. Among his published works are a Memoir of his father, 1825; History of Harvard University, 1840; History of the Boston Athenæum, 1851; The Municipal History of the Town and City of Boston, 1852; Life of John Quincy Adams, 1858; Essays on the Soiling of Cattle, 1859. Born before the American Revolution, in which his father took an active and distinguished part, he lived to denounce the secession of the Confederate States in 1860, and urge on the war for their subjugation. He died at Boston, July 3, 1864.-His son, EDMUND QUINCY, born in Boston, 1808, is a distinguished author and orator. expelled from France, after the 2d of December. He subsequently resided at Brussels. Q.'s principal works are Allemagne et Italie (Paf., 1839); Histoire de la Poésie Epique (1836-1837); Examen de la Vie de Jésus de Strauss (1838); Le Génie des Religions Histoire de mes Idées (1858); Merlin l'Enchanteur (1843); Les Révolutions d'Italie (3 vols., 1852); 1858 he superintended, with the help of his friends (1861); La Campagne de 1815 (2 vols., 1862). In Daniel Manin, Ary Scheffer, and others, an edition of his Euvres Complètes in 11 vols. QUININE, or QUI'NIA, and the other CINCHONA ALKALOIDS. In the barks of the different varieties of Cinchona, which are employed in the treatment of disease, several alkaloids or organic cases occur in combination with quinic and quinotannic acids. Of these bases, the most important are quinine and cinchonine, each of which is accompanied by (or connected with) two isomeric bases, termed respectively Quinidine and Quinicine, and Cinchonidine and Cinchonicine; and, besides these, a base termed Aricine or Cinchovatine occurs in the bark of CinWe shall describe (1) the chemical chona ovata. characters, and (2) the therapeutic action of these alkaloids. 1. Quinine (C20H24N2O2) is characterised by the following properties. It crystallises with six atoms of water, in the form of silky needles, from an ethereal or alcoholic solution allowed to evaporate spontaneously in a cool place; but when thrown down from acid solutions, it forms a white curdy precipitate. It is comparatively insoluble in water, requiring about 200 parts of boiling water for its solution, but dissolves readily in alcohol and in ether, and in water acidulated with a mineral acid. It has an intensely bitter taste, which is chiefly perceived at the back of the mouth; it has a well-marked alkaline reaction. It combines with acids, and forms both neutral and acid salts, most of which are capable of crystallisation, and all of which possess its own bitter taste. Of these salts, the acid ones are far the most soluble. QUINET, EDGAR, a French author, was born at Bourg, in the department of Ain, 17th February 1803, and studied at Lyon and Paris. He made The most important of its salts is the neutral or bahis literary début at the age of 20 by his Tablettes du sic sulphate, represented by the formula 2C20H24N2O2. Juif Errant, after which his love of philosophy and H2SO4. (It was formerly termed the disulphate, till mystic reverie led him to Germany. He studied at Strecker shewed that the correct formula for quinine Heidelberg, and on his return to France published is C20H24N2O2, and not C10H12NO.) It crystallises a translation of Herder's Ideen zur Philosophie der in long snow-white silky needles, sparingly soluble in Geschichte der Menschheit, so well executed, that water (yet imparting to it a peculiar bluish tint), but Cousin signalised it as le début d'un grand écrivain. dissolving freely in diluted sulphuric acid and in alcoFrom this early period dates his intimate friend- hol. The acid sulphate, C20H24H2O2.H2SO4.15H2O, ship with Michelet (q. v.), the result of a community is also crystallisable, and the crystals, when dried for of feeling and belief. Q. was a member of the some time at a temperature of 2120, are phosphoresscientific commission sent to the Morea in 1828, cent. Its solution, or an acidulated solution of the and while there, gathered materials for his Grèce former salt, exhibits the phenomena of Fluorescence Moderne et ses Rapports avec l'Antiquité (Par. (q. v.) in a striking manner. On heating a solution 1830). Although his political enthusiasm was of sulphate of quinine with strong acetic acid, and extremely ardent, he continued unabated his learned adding, drop by drop, an alcoholic solution of iodine literary labours; and after the July revolution, to the hot solution, we obtain crystals of a compound became a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes. represented by the formula 2Č20H24N2O2.3H2SO4.I6. From 1838 to 1842, he held the chair of Foreign These crystals, which are formed in large flat