QUITO QUO WARRANTO. QUITO, the capital of Ecuador (q. v.), and of a province of the same name, stands between two parallel ranges of the Andes, on the east side of the volcano of Pichincha (q. v.), at an elevation of 9492 feet above the sea, and in lat. 0° 15' S., long. 78° 45' W. Its site, in the midst of mountains, is very uneven; its appearance, however, is picturesque, and its beautiful environment of mountains, together with its clear, healthy, and temperate climate, averaging 60° Fahr., and described as an eternal spring, make it one of the most charming cities of South America. From the hills in the vicinity, a beautiful panoramic view, embracing eight icy peaks of the Andes, may be obtained; and to the south of the city extends the lovely valley of Chillo, laid out in gardens. The chief edifices are built of stone, the others of adobes, or sun-dried bricks, covered with tiles. Q. contains many churches, monasteries, convents, two hospitals, two colleges, and several plazas or squares. By the earthquake of March 1859, most of the then existing churches, convents, and government buildings, as well as many private residences, were thrown down, property to the value of 3,000,000 dollars was destroyed, and many lives lost. From this calamity, the city has in great part recovered. Q. is the seat of the only archbishop in the country, and of the government. Coarse cotton and woollen goods and jewellery are manufactured, and the trade in grain, indigo, metals, and liquors is extensive. Pop. 80,000. The most important events in the history of Q. are mentioned in the articles ECUADOR and PERU (q. v.). QUIT RENT is the small rent which is payable by the tenants of old manors, by which they go quiet and free. In old records, it is called white rent, because it was paid in silver money, as distinguished from corn rents. QUOIN (Fr. coigne, from Lat. cuneus Gr. gonia) is generally a wedge or an angle. In artillery, the quoin is a wedge inserted beneath the breech of a gun, for raising or depressing the muzzle. The Armstrong gun is elevated by a screw instead of a quoin; but considering the rough service of actual warfare, it is doubtful whether the clumsier quoin is not more to be depended on. Quoins on shipboard are wedges used to prevent casks from damaging each other. QUOIN, in Architecture, is one of the stones forming the solid corner of a building. Where the work is of brick or small materials, the quoins are usually of ashlar. They sometimes project, and are moulded, when they are called 'Rustic Quoins.' See RUSTICATION. QUOITS, a game much practised by the working classes in the mining districts of Great Britain seems to have been derived from the ancient game of 'throwing the discus,' which was such a favourite amusement of the Greeks and Romans. The discus was a circular plate of stone or metal, 10-12 inches in diameter, and was held by its further edge with the right hand, so as to lean upon the fore-arm, and was cast with a swing of the arm, aided by a twist of the whole body. It was generally thrown edge foremost, and upwards at an angle of 45°, so as to give it as great a range as possible, and the player who threw it furthest was the winner. the winner. Similar to this game was the 'throwing of the solos,' a heavy spherical mass of stone or iron, perforated through the centre, to admit a rope or thong, by the aid of which it was thrown. In this 68 Quoit. game also, the furthest throw was the successful one. It is still practised by the mountaineers of the Appenzell, in Switzerland. The game of quoits differs very considerably from both of these. A quoit is a flattish ring of iron, generally from 5 to 6 inches in external diameter, and between 1 and 2 inches in breadth. It is convex on the upper side, and slightly concave on the under, so that the outer edge curves downwards, and is sharp enough to stick into the ground. The mode of playing is as follows: Two pins, called 'hobs,' are driven into the ground from 18 to 24 yards apart; and the players, who are divided into two parties, stand at one hob, and in regular succession throw their quoits (of which each player has two) as near to the other hob as they can. The points are counted as in bowls or in curling. To facilitate the sticking of the quoits at the point where they strike the ground, a clay end'-that is, a flat circle of clay, about 1 or 2 inches in thickness, and 1 feet in radius-is placed round each hob. This requires to be kept moist, and should have sawdust strewed over it. The quoit, when to be thrown, is grasped with the Hob. right hand by one