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Fig. 1.-The left Shoulder-Joint and its Connections.
1, the clavicle or collar bone; 2, the acromion process; 3, the
coracoid process; 4, the capsular ligament; 5, the coraco-
humeral ligament; 6, the tendons of the biceps muscle;
7, the shaft of the humerus or arm-bone; 8, the greater tube-
rosity of the humerus; 9, the lesser tuberosity; 10, the neck
of the scapula: 11, anterior surface of the scapula.

Fig. 2.-Dislocation of the Shoulder-Joint downwards. 1, the clavicle; 2, the acromion process; 3, the coracoid process; 4, the glenoid cavity; 5, the head of the humerus lying in the axilla.

to touch the ribs; and the head of the bone can be felt if the limb be raised, although such an attempt causes great pain and weakness, from the pressure exerted on the axillary plexus of nerves.'-Druitt's Surgeon's Vade-mecum, 8th ed. p. 282. There are at least five methods of treating this form of dislocation. It is sufficient to notice two of them. 1. Reduction by the heel in the axilla. The patient lies on a couch, and the operator sits at the edge, and puts his heel (the shoe or boot being previously removed) into the axilla, to press the head of the bone upwards and outwards, and at the same time pulls the limb downward by means of a towel fastened above the elbow. There is a figure of this operation in the article DISLOCATIONS. 2. Reduction by the knee in the axilla. The patient being seated in a chair, the surgeon places one of his knees in the axilla, resting his foot on the chair. He then puts one hand on the shoulder, to The shoulder-joint exhibits the following varie-fix the scapula, and with the other depresses the ties of motion: 1. Flexion, to a great extent; 2. Extension, in a much more limited degree; 3. Adduction, in an oblique direction, forwards and inwards; 4. Abduction very freely; 5. Circumduction; and 6. Rotation slightly.

derives much of its strength. Accordingly, in paralysis of the arm, one or two fingers can often be pressed into the joint towards the head of the glenoid cavity, from which the head of the humerus is now separated.

elbow over his knee.-For a description of the symptoms and mode of treatment of the other forms of dislocation, and of the different varieties of practice, we must refer the reader to any systematic treatise on Surgery.

SHO'VELLER (Rhynchaspis), a genus of ducks,

The morbid affections of the shoulder-joint may be divided into (1) those arising from disease, and (2) those dependent on an accident. The most common diseases are acute and chronic inflammation of the joint, which often terminate in its anchylosis or immobility. The principal accidents are fractures and dislocations. There may be fracture (1) of the acromion process, or (2) of the coracoid process, or (3) of the neck of the scapula, or (4) of the superior extremity of the humerus ; or two or more of these accidents may be associated. Again, the head of the humerus may be dislocated from the glenoid cavity as the result of accident in three different directions-viz. (1), Downwards and inwards into the axilla, which is by far the most common form; (2) Forwards and inwards; and (3) Backwards on the infra-spinous fossa, or the dorsum of the scapula. The first of these varieties is of such common occurrence, that persons of ordinary intelligence should know how to recognise, and even (in an emergency) to treat it. The bones are in the position shewn in the figure; and the following are the most prominent symptoms: of the section having no lobe or pendent membrane 'The arm is lengthened; a hollow may be felt on the hind toe, and remarkable for the expansion

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Shoveller, male and female (Rhynchaspis clypeata).

SHOWERS OF FISHES-SHREWSBURY.

not often eat it, probably on account of its strong musky smell; but it is the prey of weasels, hawks, owls, and shrikes. Harmless and inoffensive as it is, it has long been very generally regarded with

of the end of the mandibles in adult birds, particu-in which many are killed. Cats kill the S., but do larly of the upper mandible. The lamella of the mandibles are long and very delicate. The legs are placed near the centre of the body, so that these birds walk much more easily than many of the ducks. The Common S. (R. clypeata) is smaller than the wild duck, but rather larger than the widgeon. The S. is a winter visitant in New Jersey, but not very common. A few remain in the northern states all the year. It is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and North America. Its flesh is very highly esteemed. A species of S. is found in Australia.

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SHOWERS OF FISHES have occasionally fallen in different parts of the world, exciting great astonishment. Instances of this kind have occurred in Britain. A few years since, a shower of small three-spined sticklebacks fell near Merthyr-Tydvil in Wales, sprinkling the ground and house-tops over an area of at least several square miles. They were alive when they fell; yet if caught up by a whirlwind from any of the brackish ponds near the sea, in which this species of fish abounds, they must have been conveyed through the air a distance of almost thirty miles. Another recent instance occurred at Torrens, in the isle of Mull, in which herrings were found strewed on a hill five hundred yards from the sea, and one hundred feet above it.

common.