recLiterature at Lyon, where his lectures on the tangular plates, present very remarkable optical ancient civilisations excited a profound interest. properties, polarising light as perfectly as plates of From this situation he passed to the chair of Litté- tourmaline. ratures Méridionales at the College of France, This alkaloid may be obtained from several species expressly instituted for him by M. Villemain; and of cinchona, but is most abundant in the yellow bark here, in company with Michelet, he assailed the (C. calisaya plana). The pulverised bark is boiled Jesuits with a keen, earnest, epigrammatic eloquence with water containing 1 per cent. of oil of vitriol, that startled the chiefs of that body, and made which dissolves the bases that are present; the solueven the government nervous, who knew the peril tion is precipitated by carbonate of sodium, and the quiof being exposed to their secret hostility. In 1846, nine (with the other alkaloids) extracted from the Q was silenced. He threw himself eagerly into precipitate by ether. For various methods of obtainthe Reform agitation that brought about the revo-ing the sulphate of quinine on a large scale for melution of 1848, and was elected a member of the Constituent and Legislative assemblies, where he always voted with the Extreme Left; but was dicinal purposes, we must refer the reader to Pereira's Materia Medica, 4th edition, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 147— 149, and the United States Pharmacopœia, 1866, p. QUININE-QUINISEXT. 274. The mother liquid from which sulphate of quinine has been obtained, contains a considerable quantity of a resinous amorphous substance known as Quinoidine, which, when treated with ether, yields crystals of Quinidine (C20H24N2O2), a base isomeric with quinine, from which again is derived another isomeric base, Quinicine. Cinchonine (C20H24N2O) crystallises in comparatively large quadrilateral prisms, which are anhydrous. It is less soluble in alcohol than quinine, and is insoluble in ether, and this difference of solubility | affords the means of separating these two alkaloids. With acids it forms two series of salts similar to, but more soluble than, those of quinine. These salts are intensely bitter, and possess (although in a less powerful degree) the same therapeutic properties as those of quinine. In certain varieties of cinchona bark, a crystalline alkaloid named Cinchonidine, isomeric with cinchonine, occurs. On exposing its salts, or those of cinchonine, to a high temperature, corresponding salts of Cinchonicine are formed. The last-named substance has the same composition as the two preceding ones, and is precipitated from its salts in the form of a resinous mass. Cinchonine and its isomeric allies are most abundant in the gray Peruvian Bark (Cinchona huanoco). The method of obtaining cinchonine is precisely the same as that for obtaining quinine. When both bases are present, they may be separated by converting them into sulphates; the salt of quinine is the least soluble, and crystallises first. The relations of the above-described alkaloids to polarised light have been carefully studied by Pasteur, and are very remarkable. Their respective effects on the plane of polarisation are as follows: Quinine produces a powerful left-handed rotation; quinidine produces a powerful right-handed rotation; quinicine produces a feeble right-handed rotation; cinchonine produces a powerful righthanded rotation; cinchonidine produces a powerful left-handed rotation; cinchonicine produces a feeble right-handed rotation. The action of these alkaloids thus affords an excellent illustration of the importance of circular polarisation as an aid to chemical analysis.* 2. The only preparations of the above-described alkaloids included in the United States Pharmacopoeia are the Sulphate of Quinine and the Valerianate of Quinine. The latter is made by adding quinine prepared from the sulphate to an aqueous solution of valerianic acid and crystallising. It is peculiarly repulsive and bitter. Sulphate of quinine is a preparation which, from its high price, has always been liable to considerable adulteration; and specimens containing gypsum, chalk, magnesia, gum, starch, boracic and stearic acids, sugar, salicine, and sulphate of cinchonine, are not unfrequently met with. The first five may be detected by their insolubility in alcohol; boracic acid by the green tinge which it gives to the alcoholic flame; stearic acid by its insolubility in dilute acids; sugar by its solubility in cold water; salicine by the addition of oil of vitriol, which turns it red; and the sulphate of cinchonine by precipitating the suspected