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BORER-BORGIA.

and has a swollen hood-like appearance, the head being, as it were, received within it. This insect has long been noted for the pertinacity with which it

Borer (Anobium striatum),
Natural size, and magnified.

simulates death. This instinct appears to be common to the whole tribe, as it is also to many other insects. -Another species of the same genus, Anobium tesselatum, has become an object of interest as one of the insects which, being sometimes heard to make a peculiar ticking noise, are connected with superstitious fancies and fears, and receive the name of Death-watch (q. v.).

CAMILLO

BORGHE'SÉ, a family of great distinction in the republic of Siena, and afterwards at Rome. B. ascended the papal throne in 1605 as Paul V., and by him other members of the family were advanced to high positions. A marriage with the heiress of the family of Aldobrandini brought the B. family into the possession of great wealth. CAMILLO FILIPPO LUDOVICO B., Prince B., born at Rome in 1775, joined the French army when it invaded Italy; and in 1803 married Pauline, the sister of Napoleon Bonaparte, and widow of General Leclerc. His wife subsequently received the principality of Guastalla, and he was created Duke of Guastalla, and under the French Empire he was for some time governor-general of the provinces beyond the Alps. He held his court at Turin, and was very popular among the Piedmontese. He sold the B. collection of artistic treasures to Napoleon for 13,000,000 francs, receiving in part-payment the Piedmontese national domains; but when these were reclaimed by the king of Sardinia in 1815, he received back some of the works of ancient art. After the overthrow of Napoleon, he separated from his wife, and broke off all connection with the Bonaparte family. He lost Guastalla, but retained the principalities of Sulmona and Rossano, his hereditary possessions. He died in 1832.—The Borghese Palace is one of the most magnificent at Rome. The noble portico of the inner court is composed of 96 granite columns; the collection of paintings is remarkably fine.

of the king of Aragon. He died in 1458.-Rodrigo B. ascended the papal throne in August 1492, under the name of Alexander VI. (q. v.). Before his elevation to the popedom he had a number of children by a Roman woman named Vanozza (Giulia Farnese), of whom two, Cesare and Lucrezia, share their father's extraordinary historic infamy.-CESARE or CESAR B., was one of the greatest monsters of a time of depravity, when the court of Rome was the scene of all the worst forms of crime. He unscrupulously made use of the most sacred things as means to the most iniquitous ends. He had early received high ecclesiastical preferment, and his father, soon after becoming pope, invested him with the purple. But his father conferring upon his brother Giovanni the Duchy of Benevento, with the counties of Terracina and Pontecorvo, Cæsar, as was believed, moved with envy, caused his brother to be assassinated. He obtained the duchy and counties for himself, and was permitted by his father to resign the purple and to devote himself to the profession of arms. He was sent in 1498 to France, to convey to Louis XII. a bull of divorce and dispensation from his marriage with Anne of Brittany. Louis rewarded him for the pope's complaisance with the Duchy livres of yearly revenue, and a promise of support in of Valentinois, a body-guard of 100 men, 20,000 his schemes of ambition.

