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BOROUGHBRIDGE-BOROUGH RATE.

from civitas, favouring the Roman view; whilst B. from the root above indicated, and town, from the Saxon tun or dun, a fortified hill, support the Teutonic. But the discussion forms a branch of a very wide subject, which has divided recent writers into two opposite schools, and of which we can here only indicate the existence. On the Roman side, Sir Francis Palgrave is the most uncompromising, and Mr. Allen, as it seems to us, the more judicious champion. The Teutonic side is espoused by most of the Anglo-Saxon scholars of England, and in general by German writers. But from whatever source derived, that the boroughs of England existed, not as aggregates of houses merely, but as corporate bodies, in the Saxon time, is now generally admitted. The B. system of Scotland is also of great antiquity; A Hanse, or confederation of boroughs for mutual defence and the protection of trade, existed, in Scotland, and was known by this name in the reign of David I., about a century before the formation of the Hanseatic League of the continental cities; and the famous burgh laws date from about the same period.

This code of Scotch burghal regulation,' in Mr. Innes's opinion, though collected in the reign of David, and sanctioned by him, was the result of the experience of the towns of England and Scotland;' and he goes on to shew the very close resemblance between these laws and the burghal usages of Newcastle, and even of Winchester, which seems to suggest their common Saxon origin. Mr. Innes speaks favourably of the B. life of our ancestors; and he considers the burgh domestic architecture, of which monuments remain sufficient to shew that the burgess of the Reformation period lived in greater decency and comfort than the laird, though without the numerous following, which no doubt gave dignity

if it diminished food. I am not sure that this class

has gone on progressively, either in outward signs of comfort, or in education and accomplishment, equal to their neighbours. The reason, I suppose, is obvious. The Scotch burgher, when successful, does not set himself to better his condition and his family within the sphere of his success, but leaves it, and seeks what he deems a higher.' In confirmation of this view, Mr. Innes elsewhere mentions that many of the old citizen-merchants of Edinburgh had studied at the university, and appear in the list of graduates.'

Borough, in England, is properly a city or other town that sends burgesses to parliament-a privilege, the nature and extent of which will be explained under PARLIAMENT, and PARLIAMENTARY REFORM ACTS (q. v.); and in this sense it is also called a parliamentary borough. But in the interpretation clause of the Municipal Reform Act, 5 and 6 Will. c. 76, s. 142, the word borough is declared, for the purposes of the act, to mean a city, borough, port, cinque port, or town corporate, and whether sending representatives to parliament or not. See MUNICIPAL B., MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, and MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT.

BOʻROUGHBRIDGE, a town in West Riding, Yorkshire, on the right bank of the Ure, here navigable for small-craft, 17 miles north-west of York. It arose simultaneously with the decline of Aldborough, 14 mile to the east, soon after the Conquest, when the great north road was diverted from Aldborough to this place. Its chief trade is in agricultural produce and hardware. Pop. 1095. Edward II., in 1321, defeated the Earl of Lancaster here. Near B. are three immense Druid stones, called the 'Devil's Arrows,' 16 to 22 feet high.

BOROUGH ENGLISH is a custom that prevails in some ancient boroughs in England, according to

which the youngest son inherits the property within borough in preference to his elder brothers. The reason assigned for it is, that the youngest son, on account of his tender age, is not so capable as his elder brothers to maintain himself. A posthumous son is entitled to this privilege, and dispossesses his elder brother. The right of representation also exists with reference to it, for should the youngest son die in his father's lifetime leaving a daughter, she will inherit the property. This custom obtains in the manor of Lambeth, Surrey, in the manors of Hackney, St. John of Jerusalem in Islington, Hestan, and Edmonton in Middlesex and in other counties. See CUSTOM, GAVELKIND, INHERITANce.

BOROUGH FUND. This is a fund which is

expressly defined by the Municipal Corporations Act, 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 76, by which it is declared that the rents and profits of all hereditaments, and the interest, dividends, and annual proceeds of all moneys, dues, chattels, and valuable securities belonging or payable to any body corporate named in conjunction with a borough in the schedules, or to any member or officer thereof, in his corporate or penalty for every offence against this act (the application of which has capacity, and every fine not been already provided for), shall be paid to the treasurer of such borough; and all the moneys which he shall so receive shall be carried by him to the account of a fund to be called 'The Borough fund;' and such fund, subject to certain payments and deductions, shall be applied towards the payment of the salary of the mayor, and of the recorder, and of the police magistrate, when there is a recorder or police magistrate, and of the respective salaries of the town-clerk and treasurer, and of every other officer whom the council shall appoint; and other borough expenses.