specimens by liquor ammoniæ, and then adding ether, when the quinine will be dissolved, but the cinchonine will float between the two liquids. (This test for cinchonine is recommended by the French government, who refuse to allow the sale of sulphate of quinine containing more than three per cent. of cinchonine.) The most important use of sulphate of * MM. de Vry and Alluard published a Report in 1864, in which they stated that the polaroscope reveals the presence of impurities in quinine when too small to be detected by any chemical process. quinine is in the treatment of intermittent fever, for which it may be regarded as a specific. Various nervous affections, especially if they assume a periodical character, are successfully treated by it as, for example, neuralgia, chorea, certain forms of headache, &c. In numerous forms of dyspepsia, debility, and cachexia, there is no single remedy more effectual than the citrate of iron and quinine. The ordinary dose of the sulphate is from one to three grains, but in ague it may be given in far larger doses.* It may be prescribed in the form of pills made with conserve of roses, or as mixture, in which case a little sulphuric acid should be added to render it soluble. In large doses, as from 10 to 20 grains or more, it excites the nervous system, giving rise to headache, buzzing of the ears, blindness, giddiness-a group of symptoms collectively known as Quininism; and several deaths are recorded as arising from its administration in excessive doses. The average dose of the citrate of iron and quinine is 5 grains, which may be given in a glass of sherry. Quinoidine (also termed Amorphous Quinine) seems to be as efficient a tonic as sulphate of quinine, but not to have so great an anti-periodic power, and hence not to be so sorviceable in intermittent fever, &c. Quinidine possesses the medicinal properties of quinine. Pereira and other physicians have found that its sulphate is equally serviceable with that of quinine both as a tonic and a febrifuge; and the action of Quinicine is similar to that of quinoidine. Cinchonine appears to act precisely the same as quinine; while Cinchonidine and Cinchonicine are of little therapeutic value. Quinine is employed not merely in the cure of disease, but for the preservation of the health, when the system is exposed to certain noxious influences. Its value as a means of guarding the system from the attack of intermittent fever is so generally recognised, that the British Admiralty regulations require that every man should take quinine when the ship is within a certain distance of the east and west coast of Africa, and that it should be regularly continued in eight-grain doses every morning to those engaged in boat-cruising along the coasts or on the rivers or creeks. The author of A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States,' in Blackwood's Magazine for January, 1865, observes that formerly it was considered certain death to sleep out for one night on James's Island, opposite Charleston, during the malaria season; but that thousands of men were then quartered on it. In the year 1863, when the taking of quinine was optional, there was a great deal of fever; in 1864 all were compelled to take their dose regularly every morning, and they were very healthy. It would appear, however, that quinine is not equally efficacious in guarding the system against all forms of intermittent fever, for Mr Meller, surgeon-naturalist in medical charge of Dr Livingstone's Zambesi expedition, found a glass of rum given at sunrise to be a far better prophylactic' than quinine in the fever of East Central Africa. QUIʼNISEXT (Lat. quinque, five, and sex, six), the name given to a council which, being regarded as a sort of supplement of the fifth and sixth generals, * Mr Desvignes (in a Memoir communicated on January 10, 1865, to the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society) advocates the administration of solution of quinine by subcutaneous injection. The solution he employed was a grain and a half in 15 drops of water, acidulated with a drop of dilute nitric acid. With this he successfully treated several hundred cases of intermittent fever in the district of Tuscany, known as the Maremma,' in many of which the use of quinine and arsenic, administered in the ordinary way, had failed to effect a cure. QUINOA-QUINTANA. is called by a title which appears to combine both. In the same view, it is called by the Greeks penthekte (from pente, five, and hecte, sixth). The fifth general council, held in 553, on the subject of the Three Chapters (q. v.), enacted no canons of discipline. In like manner, the sixth, held against