side, and pitched with an upward and forward jerk of the hand and arm, which give it a whirling motion, and cause it to strike the ground with its edge. Professional players acquire such dexterity in this game, that they can very frequently ring' their quoit-that is, land it so that the quoit surrounds the hob. QUO'RRA. See NIGER. In QUO'RUM (Lat. quorum, of whom) is a legal term, denoting a certain specified number out of a larger number as entitled or bound to act for certain purposes. Thus, in statutes appointing commissioners or trustees of a public work, it was usual to name a certain number of the whole body as sufficient to discharge the business, when it may be inconvenient for all to attend. In Scotland, the word is commonly used in reference to trustees appointed under trust settlements, when one or two individuals, either in point of number, or for some personal reason, must concur in formal acts. England, the word is now seldom used except in regard to justices of the peace. It was an ancient practice of the crown to select a few of the justices, generally the most skilled in the law, and designate them as of the quorum,' so as to secure their presence on certain occasions when peculiar business requiring skill was to be done. This selection, however, by degrees came to be considered invidious; and by statutes of George II. and George III., it was expressly enacted that things which formerly required to be done only by justices of the quorum, might be done by ordinary justices. And latterly, the crown has made all the justices justices of the quorum, so as to put them all on the same footing. QUOTIDIAN FEVER. See AGUE. QUO' WA'RRANTO is a writ or information issued from the Court of Queen's Bench in Westminster, calling upon a person or body of persons to shew by what warrant they exercise a public office or privilege. It is the legal mode of remedying any usurpation of privilege or of office. Ꭱ = is the sinking or degradation of an original s between two vowels into r. On inscriptions, we find Lases, asas, esum, for what at a later period was written Lares, aras, eram. Jus, mos, became in the genitive juris, moris, instead of jusis, mosis. Even finals was sometimes degraded to r, as in the double forms, arbor arbos, honor = honos. Curiously, we know the date when the tendency to change & between two vowels into r set in; for Cicero remarks that L. Papirius Crassus, who was consul 336 B. C., was the first that was called Papirius, the ancestral name having been Papisius. The interchange in question occurs also to some extent in the Teutonic tongues. Compare Eng. forlorn with lose (Ger. verlieren), was with were; Ger. wesen (to be) with war (was); Goth. hausjan with Ger. hören (to hear); Eng. hare with Ger. hase. The unstable nature of this articulation is manifested in its frequently changing its place with regard to an adjoining vowel; compare board with broad; bird with old brid; grass with A.-S. gærs. RA. See EGYPT. THE eighteenth letter in the English and other Western alphabets, is one of the group of liquids. See LETTERS. Its name in Hebrew was Resh, meaning forehead, and the rude outline of a head is thought to be yet recognisable in the Phoenician form of the letter. Of all the consonants, R approaches most nearly to the vowels. In Sanscrit, there is an R-vowel, distinguished from the R-consonant by a different character. The Greek also had two varieties of R, one with the spiritus asper' (), or rough breathing, at the beginning of words, and when following another R; and another with the weaker breathing () in other positions. The Romans in spelling Greek words represented the former by rh, and hence we still write Rhodes, rheumatism, catarrh. This rh was probably of the guttural kind commonly called a 'burr. This pronunciation of r occurs as a peculiarity of individuals everywhere, but it is universal in Northumberland and Durham, and characterises the pronunciation of the letter in certain positions throughout Germany and Scandinavia. The normal pronunciation of R in English and in the Romanic tongues (and it appears to have been the same in Latin) is a vibratory sound produced by applying the tip of the tongue near the roots of the upper fore-teeth. From the resemblance to the growl of an angry dog, R was called by the ancients the dog's letter. In modern English, there is an increasing tendency to smooth down the roughness of the vibration, until, in such words as far, serf, world, ther has dwindled to a kind of nondescript vowel, modifying the preceding vowel. This emasculating process-for such it