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The Court of Chancery exercises jurisdiction over the property of corporations in boroughs, which, since the Municipal Corporations Act, are sidered to hold their property in trust for charitable uses; and the trusts are applicable as well to the personal as to the real estate. See Grant on Corporations, 1850; and see FUND.

BOROUGH JUSTICES were first created in the time of Charles I. Under the Municipal Corporations Act, 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 76, these justices consist of the mayor during his year of office, and for one year after it determines; the recorder ex officio; and such persons as the crown may appoint by commission. Their duties cannot be delegated; and before acting, they must make the same declaration, and take the same oaths the recorder does on entering his office. See JUSTICES.

BOROUGH LAWS, in Scottish legal history, was the name given to a collection of ancient laws relative to boroughs or burghs, which have long ceased to have any force, but serve to throw light on the ancient manners and customs of the country. The authenticity of these B. L. is beyond question; they are universally allowed to have been enacted in the reign of King David in the 12th century. See REGIAM MAJESTATEM.

BOROUGH RATE is a rate raised and levied within borough by order of the council of the same; and it has been decided by the Court of Exchequer that such rate is valid, though not made in public. By the 92d section of the Municipal Corporations Act. 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 76, where there is a deficiency of the borough fund (q. v.), the borough council is authorised and required from time to time to order a B. R. in the nature of a county rate (q. v.) to be made within their borough, for which purpose the council shall have all the

BOROVSK—BORROW.

powers of county justices. As to boroughs not within the Municipal Corporations Act, the levying and application of borough rates in them is regulated by the 17 and 18 Vict. c. 71, by the first section of which it is enacted that the justices of the peace may make a B. R. in the nature of a county rate, for all the purposes for which a B. R. may be levied, such borough justices also having the same powers as county justices. The council of a borough cannot make a retrospective rate; and the provision of the 7 Will. IV. and 1 Vict. c. 81, s. 2, which declared lawful all such retrospective rates as might be made within six calendar months after the passing of the act, was merely for a temporary purpose. The Municipal Corporations Act directs that all sums levied in pursuance of a B. R. shall be paid over to account of the borough fund; and there is a provision as to Watch Rates (q. v.).

at

as legate, and in discharging the duties of offices connected with ecclesiastical administration Rome. Surrounded as he was with magnificence and luxury, he was always grave, pious, and rigid in his life, studious, and a patron of letters. His uncle, the pope, made him his grand penitentiary, and did nothing considerable without his co-operation. It was in a great measure by his influence that the re-opening of the Council of Trent was accomplished, and that its deliberations were brought to a conclusion so favourable to the papal throne. He committed its decrees to memory, had the principal part in drawing up the Catechismus Romanus for exposition of them, and proceeded to give all possible effect to them in his archiepiscopal province. B.'s exertions, not only for the improvement of ecclesiastical discipline, but also for the reformation of morals in the archbishopric of Milan, drew upon him the hostility of the monastic orders, and also to some extent that of the Spanish authorities in Milan, who were jealous of the extension of his jurisdiction. An attempt was even made upon his life in 1569. He spent great part of his income in beautifying the cathedral and other churches. With a view to proBORO VSK, or BORO'FSK, a town of Russia, vide well-qualified priests, he founded, in 1570, the BORO'VSK, in the government of Kalouga, and 49 miles north-Helvetic College at Milan. He brought about an north-east of the town of that name. Conjointly the Golden Borromean League, for the united alliance of the seven Catholic cantons, known as with Kalouga it gives title to a bishop. It has extensive manufactures of sail cloth, and a trade in leather, flax, and hemp. Its onions and garlic are celebrated. In its vicinity is a convent, founded a convent, founded in 1444, one of the richest in the empire. Pop.

Where parties consider themselves aggrieved by a B. R., they may appeal to the recorder at the next quarter-sessions for the borough in which such rate has been made; or if there be no recorder, to the next county quarter-sessions.