the Monothelites in 660, was confined almost entirely to doctrinal decisions. In order to supply the want, a numerous body of bishops, 211 in number, assembled in €92, in a hall of the imperial palace at Constantinople, called the Trullus. It was a purely oriental council, and not only was not approved by the Western Church and the pope, but was almost immediately reprobated. Its decrees are purely disciplinary; and it is chiefly important as being the council in which was laid down the broad distinction between the legislation of the East and that of the West on the subject of clerical celibacy. The Q. council, while prohibiting the marriage of any one who is in priest's orders, permits a married man to receive after marriage the order of subdeacon, deacon, or priest, but not of bishop. Against this, the Roman pontiffs vigorously protested. Another peculiar canon of this synod 57th) prohibits fasting on Saturday, even though in Lent. On these and other points of difference in discipline, no agreement has taken place between the churches down to the present time. QUINOA (Chenopodium Quinoa), an annual plant, a native of Chili and the high table-land of Mexico. It much resembles some of the British species of Chenopodium (q. v.), has an erect stem, with ovate, angulate-toothed leaves, the younger ones pulverulent, and panicles much crowded and branched. In the countries in which it is indigenous, it is much cultivated for its seeds, which form the principal food of the inhabitants. The meal made from some varieties of the seed has a somewhat peculiar flavour, but it is very nutritious. Q. meal resembles that of oats in not becoming elastic and tenacious when mixed with water, and like oatmeal, can only be made into cakes, not into leavened bread. The plant is sometimes cultivated in our gardens for its leaves, which are a good substitute for spinach. QUINQUAGE'SIMA SUNDAY (Lat. fiftieth), the Sunday immediately preceding AshWednesday. QUINQUENNIAL PRESCRIPTION, a period of five years allowed by the law of Scotland within which payment of sums on all bargains concerning movables, arrears of rent in some leases, multures, ministers' stipends, arrestments, must be enforced. QUINQUEREMES, vessels with five banks of oars, however arranged (see TRIREME), may be regarded as the first-rates of the ancient navies. The Greek states used them after the death of Alexander, and the Carthaginians a little later. A Carthaginian vessel of this class served during the first Punic War as a model to the Romans, who built 100 on the coast of Bruttii in the year 266 B.C., and thenceforward maintained fleets of such sl.ips. According to Polybius, a quinquereme carried 300 seamen and 120 soldiers. On examination, the throat at first exhibits natural redness, with enlargement of one or both tonsils. The uvula is enlarged and elongated; its end either dropping down into the pharynx, and by exciting the sensation of a foreign body, giving rise to much irritation, or else adhering to one of the tonsils. The tongue is usually furred, and the pulse rapid, and there are the ordinary symptoms of that form of constitutional disturbance known as inflammatory fever. The inflammation terminates either in resolution (if the attack is not severe, and yields readily to treatment) or in suppuration, which may be detected by the occurrence of slight rigors, and by the increased softness of the enlarged tonsil. The matter which is discharged has a very fetid smell, and the fetor is often the first indication of the rupture. The pain almost entirely ceases with the discharge of matter, and recovery is then rapid. The disease is usually at its height in about a week after the manifestation of the first symptoms, and it almost invariably terminates favourably. The ordinary exciting cause of this disease is exposure to cold, especially when the body is warm and perspiring; and certain persons (or even families) are so subject to it that slight exposure is almost sure to induce it. A The disease may sometimes be cut short if, at its very commencement, a sharp purgative (as, for example, compound infusion of senna with Epsom salts) be administered, followed up almost immediately by an emetic of a scruple of ipecacuanha with a grain of tartar emetic. The patient should remain in the house (or in cold weather, even in bed), and should be kept on low non-stimulating diet. stimulating liniment, such as the compound camphor liniment, should be applied to the outside of the throat, and the neck should be surrounded with a piece of flannel. In mild cases, the above described treatment is sufficient. In more severe cases, the patient may gargle frequently