Showers of fishes occur much more frequently in those tropical countries where violent storms, sudden gusts of wind, and whirlwinds are most In India, a shower of fishes varying from a pound and a half to three pounds in weight has been known to fall. Sometimes the fishes are living, more frequently they are dead, and sometimes dry or putrefying. They are always of kinds abundant in the sea or fresh waters of the neighbourhood; and it cannot be doubted that they are carried up into the air by violent winds or whirlwinds; although they sometimes fall at a considerable distance from any water which could supply them. The sudden reappearance of fresh-water fishes in ponds which have been dried up for months in tropical countries, is often popularly ascribed to their falling from the clouds; but the truth is, that they have been buried in the mud below, existing probably in a state analogous to that of animals in cold climates during hybernation. A pool, the bottom of which has long been dry, and on which grass has grown and cattle have walked, is again filled with fishes in a few hours after it is filled with water.

SHRA'PNELL SHELL. See SHELL.

SHREW (Sorex), a genus of small quadrupeds of the family Sorecida. They are often popularly confounded with mice and rats, but are really very different, having insectivorous and not rodent teeth. The head is very long; the snout elongated, attenuated, and capable of being moved about; the eyes small; the tail long; both body and tail covered with fine short hair; the feet have a broad sole and 5 toes. The genus has recently been subdivided, and the British species belong to more than one of the subdivisions. The COMMON S. of Britain (S. or Corsira vulgaris) was, until recently, confounded with S. araneus, a species common in continental Europe. It is nearly 2 inches in length from the snout to the root of the tail, the length of which is about 1 inches. It abounds in dry fields, gardens, and hedge-banks; feeding chiefly on insects and worms, for which it grubs with its long snout amongst the roots of the herbage. It burrows, and makes long runs just under the surface of the ground. It is an excessively pugnacious little animal, and the males have fierce combats in spring,

Common Shrew (Sorex vulgaris).

dread and aversion by the vulgar. (See White's Natural History of Selborne).—The WATER S. (Neobeing fully 3 inches long, and the tail 2 inches. It sorex albibarbis) is larger than the Common S., is of a blackish-brown colour, gray or white on the underparts. It burrows in the banks of streams, northern United States. Some of the Indian species and is very aquatic in its habits. It is found in the of S. attain a much larger size, as that called the is the smallest of all known Mammalia. It is only Musk Rat (q. v.). There is an Italian species which about 14 inch in length, exclusive of the tail, which

measures about 1 inch.

SHREW MOLE (Scalops), a genus of insectiv orous Mammalia, of the family Talpida, and very nearly allied to the moles. nearly allied to the moles. There are 6 incisors, 2 canine teeth, 8 false molars, and 6 true molars in each jaw. The ear is destitute of auricle; the eyes are very small, and much concealed; the feet are 5-toed, the fore-feet large, as in the mole. The whole figure, and also the habits, resemble those of the mole.-There are several species, all natives of North America.

SHREW'SBURY, a parliamentary and municipal borough and market-town, the capital of Shropshire, stands on the Severn, by which it is nearly surrounded, 163 miles north-north-west of London by the London and North-western Railway. It is irregular in plan, contains many inferior houses, partly built of timber, but often of very picturesque appearance. In the modern quarters, the houses are handsome and regular. Two bridges, the 'English' and the 'Welsh,' cross the Severn, and connect the town with the suburbs of AbbeyForegate and Coleham on the east, and Frankwell on the west. To the north, is the other suburb of Castle-Foregate. The town contains interesting remains of the ancient walls, the castle, two monas teries, and a Benedictine abbey. The remains of the Abbey Church now form the church of Holy Cross. There are other ecclesiastical edifices, a Free School, with an income from endowment of £310€ a year, and 22 exhibitions to the universities; a number of other important schools, institutes, hospitals, &c. The Town and County Hall, the Public Rooms, a handsome Greek structure, and the Market-house, dating from the reign of Elizabeth, are worthy of mention. S. carries OL manufactures of linen-thread, canvas, and iron wares, and there is a salmon-fishery on the Severn. Brawn and 'Shrewsbury Cakes' made here have long been held in esteem. The borough returns two members to the House of Commons. (1861) 25,803.

The

Pop.

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SHRIKE-SHROVETIDE.

S., called by the Welsh Pengwern, was named by the Anglo-Saxons Scrobbes-Byrig, and of this the modern name is a corruption. The town connects itself intimately with the history of the country from the 12th to the 17th century. It was taken by Llewellyn the Great, Prince of North Wales, in 1215. during the disturbances between King John and the barons; and in 1403, Henry IV. here defeated the insurgent Percies and their allies with great slaughter. It was taken by the Parliamentarians in 1644.