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In 1499 Cæsar married

a daughter of the king of Navarre; and accompanied Louis XII. to Italy, where he undertook the conquest of the Romagna for the Holy See. The rightful lords of that country, who fell into his hands, were murdered, notwithstanding that their lives had been guaranteed by his oath. In 1501 he was named by his father, Duke of Romagna. In the same year, he wrested the principality of Piombino acquire Bologna and Florence. He took Camerino, from Jacopo D'Appiano, but failed in an attempt to and caused Giulio Di Varano, the lord of that town, to be strangled along with his two sons. By treachery as much as by violence he made himself master of the Duchy of Urbino. A league of Italian princes was formed to resist him, but he kept them in awe by a body of Swiss troops, till he succeeded in winning some of them over by advantageous offers, employed them against the others, and then treacherously murdered them on the day of the victory, 31st December 1502, at Sinigaglia. He now seized their possessions, and saw no obstacle in the way of his being made king of Romagna, of the March, and of Umbria, when, on 17th August 1503, his father died, probably of poison which he had prepared for twelve cardinals. Cæsar, also, who was a party to the design (and who, like his father, had long been familiar with that mode of despatching those who BORGHE'SI, BARTOLOMMEO, COUNT, a distin- stood in the way of his ambition, or whose wealth guished antiquarian, born at Savignano, Central he desired to obtain), had himself partaken of the Italy, on the 11th July 1781. His father, Pietro poison, and the consequence was a severe illness, Borghesi, who was one of the most accomplished exactly at a time when the utmost activity and prescholars of his time, trained him to an early delight sence of mind were requisite for his affairs. Enemies in learned pursuits. He studied at Bologna, and rose against him on all hands, and one of the most afterwards devoted himself to archæological re-inveterate of them ascended the papal throne as searches. He arranged the numismatic collection in Milan, and that of the Vatican, of which he drew up a catalogue. In reward for this work, he obtained from the pope exemption for himself and family from the observance of fasts. In 1821 he fixed his residence in the republic of San Marino. His principal work yet published is his Nuovi Frammenti Dei Fasti Consolari Capitolini Illustrati (2 vols., Milan, 1818-1820). His contributions to Forcellini's Latin Lexicon are very highly prized.

BO'RGIA, a family originally Spanish, but which acquired great eminence in Italy after the elevation of Alfonso Borgia to the popedom, as Calixtus III., in 1455. He had previously been a privy-councillor

Julius II. Cæsar was arrested and conveyed to the Castle of Medina Del Campo, in Spain, where he lay imprisoned for two years. At length he contrived to make his escape to the king of Navarre, whom he accompanied in the war against Castile, and was killed on the 12th March 1507 by a missile from the Castle of Biano. With all his baseness and cruelty, B. was temperate and sober. He loved and patronized learning, and possessed in a remarkable degree a ready and persuasive eloquence. Macchiavelli has delineated his character in his Principe.— LUCREZIA B. was a woman of great beauty. She was married first to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, but forsook him, and lived in incestuous intercourse

BORGO-BORING.

with her two brothers and with her own father. 2. For Artesian wells, and for the discovery of She then married, in 1498, Alfonso, Duke of Biscaglia, a natural son of Alfonso II. of Naples; but he was assassinated by her brother Cæsar in 1501. In September of the same year, she married Alfonso of Este, who afterwards inherited the Duchy of Ferrara. She died in 1520. Like her brother Cæsar, she shrank from no crime; but she also was a patroness of art and learning, and upon this account homage was paid to her by Pietro Bembo and other poets of that time.

BO'RGO, a name given to a number of towns and villages in Italy and the Southern Tyrol, and indicating the growth of the town or village around a castle or castellated rock, the original Borgo. See BOROUGH. Thus B. di val Sugana is a place of 3500 inhabitants, with a castellated hill, in the Tyrol; B. Lavezzano, B. San Dalmazzo, and B. Manero are places of 2000-7000 inhabitants, in the Sardinian territory; B. San Donnino, a place of 6000 inhabitants, in the Duchy of Parma; B. San Sepolcro, a town of 4000, in Tuscany, &c.

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BORING, as a process in carpentry and in the working of metals, is performed in a variety of ways. For boring holes in wood the carpenter makes use of awls, which simply displace a portion of the wood, and of gimlets, augers, and bits of various kinds, these these last being applied by means of the crank-shaped instrument called a brace. All these are too familiar to need description. The boring of holes in metal plates for making attachments, is effected by means of drills driven by machinery. The annexed figure shews the essential parts of such а boring

machine. The drill is inserted in the end of a vertical spindle, P, which revolves in a fixed frame, and is driven by the bevel-wheels G. The metal to be bored is placed on a table or other Boring Machine. support below the drill; and the up and down motion, or end-pressure and off-action, of the drill is effected by the hand-gear, O, N, turning the screw M; screw M; which being coupled to the top of the spindle at L, presses it down or raises it, according to the way it is turned. The spindle slides vertically to the collar forming the axis of the bevel wheel, but is carried round with it by means of the pin I, which projects into a groove seen at J.

The boring of Cannon and of Cylinders for steam-engines is most conveniently described under CANNON FOUNDING and CYLINDER; see also LATHE.