with hot water, or milk and water, or, which is better, may inhale the vapour of boiling water. Blistering and leeching will sometimes give relief, but if suppuration is once established, they do harm rather than good. If the tonsils are very much enlarged, they should be pricked with a lancet made expressly for the purpose. Dr Trench, in his English Past and Present, gives quinsy (or quinsey, as he spells it) as an example of the gradual recasting of a foreign word into a new English mould. The Greek word cynanche was the origin of the French esquinancie, which entered the English language as squinancy, became squinzey in the time of Jeremy Taylor, and has now softened down to quinsy or quinsey. QUINTAL, a French weight corresponding to the Eng. 'hundredweight,' was equal to 100 pounds (livres); on the introduction of the metrical system, the same name was employed to designate a weight of 100 kilogrammes (see GRAMME). quintal is thus more than twice as heavy as the old one, being equivalent to about 204 livres. The metrical QUINTANA, MANUEL José, surnamed the Spanish Tyrtæus,' was born at Madrid, 11th April 1772, studied at Salamanca, and established himself QUI'NSY, or COMMON INFLAMMATORY as an advocate in his native city, where his house SORE THROAT, known also as CYNANCHE TON- became a resort of the advanced liberals of the SILLARIS and TONSILLITIS, is an inflammatory affec- time. Among his earliest productions were his tion of the substance of the Tonsils (q. v.). The Odes, which gave him a place in the first rank of inflammation is, however, seldom limited to these Spanish poets. On the outbreak of the War of glands, but extends to the uvula, the soft palate, the Independence, he made good use of his lyric gift to pharynx, and not unfrequently the salivary glands. stimulate the patriotism of his countrymen, and The disease usually manifests itself by difficulty in otherwise distinguished himself as editor of the swallowing, and a sense of heat and discomfort in Semenario Patriotico, and author of the manifestoes the throat, often amounting to considerable pain. of the insurrectionary juntos, and of most of the 369 65 QUINTESSENCE-QUINTIN MATSYS. official statements of the first Cortes. Meanwhile, after which he retired into private life, and died he did not abandon literature, properly so called. Besides his Spanish Plutarch (Vidas de los Españoles Celebres, Madr. 1807–1831), a work which is reckoned one of the finest Spanish classics, he published one or two tragedies, and an excellent selection of Castilian poetry (Poesias Selectas Castillanas, 3 vols. Madr. 1808). On the restoration of Ferdinand VII. in 1814, Q.'s liberalism caused his imprisonment for six years. On his release in 1820, he was received in Madrid with acclamations, and appointed Fresident of Public Instruction. But his enthusiasm in the cause of liberty was now considerably quenched, and in its place appeared a spirit of subservience to royalty which greatly detracted from his previously patriotic character. In 1835 he was reappointed Director-general of Public Instruction, an office which he held till 1851. He was also made a peer and a senator, and acted as tutor to the young queen Isabella from 1840 to 1843. On the 25th of March 1855, Q. was honoured with a public ovation in Madrid, had a speech made to him by the Cortes, and a crown of golden laurel placed on his brows by the hand of Isabella herself. He died 11th March 1857. Q.'s works are to be found collected in the Biblioteca de Autores Españoles of Rivadeneyra (Madr. 1852).-See Kennedy's Modern Poets of Spain, and Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature. QUINTE'SSENCE (Lat. quinta, fifth, essentia, essence) signifies literally the fifth essence. The word is of ancient origin, and dates from the time when it was generally believed that the simple elements or constituents of bodies were four in number, viz., fire, air, earth, and water, and that earth was the lowest element, being grosser than water, water than air, and air than fire. Some Pythagorean philosophers, not satisfied that these four elements or essences sufficed for the composi tion of all substances in nature, added to them a fifth element or essence, ether, which was supposed to be more subtle and pure than fire (the highest of the four), and was therefore located in the uppermost regions of the sky. The word 'quintessence has thus come down to us in the signification of the most subtle ingredient or extract of any body, though in ordinary language it is employed in a figurative sense. QUINTETT, a musical composition for five voices, or for five instruments, each of which is obligato. The