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BULL-FINCH-BULLHEAD.

and should their stabs be ineffectual in rousing the animal to the requisite fury, the poor beast is hooted by the crowd, and ultimately stabbed ingloriously in the spine. Whenever a horse is wounded, the rider betakes himself to flight; and when either the above casualty happens, or a picador is thrown, the chulos rush in, and attract the bull by their cloaks, saving themselves, if need be, by leaping over the palisade which encloses the circus. At the same time, another picador calls off the bull's attention to himself by shouting. When the bull begins to flag, the pica lores are succeeded by the chulos, who bring with them the banderillas-i. e., barbed darts about two feet long, ornamented with coloured paper-flags, which they stick into the neck of the animal. Sometimes these darts have crackers attached to them, the explosion of which makes the bull furious. The matador now enters alone to complete the tragic business. As soon as the bull's eye catches the muleta, he generally rushes blindly at it; and then the matador, if he is well skilled, dexterously plunges the sword between the left shoulder and the blade,' and the animal drops dead at his feet. The victorious matador is greeted with acclamations, and not less so the bull, should he wound or even kill the matador, in which case another matador steps forth into the arena; but human life is rarely sacrificed. Eight or ten bulls are often despatched in a single day; twenty minutes being about the time usually taken to slay one.

In Madrid, in June 1833, 99 bulls were killed in the course of a single week. of a single week. Bull-fighters are regarded as the lowest class in Spain. They are very ignorant and superstitious; and those who are killed on the spot, and die without confession, are denied burial rites.

BU'LL-FINCH (Pyrrhula vulgaris), a bird of the great family of Fringillidae (q. v.), a little larger than the common linnet, and of a genus closely allied to the Grosbeaks and Crossbills. The genus is particularly characterised by the short, thick, rounded bill, of which the sides are inflated and bulging, and the tip of the upper mandible overhangs that of the lower one. The B. is a bird of very soft and dense

Bull finch.

plumage, of a delicate bluish-gray colour above, the
under parts of a bright tile-red, the crown of the
head and the beak jet black, which colour also
appears in the greater wing and tail coverts, in the
quills, and in the tail-feathers; the wings are crossed
The colours of the
by a conspicuous white bar.
female are less bright than those of the male. The
tail of the B. is almost even. This bird is not

unfrequent in England, Ireland, and the south of Scotland; and is found in most parts of Europe, from the south of Norway to the Mediterranean, extending eastward throughout Asia, even to Japan. It frequents woods and gardens, builds its nest in trees or bushes a few feet from the ground, feeds chiefly on seeds and berries in winter, and in spring is excessively destructive to the buds of fruit-trees in those localities in which it is abundant, selecting the flower-buds, and apparently finding them the most palatable of all food. Selby says: 'I have known a pair of these birds to strip a considerable sized plum-tree of every bud in the space of two days.' On this account, gardeners are sometimes compelled to wage war against the bull-finch.

The song of this bird, in a wild state, is very simple, and has no particular quality to recommend it; but it is remarkably susceptible of improvement by education; and trained bull-finches of superior acquirements are sold at a very considerable price. Some of these birds learn to whistle an air very accurately, and with a power and variety of intonThe ability ation far exceeding their natural song. The training of to whistle several airs well, is rare. these birds is a work both of time and trouble: it is chiefly carried on in Germany. Not less than nine months of training are requisite: it begins when the bird is a mere nestling, and must be carefully continued till after the first moulting; for it is a curious circumstance, that all which has been previously acquired is very apt to be lost at that time, or is afterwards so imperfectly remembered that the bird is of little value. The B. is capable of very strong attachment to those who feed and caress it, and often becomes so thoroughly domesticated as to exhibit no desire for liberty.-Curious variations of plumage are sometimes observed in it.-Other species of the genus Pyrrhula are known, natives of different parts of the world; and in this genus some ornithologists include Corythus of Cuvier, of which one species, the Pine-finch (q. v.), or Pine Grosbeak, is a native of Britain.

BULL-FROG (Rana pipiens), a species of frog (q. v.) found in most parts of the United States and Canada, but chiefly abundant in the southern states. It is of a large size, eight to twelve inches long, of an olive-green colour, clouded with black. It receives its name from the remarkable loudness of its voice, which has been compared to the bellowing of a distant bull, and comes in as a hollow bass in the frog concerts which take place in the evening and all night long in marshy places in America. Its voice can be distinctly heard at a distance of forty or fifty yards. It sits for hours during the day, basking in the sun, near the margin of a stream, into which it plunges with a great leap on the least appearance of danger. It does not confine itself to insect and molluscous food, like smaller frogs, but is said to be partial to young ducks, and to swallow them entire. Audubon says 'its flesh is tender, white, and affords excellent eating,' the hind legs, however, being the only part used for food. He adds that these parts make excellent bait for the larger cat fish, and that he has generally used the gun for procuring them, loading with very

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small shot.