BORING, applied to the earth and to rocks, has two chief uses. 1. For Draining.-In some districts, owing to the existence, near the surface, of a bed of clay impervious to water, the surface-water is retained in hollows, of greater or less extent. The expense of deep draining has been so great as to induce proprietors to neglect such land; but this expense has lately been avoided by leading drains to the lowest portion of the hollow, and then opening a bore through the clay to the pervious strata of sand or gravel beneath. This is done by a simple instrument, an auger of 24 or 34 inches in diameter, wrought by means of a cross-bar by one or two men.

the mineral contents of the earth.-As the borings for these purposes are performed in the same manner, it is unnecessary to give them separate notices. The object in boring for Artesian wells is to open a passage for the escape of water from water-logged strata. See ARTESIAN WELLS. In the search for minerals, B. is had recourse to as a cheap method of discovering the mineral wealth of a district, and whether the quantity and quality of the contained minerals are such as to make the working remunerative. It should, however, never be undertaken without a previous geological survey of the locality; the neglect of this has caused an immense loss of time and money in futile searches for minerals, as in the innumerable cases of bores driven for coal. B. is also of use even after the presence into Silurian and Old Red Sandstone strata, in search of coal has been ascertained, to determine the most which the coal is to be drawn up. The general advantageous position for sinking the shaft by method of operating is as follows: The boring instrument consists of an iron shank, having a cross-bar at the top and a hollow screw at the bottom; to this all the successive B. instruments are fastened. A simple chisel is first attached to the screw, and one or two men press upon the cross-bar, and at the same time force it round like an auger; while another workman, by means of a lever erected overhead, with a chain descending from it to the cross-bar, gives an up and down motion to the instrument. When the chisel becomes clogged, from the accumulation of material which it has loosened, it is exchanged for a cylindrical auger, provided with a valve, which scoops out the separated material; and thus by alternate chopping and scooping the work is carried on. The nature of the strata is determined with considerable facility and certainty by examining the fragments brought up by the auger. As the work advances, successive lengths of rod are screwed on at the upper end. Three poles are erected over the well, for the purpose of elevating the rods, to permit the change of the tools.

The cost of B. varies with the material through which the operation is carried on. In strata of moderate hardness, the cost is about 10s. a fathom for the first ten fathoms, and an additional 6s. for each 5 fathoms beyond.

A simple method of B. has long been in use among the Chinese, by which the great loss of time arising from the screwing and unscrewing the rods, at each elevation of the chisel or auger, is saved. The chisel and scooping instrument are fastened to a rope, which is alternately elevated and allowed to descend by the simple force of gravity; the instrument thus forces its way through the ground. the softer rocks of the newer formations this method. has been successfully employed in boring for Artesian wells.

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In

A still greater saving in time and money has been obtained by a process invented by M. Fauvelle, and described by him before the British Association in 1846. His apparatus consists of a hollow boringrod, formed of wrought-iron tubes screwed end to end, armed at the lower end with a hollow perforating tool. The upper end of the hollow rod is connected with a force-pump by a flexible tube. By means of the force-pump a current of water is sent down the rod into the bore-hole as it is sunk, and the water coming up again brings with it all the drilled particles, so that, except for the renewal of the perforating tool, the rods do not require to be elevated. M. Fauvelle found, by experience, that when he was passing through gravel, or required to bring up considerable masses of broken-off rock, it was better to inject the water by the bore-hole and

BORLASE-BORNEO.

let it rise through the hollow tube. In this way he | unhealthy for Europeans, but in the higher grounds,

has succeeded in raising stones 24 inches long by 11 inch thick.