most remarkable quintetts for stringed instruments are those of Boccherini, Mozart, Beethoven, and Onslow; and for wind instruments (the flute, oboe, clarionet, horn, and bassoon), those of Reicha. QUINTILIAN (QUINTILIANUS, M. FABIUS) was born 40 A.D., at Calagurris (the modern Calahorra) in Spain, and attended in Rome the prelections of Domitius Afer, who died in 59. After this date, however, he revisited Spain, whence he returned in 68 to Rome, in the train of Galba, and began to practise as an advocate, in which capacity his reputation became considerable. He was more distinguished, however, as a teacher than as a practitioner of the oratorical art, and his instructions came to be the most eagerly sought after among all his contemporaries, while among his pupils he numbered Pliny the Younger and the two grandnephews of Domitian. As a mark of the emperor's favour, he was invested with the insignia and title of consul; while he also holds the distinction of being the first public teacher who benefited by the endowment of Vespasian, and received a fixed salary from the imperial exchequer. His professional career as a teacher of eloquence, commencing probably with 69, extended over a period of 20 years, probably about 118. The reputation of Q. in modern times is based on his great work entitled De Institutione Oratoria Libri XII., a complete system of rhetoric, which he dedicates to his friend Marcellus Victorius, himself a court favourite and orator of distinction. It was written (as he tells us in his preface to his bookseller Trypho) after he had ceased to be a public teacher; and was the fruit of two years' labour. During its composition, however, he was still acting, in the lifetime of Domitian, as tutor to the grand-nephews of that emperor. In the first book, he discusses the preliminary training through which a youth must pass before he can begin those studies which are requisite for the orator, and he gives us an elaborate outline of the mode in which children should be educated in the interval between the nursery and the final instructions of the grammarian. The second book treats of the first principles of rhetoric, and contains an inquiry into the essential nature of the art. The subjects of the five following books are invention and arrangement; while those of the eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh are composition (embracing the proper use of figures of speech) and delivery. The last, and, in the author's view, the most important, book is devoted to the various requisites for thẻ formation of a finished orator, such as his manners, his moral character, his mode of undertaking, preparing, and conducting causes, the style of eloquence most advantageous to adopt, the age at which pleading should be begun, and at which it should be left off, and other allied topics. The entire work is remarkable for its sound critical judgments, its purity of taste, and the perfect familiarity it exhibits with the literature of oratory. The condensed survey of Greek and Roman literature with which the tenth book commences, has always been admired for its correctness and animation. The ascribed to him, are now believed to be spurious, as declamations, amounting to 164, which have been they evidently belong to different authors, and even different epochs. There is better ground, however, for ascribing to him the anonymous Dialogus de The best editions of Q. are those of Burinann Oratoribus, often included in editions of Tacitus. (Leyden, 1720); and of Spalding and Zumpt (Leip. 1798-1829). early Flemish school. He was born at Antwerp about QUINTIN MATSYS, a celebrated painter of the 1460, and is generally known by the name of the Blacksmith of Antwerp, from having followed that trade in early life. The romantic story so long connected with this artist's name, of his having adopted the profession of painting in order to obtain the hand of a painter's daughter, is founded on nothing more authentic than the verses of Lampsonius, affixed to his portrait by Jerome Cock (1510–1570), and the inscription on his monument in the cathedral at Antwerp, Connubialis Amor de Mulcibere fecit Apellem.' The fact of his admission into the painters' fraternity of St Luke in 1491-1492, is proved by an entry in the register of that body. It appears from two authentic documents that he was alive on 8th July 1530, but had died previous to 12th October 1531. In the works of this distinguished painter, art is exhibited as transitionary between the style of Van Eyck and Rubens-his aim being, without neglecting the accessory details, to give more importance to the human figure, and more unity and effect to the general