6000.

defence of their faith. In the famine of 1570, and
during the plague in Milan in 1576, he displayed
equal energy, benevolence, and devotedness, saving
which he made for necessary relief.
the lives of multitudes by the prompt arrangements
Exhausted by
his labours and his austerities, he died on 3d
November 1584. Many supposed miracles at his
tomb led to his being canonised in 1616. His theo-
logical works were published at Milan in 1747, in
5 vols. folio. On the western bank of the Lago
Maggiore, in the neighbourhood of his birthplace, is
a colossal brazen statue of him.-His brother's son,
Count Frederico Borromeo, born 1563, was also a
cardinal, and from 1595 to 1631 archbishop of Milan,
and was the founder of the Ambrosian Library
(q. v.).

BORROME'AN ISLANDS, a group of small islands in the Lago Maggiore, Northern Italy. They are situated in the western arm of the lake, called the Bay of Tosa, and are named after the family of Borromeo, which for centuries has been in possession of the richest estates in the neighborhood. They are sometimes also called Isole dei Conigli, on account of the number of rabbits found on them. They were little more than naked rocks, till Vitaliano, Count Borromeo, master-general of ordnance to the king of Spain, about 1671, caused soil to be BORROW, GEORGE, an English author, born at carried to them, built terraces, and converted them Norfolk in 1803. He displayed from his earliest into gardens, the beauty of which and of their years an extraordinary talent for languages, and a situation has won for them the name of the Enchanted strong inclination for adventure. In his youth he Islands. The two most celebrated are I sola Bella lived for some time among gypsies, by this means and I sola Madre. On the west side of I sola Bella acquiring an exact knowledge of their language, stands a palace of the Borromeo family, containing manners, and customs. His travels, as agent for many admirable paintings and other works of art. the British and Foreign Bible Society, through The Salle terrene, a series of grottos, inlaid with almost all countries of Europe and a part of Africa, stones of various colours and adorned with fountains, made him familiar with many modern languages, connect the palace with the gardens, the terraced even to their dialectic peculiarities. Whatever was style of which gives to the whole island the appear- little known had peculiar charms for him, and he ance of a truncated pyramid; a colossal winged shrunk neither from toil nor danger. True to his unicorn, the armorial device of the Borromeo family, youthful predilection, he made the gypsies scattered crowning the whole. I sola Madre is laid out in the over every part of Europe one of the principal subsame terraced style, and is crowned by a castle. jects of his study. His first work, The Zincali, or The odours of flowers from the islands, upon which an Account of the Gypsies in Spain (2 vols., Lond. grow many plants of tropical climates, are wafted 1841), made a favourable impression by its lively far over the lake. The I sola de' Pescatori now and dramatic style. It was followed by The Bible contains a village of about 400 inhabitants, who in Spain (2 vols., Lond. 1843), a book to which its derive their subsistence from fishing and smuggling. author is chiefly indebted for his celebrity, and BORROME'O, CARLO, COUNT, a saint of the which consists of a narrative of personal adventures. Church of Rome, was born on the 2d October 1538, as various as it is interesting. The graphic power at the Castle of Arona, on the Lago Maggiore, the of the style amply compensates for the rather family seat of his ancestors. He studied law at methodical arrangement of the book. After a Pavia, and took the degree of doctor in 1559. His uncle, Pope Pius IV., on being raised to the pontificate in 1560, appointed him, notwithstanding his youth, to a number of high offices, and made him a cardinal and archbishop of Milan. B. displayed great faithfulness and ability in governing Ancona, Bologna, and other parts of the States of the Church

long interval, B. published a work long before announced, Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gypsy, and the Priest (3 vols., Lond. 1851), which was generally regarded as an autobiography, with a spice of fancy mingling with fact. The principal character is depicted with extravagant exaggeration; and the somewhat bizarre originality which gave a peculiar zest

BORROWING-BORY DE SAINT VINCENT.

BORROWING DAYS. The last three days of March are so called in Scotland and some parts of England. The popular notion is, that these days are borrowed or taken from April, and may be expected to consist of cold or stormy weather. Although this notion dates from a period before the change of the style, a few days of broken and unpleasant weather about the end of March still afford a sanction for old notions concerning the borrowing days. The origin of the term B. D. is lost in the mists of antiquity, though we are inclined to hazard the conjecture that it has no higher source than the popular rhyme in which it The most dramatic is introduced as a poetic fiction. form of this rhyme in Scotland is as follows: March said to April:

to the author's earlier works here appears as mannerism, The book left the hero in the midst of his adventures, which were not continued until 1857, when B, published The Romany Rye, a sequel to Lavengro, a more unsatisfactory work than any of its predecessors. In 1862 he published Wild Wales. BORROWING has, in the case of money, several legal applications of a general nature, in which the law with regard to bonds, mortgages, and other similar securities, has to be considered. See the articles on these subjects. More strictly, B. may be described as a contract under the law of bailments (q. v.),* and may be briefly and simply defined as asking or taking a loan. The essentials of this contract are, that there must be a certain specific thing lent, such as a book, an article of furniture, a horse, or it may be a house, land, or even an incorporeal right. But in the law of England the contract is confined to goods and chattels or personal property, and does not extend to real estate. Lord Chief Justice Holt's definition described it as a B. of a thing lent, in contradistinction to a thing deposited, or sold, or intrusted to another for the sole benefit or purposes of the owner. Again, the B. must be gratuitous and for the borrower's use, which use must be the principal object, and not The superstition, if we may so call it, respecting a mere accessory. Such use, too, may be for the B. D., though now little else than a jocular a limited time or for an indefinite period. The contract must also be of a legal nature, for if it is immoral, or against law, it is utterly void; this, however, is a necessary qualification of all contracts. Lastly, the property which is the subject of the contract must be borrowed or lent to be specifically returned to the lender at the determination of the agreement, in which respect it differs from a loan for consumption.

The persons who may borrow and lend are all those who can legally make a contract; a capacity, therefore, which excludes married women, unless they act with the consent of their husbands, when it binds the latter and not the wives.

I see three hoggs on yonder hill;
And if you'll lend me days three,
I'll find a way to gar [make] them die!'
The first o' them was wind and weet,
The second o' them was snaw and sleet,
The third o' them was sic a freeze,

It froze the birds' feet to the trees.
But when the borrowed days were gane,
The three silly hoggs came hirplin [limping] hame.

fancy, was so strong in Scotland in the 17th c., that when the Covenanting army, under Montrose, marched into Aberdeen on the 30th March 1639, and was favoured by good weather, a minister pointed it out in his sermon as a miraculous dispensation of Providence in behalf of the good cause. See Gordon of Rothiemay's History of Scots Affairs from 1637 to 1641. For further notice of the B. D. we refer to Brand's Popular Antiquities.

BORROWSTOUNNE'SS, or BONE'SS, a seaport in Linlithgowshire, on a low peninsula on the Firth of Forth, 17 miles west-north-west of Edinburgh. It has coal mines extending under the bed of the Firth; and manufactures of salt, soap, malt, vitriol, It is not necessary that the lender should be and earthenware, and a trade in grain. Ironstone, absolute proprietor of the thing lent or borrowed; limestone, and freestone also exist in the parish. it is sufficient if he have either a qualified or a Graham's Dike, a part of the Roman wall of special property therein, or a lawful possession Antoninus, traverses the parish. Dugald Stewart thereof. As to the borrower, he has the right to lived near Borrowstounness. Pop. 2645. In 1858, use the thing during the time and for the purpose 60 vessels of 5624 tons belonged to the port ; intended, whether such intention is expressed or and 1658 vessels of 149,485 tons entered and implied; but beyond this he cannot go. The cleared it. following quotation from Mr. Justice Story's celebrated work on bailments (to which reference is generally made), is useful for popular information : "A gratuitous loan is to be considered as strictly personal, unless, from other circumstances, a different intention may fairly be presumed. Thus, if A lends B her jewels to wear, this will not authorise lends B her jewels to wear, this will not authorise B to lend them to C to wear. So, if C lends D his horse to ride to Boston, this will not authorise D to allow E to ride the horse to Boston. But if a man

lends his horses and carriage for a month to a friend for his use, there, a use by any of his family, or for

family purposes, may be fairly presumed; although not a use for the benefit of mere strangers.' During the period of the loan, the borrower has no property in the thing, but a mere right of possession and use of it. But, notwithstanding, if the thing lent and borrowed be injured by a stranger, it would appear that the lender may maintain an action for the recovery of damages; the mere possession of property without title being sufficient against a wrong-doer. See CONTRACT, LOAN, HIRE, besides the subjects above referred to.

*The article on Bailments having been accidentally omitted at its proper place, the reader will find the subject explained under CONTRACT.