BORLASE, REV. WILLIAM, an English antiquarian, was born at Pendeen, Cornwall, February 2, 1696. Ordained a priest in the English Church in 1720, he was, in 1732, presented to the vicarage of his native parish of St. Just. Devoting himself to a study of the natural history and antiquities of Cornwall, he in 1753 published, at the Oxford press, a volume, entitled Observations on the Antiquities, Historical | and Monumental, of the County of Cornwall. This was followed in 1758, by the Natural History of Cornwall, printed at the same press. B. paraphrased the book of Job, and wrote several pieces of a religious nature, was active in the supervision of his parish, and took an especial interest in the improvement of its highways. But that which makes his name most interesting now, is the fact that he was one of Pope's correspondents, and furnished to the poet most of the curious fossils of which the Twickenham grotto was composed. He died August 31, 1772.

towards the north-east, the temperature is generally as moderate as that of Europe. The rainy season lasts on the west coast from November to May, and the thermometer varies in the middle of the day from 81° to 91° Fahr. Vegetation is extremely luxuriant. Besides vast forests of ironwood, teak, the gutta-percha tree, ebony, &c., the products of the vegetable kingdom include dye-woods, nutmeg, sago, camphor, cinnamon, citrons, betel, pepper, ginger, rice, grain, sweet potatoes, yams, cotton, and bamboo. The animal kingdom rivals the vege table. It produces elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, bears, tigers, ounces, buffaloes, various kinds of deer, the babyroussa, apes, amongst which the orangoutangs are very numerous, and domestic animals; also eagels, vultures, parrots, owls, the swallows of whose edible nests the Chinese are so fond, birds of paradise, flamingoes, peacocks, &c.; many kinds of snakes, lizards, and tortoises; while in the surrounding seas are whales, seals, and cachalots, many kinds of fish, and pearl muscles. Among the mineral products are coal (said to be better than BO'RNEENE, FLUID BORNEO CAMPHOR, Newcastle in quality); gold, which in the district of or OIL OF CAMPHOR, is a thin liquid, lighter Sambas alone yields half a million of pounds sterling than water, with a fragrant odour (somewhat resem-annually; antimony, iron, tin, and zinc; also rockbling turpentine), obtained by distilling native oil of crystals and diamonds, which sometimes are of 20 to Borneo camphor, or oil of Valerian. The B. is employed in perfumery.

BO'RNEO (called by the natives Pulo-kalamantin), next to Australia the largest island in the world, is situated in the Indian Archipelago, and extends from lat. 7° 4' N. to 4° 10' S., and from long. 108° 50' to 119° 20′ E. Divided by the equatorial line into two portions, nearly equal in surface, though of different shape, it is bounded on the E. by the Sea of Celebes and the Macassar Strait, on the S. by the Sea of Java, and on the W. and N. by the China Sea. Its length is about 800 miles, with a breadth of 700, and an area estimated at 300,000 square miles. The population is variously stated, but the probable number is about 2,500,000. The coasts of B., which are often low and marshy, and rendered dangerous to navigation by numerous islets and rocks, present no deep indentations, though they are pierced by numerous small bays and creeks. Of the interior, as yet comparatively little is known. Indeed, with the exception of certain not very extensive advances inland, made by Dutch and British enterprise, from the south and west and north-west, the country may be said to be wholly unexplored. Two chains of mountains run through the island in a nearly parallel direction, from southwest to north-east; the one rising in Sarawak (q. v.), gradually increases in elevation until it attains in its termination in Mount Kini Balu, on the north coast, a height of 13,698 feet-a cross chain, branching off in about lat. 2° N., extends in a south-east direction through Banjermassin (q. v.): the other range, which is much lower, intersects the equator in long. 113° E. Between are well-watered plains. B. has numerous fine rivers, especially on the north and west coast. About their upper course, however, little or nothing is known. The principal are the Batanglopar, with a breadth of 4 miles at its mouth in the China Sea, in lat. 1° 30' N.; the Borneo or Brunai, on which Borneo the capital of the island is situated, on Seriboe, the Morotaba or Sarawak, the Pontianak, and the Majak. On the south are the Pembuan, Sampet, Mendawa, Kahajan, Murong, and Banjer; and on the east, the Koetei and the Berou. Several of these rivers reach the sea by wide estuaries or deltas, and most of them are navigable. Kini Balu, south-east of the mountain of the same name, is the only known lake of any extent. The climate in the low grounds is moist, hot, and

40 carats.