composition of his picture. Albert Dürer and Holbein thought highly of his works; among them, the best is an altar-piece with two folding-doors or wings, at one time in the cathedral, now in the Picture-gallery at Antwerp, and one of the chefs-d'œuvre of that QUINTIN-QUI TAM. collection. It is specially referred to by Sir Joshua Reynolds in his Notes on his Tour through Flanders and Holland. Q. M. was on intimate terms with Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and Petrus Ægidius. Many elaborate specimens of ornamental iron-work are attributed to this artist; but from the facts connected with his career as a painter, it may be inferred that he merely furnished designs for the works in iron referred to. QUI'NTIN, or QUINTAINE, was an instrument used in the ancient practice of tilting on horseback with the lance. It consisted of an upright post, equivalent in value to one crotchet, or four ordinary semiquavers. QUINTUS CURTIUS RU'FUS, the Roman historian, flourished probably in the time of Vespasian; while a less plausible conjecture represents him as having lived in the reign of Constantine. Nothing further is known, or can even be fairly surmised regarding his life. His work entitled De Rebus Gestis Alexandri Magni Regis Macedonum, consisted of ten books; but of these the first two are lost, and the other eight are occasionally imperfect. Its style is flowing and ornate, but it wants the pure Latinity of Cicero, and the simplicity of Cæsar. Along with the Greek history of Arrian, it forms our most valuable source of information respecting the military career of Alexander the Great, although it is not entirely free from geographical, chronological, and strategical blunders. The best edition is that of Zumpt (Brunswick, 1849). QUIRE (Fr. cahier), of paper, consists of twentyfour sheets, each doubled once, and one placed within the other. QUIRI'NUS was, among the Sabines (and according to Mommsen, among the Latins also), a surname of Mars, and is probably derived from the Latin word quiris, a spear. It is therefore equivalent to the Spear-bearer.' According to the ancient legend, the name was first given to Romulus (q. v.), as the son of Mars, after his apotheosis, and the festival instituted in his honour was called the Quirinalia.-The QUIRINAL (Lat. Collis Quirinalis), is one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome stood, and, next to the Palatine and Capitoline, the oldest and most famous quarter of the city. It lies due north of the Palatine, and its western slope looks down on the Campus Martius, which stretches from its base to the banks of the Tiber. According to the ancient legend, it was the seat of the Sabine portion of the mixed population of early Rome; but this idea is strongly combated by Mommsen, who rejects as a baseless speculation' the 'etymologico-historical hypothesis started by Varro, and, as usual, unanimously echoed by Latin writers, that the Latin quiris and Quirinus are akin to the Sabine town Cures, and that the Quirinal Hill accordingly had been peopled from Cures' (History of Rome, vol. i.). The most notable structures on the Quirinal were The Temple of Quirinus, said to have been built by Numa in honour of Romulus, The Temples of Flora, Salus, Fortuna, and Sol. Here, also, were the famous Gardens of Sallust (Horti QUI'SCALUS, a genus of birds of the family Icteride, having the tail longer than in the hang nests (Icterus), and graduated the middle feathers longest-its sides turned up. From this last character, some of the species are often called BOAT-TAIL. The Great Boat-tail, or Great Crow Blackbird (2. major), a bird about 16 or 17 inches long, is common in the southern parts of North America.-More common, and indeed abundant in all parts of the United States, is the PURPLE GRAKLE, or CROW BLACKBIRD (2. versicolor), a bird about twelve inches in length, tail included; black, with reflections of blue, violet, &c. Vast flocks of this species are to be seen at the seasons of migration in some parts of North America. Its migrations extend to very northern regions in summer. It is Its depreto be found in Louisiana at all seasons. dations in fields of maize and other kinds of grain, make it an object of especial dislike to North American farmers. Its flesh is dry and coarse, although often used for food; but its eggs are esteemed a delicacy. QUITCH. See COUCH GRASS. QUI TAM actions are actions so called in the law of England from the first words of the old form of declaration by which informers sue for penalties, the plaintiff describing himself as suing as well for the crown as for himself, the penalty being divided between himself and the crown. 67 |