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BULLINGER-BULLION.

general appearance is not unlike the gurnards (q. v.). | His writings are numerous. The most important is a History of the Reformation, which was first pub lished at Zurich, 1838. His sermons (translated) have also been recently published at Cambridge by the Parker Society.

It is, however, generally regarded as a disagreeable object to the sight, on account of the great size and depressed form of its head, from which it derives its English names; the name, Miller's Thumb, alluding to the broad rounded form which the last joint of

Bull-head.

the thumb of a miller used to acquire in times when machinery was ruder than now, by its continual employment in testing the quality of the flour produced, and in turning it over on the fingers for inspection, that it might be known if the mill was doing its work well. The appearance of the B. is rendered still more unattractive by the entire absence of scales, a characteristic of the genus to which it belongs, the whole body and head being covered with a soft skin. Yet it is said to be of a very delicate flavour, and in some countries is much sought after as an article of food. Its flesh, when boiled, is reddish, like that of the salmon. Izaak Walton speaks of angling for the B., and in his pleasant quaint style describes the habits of the fish: He does usually dwell and hide himself in holes, or amongst stones in clear water, and in very hot days will lie a long time very still, and sun himself, and will be easy to be seen upon any flat stone, or any gravel, at which time he will suffer an angler to put a hook baited with a small worm very near into his mouth, and he never refuses to be caught with the worst of anglers.' Numerous species of the genus occur in the rivers and streams of North America. The name B. is not usually given to any of them. A sea-fish of a nearly allied genus (Aspidophorus) is sometimes called the ARMED BULLHEAD; it is also known as the POGGE (q. v.).—The River B. differs from the marine species of the same genus, in having only one short spine on each side of the head, on the preoperculum.

BULLINGER, HENRY, the friend of Zwingli, and one of the chief reformers in Switzerland, was born at Bremgarten, in the canton of Aargau, July 18, 1504. He studied at Cologne, where he became acquainted with the writings of Luther; and during the year 1527, he attended the theological expositions of Zwingli, and went along with the latter to the religious conference held at Bern in 1528, the result of which was the reformation of the canton. In 1529, he married Anna Adlischwyler, formerly a nun, who bore him eleven children. By a powerful sermon which he preached at Bremgarten, on Whitsunday 1529, B. induced his whole congregation to make a profession of Protestantism. In 1531, he was compelled by the Catholic party to flee from the canton, and went to Zurich, where, in the following year, he was appointed pastor of the principal church. In the controversy on the eucharist and the affairs of the Anabaptists, B. distinguished himself by his integrity and moderation; and in his house at Zurich several German theologians, compelled to leave their country, were hospitably sheltered. He took part in drawing up the first Helvetic Confession at Basel, in 1536, and in establishing a close relation between the Swiss and Anglican Churches. He died September 17, 1575.

extent

BU'LLION usually means uncoined gold and silver, in bars or other masses; but in discussions on the currency, the term is frequently employed to signify the precious metals coined and uncoined. The origin of the word B. in its present sense, as well as that of the French Billon (q. v.), and the corresponding Spanish vellon, seems to be as follows: B. originally meant the mint, where the alloy for the coinage was prepared, and the coin stamped (either from the Lat. bulla, a round boss or stud, or stamp; or from the verb bullare, to boil or bubble); and hence it came in England to signify the standard metal of which the coins were made. In France, where the kings debased the currency much more than ever took place in England, billon, the mint, came to signify the base mixture issued therefrom. It is a question not yet satisfactorily settled, how far any great increase in the supply of B. has that effect in lessening the value of money, and consequently raising prices, which has always been very naturally attributed to it. It may indeed be maintained with some plausibility, that if B. were capable of being produced to such an beyond the actual demand for it as to glut the market, it would cease to be that general standard of money value which it has become, just because it is of all others the article which is steadiest in requiring a certain outlay of labour to produce it. Rises in prices have also accompanied large supplies of gold, but they have also accompanied large supplies of other commodities indicative of a great increase in riches. a great increase in riches. It is certain that great increases in the supply of B. do not, as in the case of other goods, glut the market. For some years past, the supply of gold, owing to the new fields opened in America and Australia, has been quadrupled, with certainly no more influence on prices than what a general increase in prosperity might cause. There is, it will be observed, this great difference between gold and other commodities, that besides what may be within the crust of the earth, there is a great mass which has been accumulating for thousands of years in the possession of mankind, which comes forth as it is wanted. A few millions of tons of iron, or bales of cotton, beyond the usual annual average, would perhaps add a hundred per cent. to the available quantity for consumption; but a few millions of pounds worth of gold, having to be counted with all the gold in existence in the world, makes a scarcely perceptible addition to the stock.