The population consists chiefly of Malays, Dyaks, Papus, Chinese, and Bugis. The Malays, who form the principal and most civilised part of the population on the coasts, are very bold, but dangerous from their rapacity and passion for revenge. They are partly Mohammedans and partly heathens, and live, like their countrymen at Malacca, under sultans and rajahs. The Dyaks, dwelling more inland than the Malays, are unquestionably the aboriginal inhabitants of the island. They are well formed, yellowish in colour, cruel, and wild. They subsist by hunting, fishing, and piracy. Their poisoned weapons make them formidable enemies; but when their favour has been won, they prove trustworthy friends. The principal tribe of them is that of the Kajan. The Papus or Negritos are probably also aboriginal inhabitants; they live in the deepest woods and solitudes, in caves, and upon trees, naked, uncivilised, and separate from the rest of mankind. The Chinese immigrants, about 250,000 in number, who form an independent commonwealth, and reject the despotic rule of the Dutch, occupy themselves with trade and the working of mines; and some of them return rich to their native country. Finally, the Bugis, who have mostly come from Celebes, live amongst the Dyaks; they are a people of some consequence, enriched by trade, and still more by daring piracy.

Cultivation may almost be said to be confined to the coasts, and is interrupted by many marshes and forests. The internal trade is carried on by the Bugis; the export trade by the Malays, the Dutch, and the British. The imports are opium, tea, and a few manufactured goods. B. is divided into several states. On the west coast lies that of Sambas, whose sultan has a number of rajahs under him. Within this district are gold diggings and diamond mines. Besides the Chinese colonies, the most important towns are Sambas, the residence of the sultan and a seat of the opium trade, and Pontianak, the centre of the Dutch power on this coast. the south-west coast lies the territory of Succadana, or Sacadina, which is subdivided into a number of states; it has been ceded to the Dutch, but is not, properly speaking, governed by them. The capital

On

is Succadana, which has a brisk trade with the Chinese, especially in opium. On the south coast is the state of Banjermassin, under a prince of some

BORNEOLE-BORO BUDDOR.

It

summits it appears that they are all in the same plane. The name is perhaps derived from the frequent application of the implement to borders or edgings.

consequence, who, however, is in some degree subject to the Dutch, whose fort of Tatis is in the vicinity of the capital. On the east coast lie the kingdoms of Passir, Kuti Lama, and Tirun; on the north-east coast, the kingdom of the sultan of Sulu; and on the north-west coast, the Malayan kingdom of B. or Bruni, whose sultan has many rajahs and penjerans under him. The capital is Brunai, or B., on the river of the same name, a town having a considerable trade, especially with Singapore. is the residence of a sultan, and contains about 20,000 inhabitants. Part of the houses are built on rafts and part on stakes, and canals pass through the town in all directions. The Portuguese, who visited B. as early as 1518, effected a settlement in 1690 at Banjermassin; from whence they were, however, soon expelled. The Dutch alone succeeded in concluding a treaty of commerce with the princes of Banjermassin; and in 1643 they erected a fort and a factory at the village of Tatis, a second in 1778 at Pontianak, and a number of others since. The British made unsuccessful attempts in the years 1702 and 1774 to effect a settlement in B.; but they have, within the last twenty years, acquired a preponderating influence on the whole western coast. This has been in a great measure owing to the enterprise of Sir James Brooke (q. v.) and his vigorous government as rajah of Sarawak on the north-west coast, and in part also to the occupation of the small island of Labuan (q. v.) as a colony and naval station. The British government has, however, recently refused, upon Sir James Brooke's retirement from Sarawak, to accept it and annex it to the British empire. The piracy carried on by the inhabitants of B. has often demanded severe chastisement, and piratical flotillas have been destroyed by the British.-The Dutch have also recently extended their dominions in B., have constituted them into one government, have sent expeditions into the interior, and have renewed their treaties with the native princes. BO'RNEOLE, or BORNEO CAMPHOR. See to have existed as a state for many centuries, but

CAMPHOR.

BO'RNHOLM, an island in the Baltic Sea, belonging to Denmark, and situated about 90 miles east from Seeland, and half-way between the island of Rügen and the Swedish coast, lat. 54° 59'-55° 18' N., long. 14° 42'-15° 10′ E. Area, including three small islands, in its vicinity, about 230 square miles, with a population of 28,949. It is rocky, and traversed from north to south by a high mountainridge, the slope of which is in great part a waste heath, but elsewhere it is not unfertile, and agriculture and cattle husbandry are successfully prosecuted. High cliffs, sand-banks, and breakers, make the coast dangerous. The most notable product of the island is porcelain clay, with which the porcelain manufacture of Copenhagen is carried on. The capital of the island is Rönne, or Rottum, on the western coast, a place of 4500 inhabitants.