BORY DE SAINT VINCENT, JEAN BAPTISTE GEORGE MARIE, & French traveller and naturalist, was born in 1780 at Agen, now in the department of Lot-et Garonne. In 1798, he proceeded, along with Captain Baudin, in a scientific mission to New Holland, but separated from him before they reached their destination. Among the fruits of his travels were his Essai sur les Iles Fortunées de l'antique Atlantide, ou Précis de l'Histoire Générale de dans les quatre principales Iles des Mers d'Afrique l'Archipel des Canaries (Par. 1803), and his Voyage (3 vols., Par. 1804). Ílaving returned to his native country, he became a captain in the army, served at Ulm and Austerlitz, went to Spain, and became military intendant in the staff of Marshal Soult. In 1815, he served as a colonel, and after the battle of 1815, he served as a colonel, and after the battle of Waterloo made an eloquent but fruitless appeal to his colleagues in the Chamber against submitting to the Bourbons, and was compelled to go into exile. At Brussels he edited, along with Van Mons, the Annales des Sciences Physiques (8 vols.). He also produced an admirable work on the subter

ranean quarries in the limestone hills near Maestricht (Par. 1821). He returned to France in 1820, wrote for liberal journals, and for Courtin's Encyclopédie, &c. In 1827 appeared his L'Homme, Essai Zoologique

sur le Genre humain.

BOS-BOSCOBEL.

He wrote what relates to cryptogamic plants in Duperrey's Voyage autour du Monde (Par. 1828). He rendered an important service to science by editing the Dictionnaire Classique de l'Histoire Naturelle. When, in 1829, the French government sent a scientific expedition to the Morea and the Cyclades, the first place in it was assigned to B. de S. V.; and the results of his researches were given to the world in the Expédition Scientifique de Morée (Par. and Strasb. 1832, &c.), and in the Nouvelle Flore du Péloponnese et des Cyclades (Par. 1838). In 1839, he undertook the principal charge of the scientific commission which the French government sent to Algeria. He died 22d December 1846.

BOS. See ВOVIDE and Ox.

BOS, LAMBERT, a Dutch philologist, was born at Workum, in Friesland, 23d November 1670, and studied at the university of Franeker, where, by the advice of Vitringa, he devoted himself especially to the Greek language. In 1704, he was appointed Greek professor in that university. He died 6th January 1717. All his works are characterised by thorough scholarship and remarkable acuteness, and notwithstanding the advances of classical criticism since his day, some of them are still consulted, such as his Vetus Testamentum ex Versione Septuaginta Interpretum (Franeker, 1709; new edit., Oxford, 1805), his Ellipses Græcæ (Franeker, 1702), and more particularly his Antiquitatum Græcarum præcipue Atticarum Descriptio Brevis (Franeker, 1714).

BOSA, a town of the island of Sardinia, in the division of Cape Sassari, near the mouth of the Termo. Lat. 40° 17' N., long. 8° 27' E. Notwithstanding its fine situation, partly on the side of a hill and partly on a plain, it is an unhealthy place. It is surrounded by decaying walls; has an old castle, a cathedral, several monasteries and churches; and a trade in wine, oil, grain, and, cheese. Its port admits only vessels of small size. Pop. 6500.

BOSCAN-ALMOGA VER, JUAN, a Spanish poet, born in the year 1500 at Barcelona, of an ancient noble family. He received from his parents a careful education, and came to Granada, to the court of Charles V. The education of the celebrated Duke of Alva was afterwards intrusted to him. He spent the latter part of his life at Barcelona and was employed in editing his own works and those of his friend Garcilasso de la Vega, when he died some time prior to 1544. the first to make use of Italian measures in Spanish verse, and thus became the creator of the Spanish By the introduction of various Italian forms, he made an epoch in Spanish poetry. His poems are still esteemed, but his other literary productions are forgotten. The best edition is that of Leon, 1549.

taken prisoner. Next year, now admiral of the blue, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the powerful expedition against Cape Breton, as the fruit of which that island and St. John's were taken after some hard fighting. B. crowned his career by his signal victory over the French Toulon fleet, in the Bay of Lagos, August 18, 1759. On his return home, he received the thanks of parliament, a pension of £3000 a year, a seat in the privy council, and the command of the marines. In the following summer, while his fleet lay idle in the Bay of Quiberon, ravaged by scurvy, B. and some of his men employed themselves in cultivating a garden on a small island, in order to supply the sick with vegetables. He died in the following year. Lord Chatham is said to have testified that when he

proposed expeditions to other commanders he heard only of difficulties, but when he applied to B., he found him ready with suggestions and expedients.