undoubtedly is-is in so far only the operation of the universal law of phonetic RAAʼLTE, a cantonal town of the Netherlands, decay, arising from the natural tendency to spend in the province of Overyssel, 11 miles north-northas little energy as possible; but it has been acceler-east of Deventer. Pop. 5570, of whom one-fourth ated in this case by a fashion which is apt to mistake languor and indifference for refinement. This affectation goes so far as to turn words like very, rare, into vewy, waaw. R is one of the most difficult articulations; children are long in learning it, and some individuals never can pronounce it. Whole nations (e. g., the Chinese and some Polynesian tribes) have no such consonant in their language, using instead. The interchanges of r 7 with are noticed under L. A more remarkable substitution is that of r for d, which was very prevalent in early Latin, as we learn from Priscian and from inscriptions. Ex. arvocatos for advocatos. The Latin of the literary period had returned from this corruption, except in arbiter (from an old verb, adbitere, to go to, to intervene), arcesso, and meridies (for medidies, from medius). The substitution is easily accounted for, when we consider that in both sounds the tongue is applied to the same part of the palate; only in the one it is applied firmly; in the other, loosely, so as to vibrate. A very common phenomenon, especially in Latin, RAAB (Hung. Györ), a town of Hungary, stands and the Little Danube, a branch of the great river on a marshy plain at the confluence of the Raab of that name, 67 miles west-north-west of Buda. It consists of an inner and outer town-the former well defended-is well built, but suffers from an insufficient supply of drinking-water. It contains beautiful cathedral. The manufactures are chiefly numerous religious edifices-among which is a tobacco and cutlery; and the trade of the town, favoured by its position on the highway between Vienna and Buda, is important both by land and by steamers on the river. Pop. 20,252. belong to the Reformed Church, and the remainder, excepting 50 Jews, to the Roman Catholic. The trade is chiefly in agricultural produce, cattle, wool, wood, and bark for tanning. R. is one of the prettiest places in the province, having many beautiful houses, and in the neighbourhood, seats of the nobility. Hans Willem, Baron van Bentinck, the founder of the ducal house of Portland, was born at R. in 1651. RAA'SAY, one of the Western Isles, belongs to the group of the Inner Hebrides, and lies between the Isle of Skye and the mainland; the sound of Raasay separating it from the former, and Applecross Sound from the latter. It is 13 miles in length by 2 miles in greatest breadth. Pop., which is gradually decreasing, was, in 1861, 388. The western side of the island is bare and uninteresting. On the eastern and more sheltered side, there are numerous farms, some patches of plantation, and bold and striking scenery. Brochel Castle, on the east shore-now a mere ruin-is the chief object of interest in the island. It is perched on the summit of a lofty cliff, which beetles over the sea, RABAT-RABBIT. and is entirely inaccessible, save by a pathway It is not adapted, like hares, to seek safety by winding around the cliff. RABA'T, or RABATT, a seaport and manufacturing town in the kingdom of Fez, Morocco, facturing town in the kingdom of Fez, Morocco, stands at the mouth of the Bu-Regreb, 135 miles south-south-west of the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. It is surrounded by walls; protected by batteries, and by a citadel, called El-Mansur; and contains numerous mosques, minarets, bazaars, &c. Owing to the silting up of the mouth of the river, the commerce of R. has much declined. Manufactures, however, of carpets, bournus, woollen fabrics, waterproofs, mixed linen and silk goods, saddlery, &c., are actively carried on. R. was formerly the centre of the European trade with Morocco, and it still exports olive oil, wool, almonds, wax, maize, &c. In 1863, 85 vessels, of 7170 tons, entered and cleared the port. Pop. 28,000, of whom 7000 are Jews. RA'BBA, a flourishing town of Africa, in the kingdom of Gando, stands on the left bank of the Niger, 80 miles above Egga, in lat. 9° 16′. The district by which it is surrounded is beautiful and highly cultivated. R. carries on an extensive general trade; is the most notorious slave-market in this part of Africa, and is said to contain 40,000 inhabitants. RA'BBI (Heb., My Master), an honorary title of the Jewish Masters of the Law, which is first found applied after the time