BO'RNING-PIECE (Fr. borner, to bound), a common and very simple instrument, used by gardners in laying out grounds, to make the surface either level or of perfectly regular slope. It consists of two slips of board, one about 18 inches long, and the other about 4 feet, the shorter fastened by the middle to one end of the longer, and at right angles to it. One B. being placed at one end of a line drawn in the piece of ground which is being laid out, with the edge of the shorter slip of board along the line, and the longer slip erect, others of the same size are similarly placed at the other end and in other parts of the line; and the requisite uniformity of surface is obtained by filling up with earth, or removing it, until on looking along their

BO'RNU, a powerful state of Central Africa, extending between lat. 10° and 15° N., and long. 12° and 18° E., and bounded on the E. by Lake Tsad, S. by Mandara, W. by Hausa, and N. by Kanem and the Sahara. The greater part of the to be overflowed in the rainy season, which lasts country is perfectly level, and much of it is liable from October to April, when fevers and other diseases consequently prevail. The heat from March to June is excessive, ranging from 104° to 107° F. The two principal rivers are the Shary and the Yeou or Yo, both of which fall into Lake Tsad. The soil is fertile, and although the cultivation is very imperfect, produces plentiful crops of maize, millet, barley, rice, various kinds of pulse, cotton, and indigo. The inhabitants possess elephants, horses, buffaloes, oxen, sheep, &c. Wild beasts, as lions, panthers, &c., are very numerous, having their chief haunts in the forests which occur only in the vicinity of the rivers, and which abound also in birds of many kinds, snakes, crocodiles, &c. Wild bees are extremely plentiful. The country produces no iron, that which is used being brought from Mandara. Much care is bestowed upon the manufacture of coats-of-mail, both for horses and their riders. The only other manufacture carried to any considerable extent is that of cotton cloth, which is dyed with beautiful blue strips by means of indigo, and much exported to Fezzan. The population, which is estimated at from eight to nine millions, are mostly of Negro race, and called Kanowry. The ruling race, called Shouas, are of Arab descent, and bigoted Mohammedans; but many traces of Fetishism remain among the masses. Whatever they have of civilisation is derived from the Arabs. The slave-trade is eagerly prosecuted, and gives occasion to many warlike expeditions. B. appears

in the beginning of the present century it was conquered by the Fellatahs, whose yoke, however, was soon shaken off, under the leadership of a fanatic faki, named Mohammed el Amin, whose services were called in by the sultan. The Bornuese afterwards transferred their allegiance from the sultan to Mohammed, whose descendant now rules in Bornu.

BORO BUDDOR (the Great Buddha), a splendid Buddhist temple in Java, the most elaborate monument of the Buddhist style of architecture anywhere existing. Buddhism (q. v.) was probably introduced into Java about the 10th or 12th c. of our era, and the date of the temple is assigned to the 14th century. The figure (copied from Fergusson's Handbook of Architecture) represents a section through one half, and an elevation of the other half, of the building. Mr. Fergusson describes it as 'a nine-storied pyramid of a square form, measuring about 400 feet across. The five lower stories consist of narrow terraces running round the building, rising on an average about 8 feet the one above the other. On their outer edge is a range of buildings of the most various and fantastic outline, covered with small spires and cupolas of various shapes and forms, the principal ones covering 436 niches, occupied by as many statues of Buddha as large as life, seated in the usual attitude with his legs crossed. Between each of these are one or two bas-reliefs representing the god in the same attitude, besides architectural ornaments and carvings of all sorts. Below these, on the lower story, is an immense basrelief running round the whole building, and consequently 1600 feet long, representing scenes from the