BOSCH, HIERONYMUS DE, born at Amsterdam 23d March 1740, died there 1st June 1811, was unquestionably the most distinguished Latin poet of recent times, and a philologist of varied acquireHis Poemata first appeared at Leyden in ments. 1803 (2d ed. Utr. 1808). He rendered an important service to classical literature by his edition of the Anthologia Græca, with a metrical translation by Hugo Grotius never before published (4 vols., Utr. 1795-1810, to which Van Lennep added a fifth volume, Utr. 1822). His Discourses and Treatises on subjects of literature, which are mostly composed in the Dutch language, display profound learning, excellent judgment, and refined taste.

BO'SCOBEL, an extra-parochial liberty of England, in the county of Shropshire, about 6 miles eastnorth-east of Shiffual. The population of B. is only about 20; but the place is interesting in connection with the escape of Charles II. after his defeat at Worcester in 1651. After the battle, Boscobel House being proposed as a secure retreat, thitherwards Charles turned his steps. At White-Ladies, a seat of the Giffard family, which was reached in the early morning, the king had his long hair cut, his hands and face smeared with soot; and for his royal dress he substituted the green and greasy suit of a countryman, and a leathern doublet. Thus disguised, Charles passed through a secret door into a neighbouring wood, in the thickest part of which he sat shivering in the rain until dusk, when he stole out, and along with a guide endeavoured to reach Wales, where it was now thought he would be safer than He was at Boscobel. They reached a royalist's house at Madeley, on the banks of the Severn, at midnight, and it was then found that they could not escape to Wales, on account of the vigilance of the Puritans; and once more, after a day's rest in a stable loft, the king started for Boscobel wood, where he arrived about five o'clock in the morning. He immediately, along with Major Carlis, who had led the forlornBOSCAW'EN, EDWARD, an eminent English hope at Worcester, ascended a thick pollard oak, admiral, second son of Viscount Falmouth, was from which they could watch at intervals during born in 1711, and highly distinguished himself at the day the Roundheads in search of them passing the taking of Puerto-Bello, and at the siege of by unaware of their near presence. In the evening, Carthagena in 1740. In April 1744, he captured the they descended from their elevated hiding-place, and French ship Medée, with 800 prisoners. He had an made their way to the manor-house, where the king important share in the victory off Cape Finisterre remained hidden for two days. After other adven(May 3, 1747), and six months after received the tures, Charles contrived to escape from England on command of the East Indian expedition; he dis- the 17th October.-The title of BoscOBEL TRACTS played high military skill in conducting the retreat has been given to certain contemporaneous writings, from Pondicherry. He returned in 1750, and in the first published in 1662, giving a graphic description following year became a lord of the Admiralty. of this passage of the monarch's life. The authorIn 1755, he was again afloat, and intercepted the ship is generally attributed to Thomas Blount, a French fleet off Newfoundland, capturing two loyal gentleman of Worcestershire; but Nash, his 64-gun ships and 1500 men, including the French grandson, in his history of Worcestershire, denies commander, Hoquart, whom he had twice before that they were his, on the authority of Blount

sonnet.

BOSCO TRE-CASÉ-BOSNIA.

himself. But the author, whoever he was, was BO'SJESMAN'S COUNTRY, a region in Africa manifestly a stanch royalist, and his narrative to the north of the Cape Colony. The inhabitants, a bears evidence that he had good opportunity for

[graphic]

ascertaining the truth of all the statements in it.

BO'SCO TRE-CA'SÉ, a town of Naples, situated at the southern base of Mount Vesuvius. It has several churches and convents, and a royal manufactory of arms and gunpowder. Wine and silk are raised in the district. Pop. 8500.