of Herod, subsequently to the disputes between the two schools of Shammai (q. v.) and Hillel (q. v.). It was in common use at the time of Christ, who is addressed as such by his disciples and the common people. Other forms of the same title are Rab, Rabban, Rabbon, ('Rabbuni')—the first, like rabbi, being more a general term for a certain recognised authority, the latter applying more strictly to a head of an academy. The title Rabban, was first given to the grandson of Hillel, Gamaliel (q. v., and was only borne by seven other exalted chiefs of schools. Properly speaking, the following dignities alone were of old considered official: 1. Sopher, scribe, one who occupied himself with copying and commenting on the Scriptures, and who, when elected to the Sanhedrim (q. v.), received the title of Chacham (Sage); 2. Rabban, Nomodidaskalos, one who held popular orations, homiletically or otherwise treating of the Law. Out of the number of the regular disciples (Talmidim) were chosen the Chaberim (Colleagues), who, again, were elected to the dignity of a rabbi by the Semichah,' or imposition of hands by three members of the Sanhedrim. At present, nothing but the degree of 'Morenu,' our Teacher, bestowed upon a candidate who proves his erudition in the written and oral Law and all its bearings before a college of rabbis, is wanted to render him eligible for the post of a rabbi, which, however, carries no authority whatsoever with it, save on a very few ritual points. We need hardly allude to the popular fallacy of the rabbi of our day being a kind of 'priest' in the sense of the Old Testament. He is simply the teacher of the young, delivers sermons, assists at marriages and divorces, and the like, and has to decide on some ritual questions. Up to the times of the removal of the Disabilities' in Europe, he had on some occasions also to give judgment in civil matters, in accordance with the Choshen Mishpat,' a legal text-book, derived from the Talmudical and post-talmudical authoritative decisions. RABBIT (Lepus cuniculus), an animal of the same genus with the hare, but of smaller size, and with shorter limbs, the hind-legs shorter in proportion. rapid and continuous running, but by retreating to burrows, which it excavates with great dexterity. Except in some varieties, which result from domestication, the ears are only about as long as the head. The wild R. is of a grayish-brown colour, paler or whitish on the under parts; the ears not tipped with black, like those of the common hare; the tail rather larger and more conspicuous-brown above, white beneath. The R. exhibits a remarkable and another in the comparatively imperfect state difference from the hare in its gregarious habits; of the young at their birth, which are blind for some days, and are almost destitute of hair. It delights in sandy heaths, dry grounds covered with scattered furze or juniper, and other such situations; and is often very troublesome by its depredations to which, however, it is by no means restricted, on crops in the finest fields, having its abode in urrow in a wet soil. Although now very abundant some neighbouring wood, but it never makes its in most parts of Britain, and generally throughout Europe, the R. is said to have been introduced into Britain from Spain, and even to have been originally brought to Europe from the north of Africa. In a wild state, the R. is monogamous, and the attachment of a pair is said to continue during life; but in a state of domestication, it ceases to pair. The fertility of rabbits is proverbial they begin to breed when six months old, and are capable of producing several litters in a year, of 4 to 12 or more in a litter; so that, in favourable circumstances, they multiply with prodigious rapidity; and although they have many natural enemies, would in many places become an intolerable pest to farmers, were not means adopted to reduce their numbers. Rabbits often inflict great injury on plantations by barking young trees, seeming to take pleasure in tearing off far more than from trees. The flesh of rabbits is in high esteem, they can eat. An infusion of tobacco repels them from trees. The flesh of rabbits is in high esteem, and the fur being used for various purposes, rabbitwarrens are found profitable in lands not suited for agriculture. See RABBIT-SKINS. Instances have occurred of the R. and hare breeding together, but they are very rare, and the creatures seem rather to regard one another with antipathy. Tame rabbits exhibit great varieties of colour— gray, brown, reddish-black, more or less mixed with white, and