The term B. is in this country associated with the memorable BULLION REPORT of 1810. In the year 1797, by what was called the Restriction Act (see BANK), the Bank of England was restrained from paying its notes in gold. There thus came to be two separate and independent currencies in the country -one of B., the other of paper. They came to differ from each other in value so much that in the year 1813, gold, of which the mint price was £3, 17s. 10d. per ounce, was actually worth, in bank paper, £5, 10s., or, in other words, the one pound bank-note was worth 14s. 2d. There were various opinions on the cause of this difference. Some people simply said, that gold was dear, taking paper as the standard of value; others said, it was owing to our exports not balancing our imports; others, to too great facilities in discounting, by which money was advanced on bad security; and in general, it was held, that there could be no over-issue of papermoney, if it was backed by good security, and

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BULL'S EYE-BULTI.

employed only for genuine transactions, and not in | Hucho), or salmon of the Danube, which somefictitious credits. In the meantime, the select com- times attains the size of 30, or, it is said, even of mittee on the high price of gold B., had been 60 lbs. wishing to get, not through theories or speculations but through actual facts, at the truth. The work of the committee was chiefly conducted by Mr. Horner, aided by Sir Robert Peel, then a young man; and both of them entered on the task without any prepossession, and the desire to find the truth. They established a conclusion, among other important truths, that paper-money is always liable to be overissued, and consequently depreciated, unless it be at all times immediately convertible into gold, and the monetary policy of the empire was subsequently established on this principle. A full analysis of the B. report will be found in Macleod's Dictionary of Political Economy.

BULL'S EYE, among the rigging of a ship, is a sort of small pulley in the form of a ring, with a rope spliced round the outer edge, and another sliding through a hole in the centre.-B. E., in rifle practice, is the small black centre within the circle on the target. See RIFLE PRACTICE.

BULOW, FRIED. WILH. VON, a famous Prussian genera in the war of liberation, was born in 1755, entered the army young, and soon distinguished himself. When Prussia declared war with France in 1813, it was B. that commanded in the first successful encounter with the French at Möckern, April 5, and revived the self-confidence of the army after the adverse battle of Lützen. His victories over Oudinot and Ney at Grossbeeren and Dennewitz, saved Berlin, and inflicted severe loss on the of Leipsic, and by taking possession of Montmartre, He acted a conspicuous part in the battle finished the campaign of 1814. The king acknowledged his services by an estate worth £30,000, and the title of Count Dennewitz. In the campaign of 1815, he joined Blucher by forced marches, and headed the column that first came to the aid of Wellington at Waterloo. He died at Königsberg, 11th January 1818.

BULL TROUT (Salmo Eriox or S. griseus), a fish nearly allied to the salmon, and like it, migratory in its habits, ascending rivers, in which it deposits its spawn, but living chiefly in the sea. It occurs in many of the rivers of Britain, but is probably better known in the Tweed than elsewhere,' being 'there as abundant as the salmon' (Yarrell). It is often called the GRAY TROUT,

Bull Trout.

enemv.

BU'LRUSH, an English popular name for large rush-like or reed-like plants growing in marshes, not very strictly limited to any particular kind. Some authors employ it in a restricted sense as the designation of plants of the genus Tupha, also known as Cat's-tail or Reed-mace. See TYPHA. It is perhaps more commonly restricted to large species of the genus Scirpus (q. v.), also called Club-rush, and particularly to S. lacustris, a common British plant, found also in all the northern parts of the world, growing about the muddy margins of lakes and ponds, with a creeping root and round stems varying from 2 to 8 feet in height, which are almost leafless, and bear their flowers in com- Bulrush (Scirpus lacustris): pound umbels of small a, top of stem and flowers; brown spikelets on their b, a single floret. side. The root is astringent and diuretic, and was formerly employed in medicine; but the stems are the most useful part of the plant, being much employed for making chairbottoms, mats, &c.; also by coopers for filling up spaces between the seams of casks, to which purpose. their spongy nature particularly adapts them, and not unfrequently for thatching cottages.