SHRIKE, or BUTCHER-BIRD (Lanius), a genus of birds of the family Laniadce (q. v.), îmitating in its bill the Falconidae more nearly than any other of that family; having a short, thick, and compressed bill, the upper mandible curved, hooked at the tip, and furnished with a prominent tooth, the base of the bill beset with hairs, which point forwards. The species are numerous, most of them natives of warm climates, although some occur in the more northern parts of the world. They prey

Great Gray Shrike (Lanius excubitor). on insects and small birds, and have a remarkable habit of impaling their prey on thorns; so that the nest of a Š. may be discovered by the numerous insects impaled in the neighbourhood of it. Shrikes kill and impale many insects which they never eat, leaving them to dry in the sun; and in confinement they make use for this purpose of a nail, if provided with it, or stick portions of their food between the wires of the cage. They can imitate in some degree the notes of many birds, particularly those which are the utterance of distress, and they seem to make use of this power in order to attract birds within their reach. The most common British species, rarely seen, however, except in the south of England, is the RED-BACKED S. (L. colluris), a bird only about 7 inches in length, about a third of the length being formed by the tail, which is square at the end. Insects are the chief food of this bird, but it also preys on small birds, young frogs, and even young pheasants.-The GREAT GRAY S., or SENTINEL S. (L. excubitor), is about the size of a thrush. It is a rare bird in Britain, but common in some parts of Europe, and is found also in Asia and North America. It was formerly used by falconers in catching hawks, of which it is greatly afraid, screaming loudly on their approach: the falconer waited in concealment, after fastening some pigeons and a S. to the ground, until the scream of the S. gave him notice to pull the string of his net.

SHRIMP (Crangon), a genus of crustaceans, of the order Decapoda, suborder Macroura, and family Crangonidæ, allied to lobsters, crayfish, and prawns. The form is elongated, tapering, and arched as if hunch-backed. The claws are not large, the fixed

finger merely a small tooth, the movable finger hook-shaped. The beak is very short, affording a ready distinction from prawns. The whole structure is very delicate, almost translucent; and the colours are such that the creature may readily escape observation, whether resting on a sandy bottom, or swimming through the water. The quick darting movements of shrimps, like short leaps, however, betray them to any one who looks attentively into a pool left by the retiring tide on a sandy shore. When alarmed, they bury themselves in the sand, by a peculiar movement of their fanlike tail fin.The COMMON S. (C. vulgaris) is very abundant on the British coasts, and very generally elsewhere on those of Europe, wherever the shore is sandy. It is about two inches long, of a greenish-gray colour, dotted with brown. It is in great esteem as an article of food, and is generally taken by nets in the form of a wide-mouthed bag, stretched by means of a short cross-beam at the end of a pole, and pushed along by the shrimper wading to the knees. Sometimes a net of larger size is dragged along by two boats. The supply of the market with shrimps affords employment to a great number of people. The other species of S. seem to be equally fit for the table. Several are occasionally taken on the British coasts, but belong rather to more southern climates. Shrimps are very interesting inmates of the aquarium.

SHROPSHIRE, or SA'LOP, a frontier county in the west of England, bounded on the W. by North Wales, and on the E. by the counties of Stafford and Worcester. Area, 826,055 acres; pop. (1861) 240,959. The Severn, the principal river, enters the county from Montgomeryshire, about 12 miles west of Shrewsbury. It pursues a generally southeast course of 70 miles across the county, is navigable throughout, and is joined by two considerable tributaries, the Tern and Teme. To the north and north-east of the Severn, the county is generally level, and is under tillage; to the south and southeast, it is hilly and mountainous, and here cattlebreeding is extensively carried on. A breed of horned sheep is peculiar to this county. than three-fourths of the whole acreage are arable, or in pasture and meadow. The soil is generally fertile and well cultivated, though there are still extensive tracts of waste land. S. is remarkable for its mineral wealth. The coal, iron, copper, and lead fields of Coalbrookdale, Snedshill, Ketly, &c., are very productive. Several thousand persons are employed in raising coal, iron, stone, and lime, and in the iron manufacture. The county returns four members to the House of Commons. Capital, Shrewsbury.

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SHROUDS are very strong ropes passing from the heads of the lower masts in a ship to the chains or channels on her sides, for the purpose of affording lateral support. They are crossed by thinner ropes, called ratlines, to form steps or ladders. The topmast shrouds in ship-rigged vessels are similar, except, that they terminate in a row of dead-eves on the outside of the tops.

SHRO’VETIDE (Anglo-Saxon scrifan, to shrive, to confess) literally means 'confession-time,' and is the name given to the days immediately preceding Ash-Wednesday, which, as indeed the whole period after Septuagesima Sunday appears to have been, were anciently days of preparation for the penitential time of Lent; the chief part of which preparation consisted in receiving the sacrament of penance, i. e., in being shriven, or confessing. In the modern discipline of the Roman Catholic Church a trace of this is still preserved, as, in many countries, the time of the confession, which precedes the

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