often white with all the characters of in some of the varieties, among which excessively albinism. Peculiarities of other kinds also appear long and drooping ears are one of the most remarkable. Fancy rabbits are prized and tended like fancy pigeons. But when rabbits are kept for economical purposes, those which differ less widely ; RABBIT-SKINS-RABELAIS. small importance, for they form a branch of the Game Laws (q. v.). In England and Ireland, whoever is owner of the soil is entitled to catch and kill all the rabbits he finds upon it, without any game license; but if he is not the owner or tenant of the lands, nor acting by their express direction or permission, then he must have a license. As between landlord and tenant, the rule is, that unless the lease expressly say that the rabbits shall belong to the landlord, they belong to the tenant, who can kill and catch them at discretion. A tenant, however, though having a right to kill rabbits on his farm, cannot give leave to strangers to come on his farm and enjoy a day's sport there, though nothing but rabbits are killed, the privilege of killing the rabbits being personal to the tenant. Nevertheless, the tenant may employ his servant or a from the original type are preferred. Rabbits eat almost any kind of vegetable food; the coarser blades of cabbages, turnip-leaves, celery-tops, carrottops, and other produce of the garden, not suitable for human use, are readily consumed by them, as well as chick-weed, sow-thistle, dandelion, and many other weeds. With very little trouble, and still less expense, a man can easily secure one or two rabbits a week for his family from the produce of his stock. When the rabbitenclosure contains a plot of grass and clover, it affords them an important part of their food. Great care is requisite to keep their boxes dry, neglect of which, and a too exclusive feeding with green and succulent food, cause diseases, often fatal, particularly to the young. Dry food, such as corn, ought to be frequently given; and aromatic herbs-rabbit-catcher to kill the rabbits if they exist in exsuch as parsley, thyme, milfoil, &c.-not only tend to preserve the health of rabbits, but to improve the flavour of their flesh. It is usual to give no water to tame rabbits; but it is better to supply them regularly with it, and the females particularly need it after producing young. The Angora R. is a remarkable variety, with very long silky hair, which is easily stripped off in summer, and is of considerable value. The rearing of this kind of R. is extensively practised in some parts of France, in order to the manufacture of gloves, &c. An old English name for the R. is cony, and its name in many other languages is similar to this, as Lat. cuniculus, Ital. coniglio, Ger. Kaninchen, Welsh Cwningen; but the R. is not the Cony (q. v.) of Scripture. cessive quantities, for in that case he deals with them as vermin. See also GAME, POACHING. Paterson's Game-laws of the United Kingdom. At the value in consequence of the hair being well adapted The Gray R. (Lepus sylvaticus) of North America is the most plentiful species of the genus Lepus in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the more southern states; but although it somewhat resembles the common R. in colour, and is rather inferior to it in size, its habits are intermediate between those of the R. and of the hare. It does not burrow, although, when hard pressed by a pursuer, it retreats into any accessible hole, and sometimes digs, in order to escape from or enter an enclosure. Zoologically, rabbits belong to the family Leporide, of the order Rodentia. The greater number belong to the genus Lepus (Linnæus), while a few are referable to Lagomys, or the Pikas. The family was represented in the Miocene period of North America by the genus Palæologus (Leidy), and in the Postpliocene wise be attained. by Praotherium (Cope). The recent L. sylvaticus also The skins, after the hair has been removed from occurs in the latter formation in America. Species of Lepus are abundant in Africa and Western Asia, but them, are sold to the glue-makers, and are used North America possesses more species than either. mixed with shreds of other skins-in the manufacThere are but few in South America, and none in Austure of glue and size. Besides these uses, the skins tralia. Baird divides the American species into five of rabbits are dressed as furs, in various ways, to sections, dependent on the degree of separation of the post-orbital processes from the side of the temporal region. In one extreme they diverge widely from the