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sometimes simply the GRAY, and is the SEWEN of the Welsh rivers. It sometimes attains the weight of 20 lbs., although it is more commonly under 15 lbs. weight. It is less elegant in form than the salmon; the head and nape of the neck are thicker in proportion; and the tail, beyond the adipose fin, is more bulky and muscular; the tail fin is square at the end in young fish (in some places called whitlings), and in older ones, becomes convex by the elongation of the central rays, whence the name roundtail sometimes given to this species. The scales are rather smaller than those of a salmon of equal size, and the colour is less bright; the males BU'LTI, or LITTLE TIBET, a territory lying in the spawning season being reddish brown, the on the Upper Indus beyond the Himalaya, and females blackish gray; at other times the general forming a sort of debatable land between India colour is like that of the salmon trout. The B. T. and Tatary. It is immediately to the north of the agrees with the salmon in having only a few teeth Valley of Cashmere, with which it has been polition the most anterior part of the vomer (the bone cally connected by conquest. It occupies about which runs down the centre of the palate); while the 8000 square miles, extending in N. lat. between salmon trout, the common trout, and the great 34° 30' and 36°, and in E. long. between 75° and 77°. lake-trout, have a long line of teeth there: the With an average elevation of about 7000 feet above teeth are larger and stronger than those of the the sea, B. is surrounded by mountains of nearly salmon; there are differences also in the form of the same height above its own level. Hence the the gill-covers. To anglers, the B. T. is next to the temperature is such that only snow falls in what salmon as a prize, and by many is mistaken for it. ought to be the rainy season, though in summer the The flesh is paler in colour, coarser, with much less thermometer ranges at noon from 70° to 90° F. flavour, and is much less esteemed.-The name European fruits are said to be plentiful. The B. T. has been also given to the HUCHO (Salmo | inhabitants are of the Mongolian race, and chiefly

424

BULWARK-BUNGALOW.

Mohammedans. Among the animals are the sha,, the other articles are included shirts, drawers, the large-horned goat, the sheep, the musk-deer, stockings, gloves, pipes, needles, thread, and a and the ibis. The only town of consequence is the variety of odds and ends. The less respectable of capital Iskardoh, which, in fact, sometimes gives its the B. traders try to smuggle spirits on board; name to the whole province. but if this is discovered, it leads to instant punishment. In fitting out and also in paying off ships in II.M. navy, the B. people are allowed on board for a certain length of time daily; but when a ship is in active commission, they come alongside only at meal-hours. Among the class of B. people generally, there is no little acuteness and enterprise. They learn all particulars about ships going and coming, and will even write to far-distant ports to secure a vessel's patronage. In their dealings, they of course prefer ready money, but in certain cases they give credit, and it is understood lose little by their liberality; for any attempt at evasion of payment by any of the crew, meets the displeasure of commanding officers. From Hong-kong up to the Bogue Forts, and in other Chinese waters, bumboats frequently accompany vessels, and are apt to become troublesome. From Malta, and some other places in the Mediterranean, the bumboats also haunt vessels in short cruises, in the hope of doing a little trade.

BU'LWARK, in military matters, was the old name for a rampart or bastion. In a ship, the bulwarks are the boarding above the level of the upper deck, nailed to the outside of the timberheads and stanchions. In ordinary vessels they form a parapet, protecting the seamen from the waves and prevent loose articles from being swept off the deck; in men-of-war they, in addition, serve to protect the men from an enemy's shot. In an inquiry made a few years ago concerning the availability of merchant-steamers as ships of war, it was found that the bulwarks would not afford sufficient protection to the men from musket-shot; but that if hammock-stanchions were fixed all round the bulwarks, and the men's hammocks placed in a netting upheld thereby, a very good protection might be obtained.

BULWER LYTTON, SIR EDWARD. See LYTTON.

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BU'MKIN, or BOO'MKIN (diminutive of boom), each-bow of the ship, to aid in extending the lower on shipboard, is a short boom which projects over edge or clue of the foresail to windward-in nautical phrase, 'to board the fore tack to.' In a boat, the B. is a small outrigger over the stern, used for extending the mizzen.