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three circular ones, the outer ornamented with 32, the oxygen of the air. Recently, however, Wöhler the next with 24, and the upper with 16 small and Deville have obtained B. by heating in a domes, each containing a seated statue of Buddha, crucible at a high temperature a mixture of pure which can be seen through the open work of their dry boracic acid and the metal aluminium, when the roofs. The whole is surmounted by what must be latter takes the oxygen forming alumina (Al2O3), considered as the pagoda (q. v.) itself, which is now and leaves the B. as minute crystals interspersed empty, its centre being occupied only by a sunken through the earth alumina. These crystals possess chamber 10 feet deep, meant originally, no doubt, to great interest from their similarity in properties to contain the relic for which this splendid temple was pure crystallised carbon, or the diamond, and they erected.' Mr. Fergusson considers that the five lower are now known among scientific chemists as B. terraces are copied from and represent a Buddhist diamonds. They are remarkably transparent, are vihara or monastery; and that the niches contain- tinged yellow or red (though the colours may be ing the cross-legged figures were, in the originals, accidental), and rival the ordinary diamond in their cells, each occupied by a shaven priest. The struc- lustre and refractive power. B. diamonds not only ture is thus a compound of a tope (q. v.) with a with a scratch glass, but also the corundum and the copy, in durable architecture, of the frail cells of a sapphire; and a real diamond, with which a few vihara. B. diamonds were crushed, had its edges worn BORODI'NO, a village of Russia, in the govern- away. It is apparent, therefore, that the B. crystals ment of Moskwa, and about 70 miles west from the possess in a high degree the characters of the ordicity of that name. It is situated on the Kalouga, nary diamond; and though they have as yet only an affluent of the Moskwa, and gave name to the been obtained in minute specks, yet it is not too great battle fought between the French army much to expect that the size will be increased, and under Napoleon, and the Russian under Kutusow, the artificial B. diamond come into market as an Barclay de Tolly, and Bagration, 7th September article of ornament, to rival the natural carbon 1312. The battle of B. was one of the most diamond in its mysterious power of flashing back the obstinately disputed in history, and the loss on rays of light. Indeed, so like are these two kinds of both sides was almost equally great. Out of diamonds, that they can scarcely be distinguished 240,000 men engaged, between 70,000 and 80,000 by outward characters or signs; and it has been were killed and wounded. The Russians retreated gravely suggested that some of the diamonds which on the following day, but it was in the most perfect now adorn the brow, the neck, or the arın, may be order, and without the enemy venturing to attack natural B. diamonds. They are very indestructible, them. The Russians, therefore, have always held requiring a high temperature to destroy them; and, this battle as a victory, and in 1839 raised a fine like the true diamond, heat ultimately forms them mausoleum on the battle-field. To the French, how into a coke. ever, certainly belongs the honour, as they not only remained on the field of battle, but in seven days after, they had pushed on to Moscow. The French name it the battle of the Moskwa, from the river of that name, and it gave Marshal Ney his title of

Prince of Moskwa.

BO'RON is a non-metallic element present in Boracic Acid (q. v.) and Borax (q. v.). It was discovered in 1808 by Gay Lussac and Thenard in France, and Davy in England. The process followed in procuring B. till lately, was to mix pure and dry boracic acid (BO3) with thin slices of the metal potassium (K), and heat them in a tube, when three atoms of the potassium abstracted the oxygen, forming potash (KO), and set free the boron (B). On cooling and washing the mixture with cold water, the potash dissolved out, and left the B. as a dark greenish-brown powder, which, when heated, burned with a green flame, and was re-formed into boracic acid, by combining with

BO'ROUGH (Ang. Sax. byrig, burg, burh; It. borgo; Fr. bourg; Scot. burgh). The original meaning of this word, by which we now designate a corporate township, seems to have been a hill, risingground, or heap of earth; and it was probably from the elevated positions on which places of defence were erected, that it afterwards came to signify a fortification or castle, and latterly the aggregate of houses, churches, and other structures, which, in unsettled times, usually gathered under the walls of a castle; together with their inhabitants, and the arrangements which were made for their government. The questions whether we owe our municipal corporations to Roman, or to Saxon and other Teutonic influences, or to both; and if to both, then to what extent they have severally contributed to their formation, have been keenly discussed by constitutional historians. In so far as etymology goes, its authority is pretty equally divided, the term municipal, from the Latin municipalis, and city,

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