cranium, in the other they are in close contact, with the distinguishing suture obliterated. To the last belong L. aquaticus and L. palustris, large-headed species from the swamps of the low countries of the Southern states; to the first, the Arctic hare (L. glacialis), the changing hare (L. americanus), and the Oregon hare (L. washingtonii), of the higher northern regions. Several species (L. campestris, L. callotis, L. artemisia) inhabit the plains west of the Mississippi River; the L. callotis is well known to pioneers in Texas and New Mexico as the Jackass Rabbit. As is the case with grouse, the northern hares assume a white pelage in winter, and a brown one in summer, the southern species retaining the brown colour throughout the year. RABBITS, in point of English law, give rise to many nice questions, which in practical life are of no supply the demand for cheap articles; and so skilfully is this branch of trade carried on, that admirable imitations of the rarer and more costly furs are made. Thus, ermine and miniver are made from white rabbit-skins, the black ones furnishing the spots; and the common variety is dressed and dyed various ways, to represent the furs of darkcoloured animals. In the reign of Henry VIII, rabbit-fur was valued very highly, and was worn by the nobles of the realm; this is referred to in the charter of the Skinners' Company. United States for the imitation furs prepared from There has been a very large market in the United States for the imitation furs prepared from rabbit-skins, to which country British manufacturers have largely exported. RABELAIS, FRANÇOIS, the greatest of French humorists, was born, according to the general statement of biographers, in 1483, but more probably towards 1495, at Chinon, a small town in Touraine. His father, Thomas Rabelais, was proprietor of a RABELAIS-RABIES. The scientific treatises of R. are-almost in the nature of the case-long since utterly forgotten; but his romance, in which are narrated the wonderful adventures of Garagantua and Pantagruel, continues to take rank as one of the world's masterpieces of humour and grotesque invention. In the form of a sportive and extravagant fiction, it is, in fact, a satirical criticism of the corrupt society of the period, the prevalent follies and vices of which are parodied with surprising effect and ingenuity. The difficulty of its allegorical form, however, and the quantity of recondite allusion it embodies, tend somewhat to impair the effect of the work for most modern readers. Also, it must be said, that in his attempt to farm in the neighbourhood, celebrated for the accompany him, in fulfilment of a desire long quality of its wine, the sale of which he perhaps cherished. While at Rome, he petitioned Paul III. combined with the business of an apothecary. His for a remission of the penalties still attached to his prosperous circumstances enabled him to give to his misdemeanour before mentioned; and through the son every advantage of education, and at an early interest of Du Bellay and others, a bull was age, the boy was sent as a pupil to the neighbouring obtained, absolving him, and permitting his return Abbey of Seully. His progress in his studies being to the order of St Benedict. But he continued the found by no means satisfactory, he was thence exercise of his profession of medicine at Montpellier removed to the university of Angers. Here and other towns till 1538, when he withdrew as though as a scholar he still remained quite canon into Du Bellay's own abbey of St Maur des undistinguished-he was fortunate enough to Fosses, near Paris, and resumed his monastic habit. make the acquaintance of Jean (afterwards the The death of Francis I. in 1547, was followed by celebrated Cardinal) Du Bellay, to whose steady the fall of Cardinal du Bellay, the new monarch, and helpful friendship he was subsequently much Henry II., favouring the Cardinal de Lorraine. R indebted. At the desire of his father he consented shared for a time in the disgrace of his old protector, to embrace the monastic state, and after passing whom he appears to have followed to Rome, but through the preliminary novitiate, became a brother his tact and irresistible humour won him friends of the order of St Francis, in the convent of Fon- among the Lorraines, and in 1551 he obtained the tenay le Comte, according to the annalist, Pierre curacy of Meudon, in the occupancy of which de St Romuald, in 1511, but the discovery of a the remainder of his life was passed. So far as document by M. B. Fillon (Poitou et Vendée, Fon- record remains of it, his