BUMMALOTI (Saurus ophiodon), a fish of the family Scopelida or Sauridae, often regarded as a subdivision of the great family Salmonida. It is a marine fish, a native of the coasts of India, particularly of the Bombay and Malabar coasts, from which it is exported in large quantities, salted and dried, to other parts of India, being highly esteemed for its rich flavour, and often used as a relish. In commerce, it is known not only by the name B., but by the singular appellation of Bombay Duck. It is a fish of elongated form, with large fins and a very large mouth, the gape of which extends far behind the eyes, and which is furnished with a great number of long, slender teeth, barbed at the points. It is extremely voracious.

BULWER, SIR HENRY LYTTON, G.C.B., the RIGHT HON., diplomatist and author, an elder brother of Sir E. Bulwer Lytton, was born in 1804, entered the diplomatic service in 1827, and was attached successively to the British Embassy at Berlin, Brussels, and the Hague. In 1830, he entered parliament, and during the following seven years he represented, in order, the constituencies of Wilton, Coventry, and Marylebone. In 1837, he became Secretary of Embassy at Constantinople, where he negotiated and concluded a treaty which is the foundation of our present commercial system in the East. In 1843, he was made Minister Plenipotentiary to the court of Madrid, and concluded the peace between Spain and Morocco in the following year. Whilst in Spain, his firmness and candour proved a source of great inconvenience to Narvaez, the Spanish soldier-diplomatist of that day, and who, pretending to have discovered the complicity of the British plenipotentiary in certain plots against the Spanish government, ordered him to leave Madrid. Both parties in the House of Commons approved of the whole course of B.'s conduct while at the court of Madrid, and her Majesty BUNDELCU'ND, а territory of Hindustan, awarded to him the highest decorations of the between Gwalior, on the west, and the Jumna, order of the Bath. He afterwards proceeded to which separates it from the Doab, on the northWashington, where he evinced equal art in conciliat-east. It extends in N. lat. from 23° 52′ to 26° 26', ing the temper of the people and maintaining the interests of his own country. In 1852, he was sent to Tuscany as envoy extraordinary; and in 1856 was nominated by Lord Palmerston commissioner, at Bucharest for investigating the state of the Danubian Principalities. As British commissioner, he called forth from every minister and from every government concerned the warmest expressions of approval, and all concurred in recommending him for the post of ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, on the return of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, in the spring of 1858. He has published An Autumn in Greece; France, Social and Literary; The Monarchy of the Middle Classes; and a Life of Byron. Sir Henry Lytton B. married a sister of Earl Cowley, British ambassador at Paris.

BU'MBOAT, a boat employed to carry provisions and other articles from harbours and ports to vessels lying at some distance from the shore. Boats of this kind belong to a class of petty traders, who in England are, for the most part, women. The provisions commonly offered for sale are soft bread, butter, fruit, vegetables, fish, and fresh meat-the fish fried, and the meat roasted, if wanted. Among

and in E. long. from 77° 53' to 81° 39', containing rather more than 18,000 square miles, and about 2,500,000 inhabitants. Studded, as B. is, with isolated rocks rising precipitously from its surfaceeach of them a nucleus, as it were, of independence—it has generally been very much subdivided. Besides five or six sections belonging to the North west Provinces of British India, it embraces nine rajahships, and numerous principalities of inferior name, known as jaghires. The country, notwithstanding that it is well watered, has a climate which renders irrigation indispensable; and it is accordingly interspersed, at the cost of great labour and considerable ingenuity, with artificial dams. B., though not destitute of woodlands, presents rather jungle and copes than heavy timber. It is said to possess inexhaustible deposits of iron-ore, and to have given indications also of coal. The principal towns are Calpee, Jhansi, Callinger, Banda, Jalun, and Chaturpur. The first three will be noticed in their places, Callinger being famous for its cavetemples, and Jhansi and Calpee having acquired celebrity in the mutiny of 1857-1858.

BU'NGALOW, a species of rural villa or house,

BUNIAS-BUNSEN.

baggage and servants, at the rate of a stage a day, is almost inconceivable.

It was

BU'NIAS, a genus of plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, distinguished by incumbent linear spirally twisted cotyledons (q. v.), and a nut-like silicule (or round pod) with 2-4 cells. Only a few species are known, natives of the Levant. One of these, B. Orientalis is cultivated in some countries-particularly in France—as a field-crop, for the sake of its leaves, which are used for feeding cattle. introduced into Britain more than 100 years since, and is quite hardy; but its cultivation has never become general, the amount of herbage which it yields being regarded as comparatively small. It is a perennial plant, with an upright branching stem, linear leaves, and yellow flowers, and is sometimes called HILL MUSTARD. It seems to succeed best in a rich, dry, and rather light soil.