BO'SCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPII, a celebrated mathematician and astronomer, born at Ragusa 18th May 1711. He entered at an early age into the order of the Jesuits, and spent his life in scientific pursuits and important public labours. Before the completion of his course of studies in Rome, he was appointed teacher of mathematics and philosophy in the Collegium Romanum there. The pope gave him a commission to measure a degree of the meridian in the States of the Church, which he accomplished in the years 1750-1753. In 1764 he was appointed to a professorship in Pavia, but after some time retired from this office. He was subsequently appointed professor of astronomy and optics in the Palatine schools at Milan, and superintended the erection of the observatory in the Brera College, upon which he spent money of his own. After the dissolution of his order, he went to Paris in 1774, and received a pension from the king. B. afterwards went to Bassano, to superintend an edition of his works, on the completion of which he returned to Milan, but fell into a depression of spirits, which at last grew into complete insanity, and he died 12th February 1787. His works include dissertations on a great variety of important questions in mathematical and physical science, and were published collectively under the title Opera Pertinentia ad Opticam et Astronomiam | (5 vols., Bassano, 1785). His name is connected with a theory of physics, first published in his Philosophie Naturalis Theoria, Redacta ad Unicam Legem Virium in Natura Existentium (Vienna, 1758). He was also a poet, and his Latin poem, De Solis ac Lunæ Defectibus (Lond. 1764), has been much admired.

BOSIO, FRANÇ. Jos., BARON, an eminent sculptor, was born 1769 at Monaco, in Sardinia; studied at Paris; and when only 19, returned to Italy, where he executed a multitude of commissions even at that early age. His reputation was greatly increased by the figures which, at the request of Napoleon, he executed for the column in the Place Vendôme. Louis XVIII. and Charles X. also patronised B., the former appointing him royal sculptor, the latter elevating him to the rank of baron. He also enjoyed several professional honours, being director of the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, and member of the Berlin Academy of Arts. He died July 29, 1845. B.'s principal works are the 'Hercules' in the garden of the Tuilleries; the incomparably beautiful Hyacinth' in the Luxembourg; the Nymph Salmacis,' a figure displaying wonderful grace and purity of outline; an allegorical figure of France, 7 feet high, surrounded by the Muse of History and a group of Genii; the statue in memory of the Duc d'Enghien; the equestrian statue in the Place des Victoires, and the monument of Count Demidov, 30 feet high, composed of six figures, with basreliefs, &c. Besides these, B. executed a great multitude of busts of distinguished persons, such as the Emperor Napoleon, the Empress, Queen Hortensia, the king and queen of Westphalia, Louis XVIII., Charles X., &c. B.'s works are all marked by grace of form, harmony of design, and elegance of finish. His style generally reminds one of Canova.

Bosjesman.

variety of the Hottentot (q. v.) race are remarkably diminutive in stature, and thoroughly savage in condition.

BOSNA-SERAI, SERA'ÏO, or SARAJE WO (Ital. Seraglio), capital of the province of Bosnia, European Turkey, is beautifully situated in the midst of gardens on both sides of the Migliazza, an affluent of the Bosna, about 122 miles southwest of Belgrade. Its population is estimated at from 40,000 to 60,000, two-thirds of whom are Turks, the rest Greeks and Jews. Four handsome stone bridges cross the river at different points of the city, which is adorned with 150 mosques and churches, whose gilded domes and whitened minarets and spires give it quite an oriental appearance. B. has a palace built by Mohammed II., and an old castle on a height, erected in 1263 by the Hungarian general Cotroman; its old walls are decayed, but it is defended by a citadel, well provided with cannon, and has manufactures of cutlery, jewelry, leather, and woollen goods. Its position makes it the entrepôt for the commerce of South Germany, Croatia, Dalmatia, and Turkey, and it is consequently a busy place. It has important iron mines and mineral baths in its vicinity.

BO'SNIA, the most north-westerly province of European Turkey, forming an eyalet, governed by a pasha, and including, besides Bosnia proper, the Turkish parts of Croatia and Dalmatia, and the district of Herzegovina (q. v.). It extends between lat. 42° 30′ and 45° 15′ N., and long. 17° 40′ and 21° E. It is bounded N. by the Save and Unna; E. by the Vrina, the mountain-chain of Jublanik, and a branch of the Argentaric Alps; S. by the Scardagh Mountains; and on the W. by the mountains of Cosman, Timor, and Steriza. At a few points in the south it reaches to the Adriatic Sea. It has an extent estimated at 18,800 square miles, with a population of about a million. With the exception of the northern tract, extending along the Save, it is everywhere a mountainous country, and is traversed by more or less elevated ranges of the Dinaric Alps, whose highest peaks rise to a height of from 5000 to 7700 feet above the sea, and are covered with snow from September to June. The mountain slopes are for the most part thickly covered with forests of oak, beech, lime, chestnut, &c., of magnificent growth, and only here and there

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