life here was happy and tenay, 1861), renders the date 1519 more probable. blameless. He was exemplary in the fulfilment of R. now devoted himself with the utmost ardour duty, profuse of charity, sedulous in the relief of and perseverance to the prosecution of his hitherto suffering, for which his medical knowledge afforded neglected studies. Aiming at the widest culture him unusual facilities; and always specially attainable, he ranged the whole circle of the delighted to cultivate, as occasion served, the sciences as then understood. To medicine, in society of those any way noted as eminent in learnparticular, he seems to have been strongly attracted; ing or science. He died at Paris, in 1553, in the and in the sphere of language, in addition to Latin Rue des Jardins, in the parish of St Paul, in the and Greek, he is said to have attained a compe- cemetery of which he was buried. tent mastery of Italian. Spanish, German, English, Hebrew, and Arabic. Meantime, with his brothermonks, he was much the reverse of a favourite. They hated him for his devotion to the new learning, and suspected his Greek to be only a cover for heresy. About 1523, a search was made in his cell for suspicious books; the whole were confiscated, and to save himself from further and sharper persecution he fled. But though only a poor monk, the wit and learning of R. had gained him several influential friends, through whose exertions he obtained from Pope Clement VII. an indulgence to transfer himself from the order of St Francis to that of St Benedict, and became an inmate of the monastery of Maillezais. For the calumny afterwards circulated, that his removal was necessitated by the odium attached to a life of profligate indulgence, there seems no reason to it is the whim of the writer to infect himself with suppose that there ever was the smallest ground. not a little of its foulness; and such is the We must infer that in his new abode he found riotous licence of the buffoonery, from behind which, himself not much more comfortable than before, as a stalking-horse, he shoots the arrows of his wit, as after a few years he quitted it abruptly, without that few books are less fitted for general perusal in the sanction of his ecclesiastical superiors, thereby the present more decorous times. On the publication incurring the severest censures of the church. But of his work, the charge of irreligion and atheism it was not persecution that induced this second was freely preferred against R., and certain other flight from the monastic state. It was the incurable scandals were circulated, for which there seems to aversion of the grotesque hun.rist to the restraints have been in his life no foundation, except as the of the 'regular' clergy. And nobody seems to have free tone assumed by the writer might suggest a really blamed him for his professional apostacy-precarious inference to defective morality in the his own bishop, among others, receiving him at his table in the most friendly manner! During 15241530 he appears to have frequented the universities of Paris and Bourg; which may account for the intimate knowledge of university manners and opinions shewn in his great work. In the year 1530, he settled himself at Montpellier, and taking a medical degree at the university, was appointed to the post of lecturer. In 1532 he went as hospital physician to Lyon, where he published several works on medical science, besides other miscellaneous matter bearing on archæology, jurisprudence, &c. In the beginning of 1534, his old friend, Jean Du Bellay, then Bishop of Paris, and shortly after to be Cardinal, passed through Lyon, on an embassy to Rome, whither, in the capacity of travelling physician, R. was delighted to Cleanse the foul body of the infected world, man. The religious corruptions of the time, and the vices of the priestly class, had formed one favourite theme of his satire, and he simply paid the usual penalty in thus incurring the easy retcrt calumnious. See Delécluze, François Rabelais (Par. 1841), and P. Lacroix, Rabelais sa Vie et ses Ouvrages (Par. 1859), in the latter of which works the incidents of his career are for the first time clearly and correctly narrated. RA'BIES, the name given to a disease affecting the dog and other animals, was known to the ancients, and is spoken of by Aristotle, Pliny, and Horace; but it does not seem to have been then so virulent in its nature, or alarming in its consequences, and Aristotle, perhaps in ignorance. states that man was not subject to its attacks. was very prevalent on the continent two or three It |