so called in India. Bungalows which form the residence of Europeans, are of all sizes and styles, according to the taste and wealth of the owner. Some are of two stories, but more usually they consist of only a ground-floor, and are invariably surrounded with a verandah, the roof of which affords a shelter from the sun. In the chief cities of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, some of the of the bungalows are really palatial residences, while in the mofussil they are of more moderate pretensions. In general, they are provided with exterior offices, to accommodate the large retinue of domestics common in Indian life. Besides these private bungalows, there are military bungalows on a large scale for accommodating soldiers in cantonments; likewise public bungalows, maintained by government for the accommodation of travellers, and in which seem to be blended the characters of an English road-side inn and an eastern caravanserai. These bungalows, though they vary greatly in BUNION is a painful condition met with in the actual comfort, are all on the same plan. They are joints of the feet, most commonly at the junction quadrangular in shape, one story high, with high-caused by a gradual displacement of the bones, the of the great toe with its metatarsal bone. It is peaked roofs, thatched or tiled, projecting so as to form porticos and verandahs. The B. is divided into 'suits of two, three, or four rooms, provided with bedsteads, tables, and chairs; windows of glass, and framed glass-doors. Off each room is a bath-room, and earthen jars of cool water. Travellers are expected to carry their servants, cookingapparatus, wine, beer, bedding, &c., with them; but the khitmutgar of the better class of bungalows supplies table-ware, condiments, and even sometimes food and liquors, and he is usually skilled in cooking. Government charges one rupee, or two shillings a day, to each traveller for the use of the bu glow. A book is kept, in which travellers enter their names, the time of their arrival and departure, with the amount paid, and any remarks regarding the state of the B. and its attendance he may think proper. Natives seldom stop in these public bungalows, for though legally open to all, they are almost exclusively resorted to by Europeans; and natives even of good condition are fain to seek the squalid desolation of a tottering caravanserai,' or village'dhurrumtala.' At every travellers' B. is stationed a government peon, who acts as watchman, and is bound to assist travellers' servants in procuring supplies of fuel and food in the nearest village. The distance between each B. on

a

Bungalow.

toe itself turning outwards, and leaving the head or further extremity of the metatarsal bone projecting inwards. Over the latter, the skin is generally thin, and occasionally a bursa (q. v.) is present between the skin and bone. The pressure of a boot causes this bursa to inflame, and this may go on to suppuration or painful ulceration. Rest, poulticing, and such remedies are generally sufficient to subdue any inflammatary attack, and wearing a shoe so constructed as to save the B. from pressure, will probably prevent a recurrence of painful symptoms; but amputation and excision of the ends of the bones have been resorted to for the cure of the

troublesome distortion.

BUNKER'S HILL. See CHARLESTOWN.

In fact,

BU'NKUM, a phrase used in the United States to signify an oratorical display in favour of a sham proposal, in order, to catch popular applause. A member, of the legislature, for example, desirous of standing well with his constituents, makes a flaming speech in favour of a measure in which they are interested; but with the knowledge that the measure is impracticable, and will not be carried. the speaker, does not want to carry it; his sole object is to impose on his supporters, and acquire the character of a meritorious public leader. Such is speaking for bunkum. The origin of the phrase, talking for Bunkun, or, more properly, Buncombe,' is thus explained. A member of Congress from that district of N. Carolina addressed the house at great length, without interesting his auditors, many of whom left the hall. The remainder he proposed to dismiss, remarking that he was only talking for Buncombe.'

BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN KARL JOSIAS, BARON, one of the most distinguished statesmen and scholars of Germany, was born, 25th August 1791, at Korbach, in the principality of Waldeck, and studied philology at Göttingen (1809-1813) under Heyne. He had been appointed teacher in the Gymnasium of Göttingen in 1811, but quitted the position in 1813; and in pursuance of a course of study of Old and Middle High German, begun in company with Lachmann, and to extend his knowledge of the Germanic tongues, went to Holland, and afterwards to Copenhagen, where he learned Icelandic from Finn Magnussen. The historical works of Niebuhr and his character as miles-an a politician had filled B. with enthusiasm, and he spent some months of 1815 in Berlin, in order to become personally acquainted with the historian. with the historian. In 1816, he went to Paris, and studied Persian and Arabie under Sylvestre de Sacy, and in the same year to Rome, where he married.

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unk-road is generally about 12 or 15 miles an Indian day's journey. The annexed cut represents a B. in the jungle. The introduction of railways will very soon put an end to the present system of travelling in India--a fact greatly to be desired, as the annoyance experienced moving slowly on with

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