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BURNET-BURNEY.

very competent assembly, the House of Lords.
1714, appeared the third volume of his History of
the Reformation. In the spring of 1715, he was
attacked by a pleuritic fever, and carried off on
the 17th of March, in the 72d year of his age. B.
was thrice married: his rst wife was remarkable
for her beauty; the second, for her fortune; and the
third, for her piety.

In, regarding the wisdom and goodness of the Deity; and this independent of written revelation, and of the revelation of the Lord Jesus; and from the whole to point out the inferences most necessary and useful to mankind.' The competition is open to the whole world, and the prizes are adjudicated by three persons appointed by the trustees of the testator, together with the ministers of the Established Church of Aberdeen, and the principals and professors of King's and Marischal Colleges, Aberdeen, On the first competition in 1815, 50 essays were given in; and the judges awarded the first prize, £1200, to Dr. William Lawrence Brown, Principal of Marischal College and University of Aberdeen for an essay entitled The Existence of a Supreme Creator; and the second prize, £400, to the Rev. John Bird Sumner, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, for an essay entitled Records of Creation. On the second competition, in 1855, 208 essays were given in; and the judges, Rev. Baden Powell, Mr. Henry Rogers, and Mr. Isaac Taylor, awarded the first prize, £1800, to the Rev. Robert Anchor Thompson, Lincolnshire, for an essay entitled Christian Theism; and the second prize, £600, to the Rev. Dr. John Tulloch, Principal of St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, for an essay on Theism. The above four essays have been published in accordance with Mr. Burnett's deed.

Soon after B.'s death, appeared Bishop B.'s History of his Own Time, from the Restoration of King Charles II. to the Conclusion of the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne. It was sarcastically but foolishly abused by the Tory writers of the day--Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, and others. B. was a man of strict, almost of puritanic virtue; yet his charity, geniality, and moderation of sentiment might be imitated with advantage even in our own dav. His style is neither elegant nor correct, and his judgment is not always reliable, yet the honesty, earnestness, simplicity, and vigour of his writings, as well as their fulness of details, make his works very valuable to the student of history.

BURNET, JOHN, a painter, engraver, and author, was born near Edinburgh, March, 1784, and died May, 1868. He was first brought under the notice of the public through his engravings of Wilkie's works, which he executed in a most admirable manner. Of his own paintings, the best known engraving is that of Greenwich Pensioners receiving News of the Battle of Trafalgar.' He has written several works He has written several works on art, illustrated by drawings and engravings of his own, the most important of which is a Practical Treatise on Painting. He is also the author of Rembrandt and his Works, 4to, 1849; and in conjunction with Mr. Peter Cunningham, of the Life and Works of J. M. W. Turner, 4to, 1852.

BURNET, THOMAS, best known from his Theory of the Earth, was born in Yorkshire, 1635, and studied at Cambridge. After acting as travellingtutor to several noblemen, he was elected Master of the Charter-house (1685), and later, succeeded Archbishop Tillotson as clerk of the closet to William III. But having (1692) published a work, Archæologie Philosophica, sive Doctrina Antiqua de Rerum Originibus (also in English), displaying great learning, but treating the Mosaic account of the Fall as an allegory, he was obliged to retire from the clerkship, and lived in the Charter-house till his death, in 1715. His Telluris Theoria Sacra (first part, 1680; second, 1689) was written in Latin, but translated, or rather recomposed in English, by the author. It is an ingenious speculation, written in ignorance of the facts of the earth's structure, and is therefore a mere system of cosmogony, and not geology. But it abounds in sublime and poetical conceptions and descriptions, conveyed in language of extraordinary eloquence, and called forth the highest applause at the time.

BURNETT PRIZES, THE, are two theological premiums, founded by Mr. Burnett of Dens, Aberdeenshire. This gentleman (born 1729-died 1784) was a general merchant in Aberdeen, and for many years during his lifetime spent £300 annually on the poor. On his death, he bequeathed the fortune he had made to found the above prizes, as well as for the establishment of funds to relieve poor persons and pauper lunatics, and to support a jail-chaplain, in Aberdeen. He directed the prize-fund to be accumulated for 40 years at a time, and the prizes (not less than £1200 and £100) to be awarded to the authors of the two best treatises on the evidence that there is a Being all-powerful, wise, and good, by whom everything exists; and particularly to obviate obviate difficulties

AND

BURNETT'S DISINFECTING LIQUID ANTISEPTIC FLUID is a liquid introduced by Sir W. Burnett for the purpose of deodorising the bilge-water of ships, sewerage-water, &c. strong solution (sp. gr. 2) of chloride of zinc, accomIt is a panied by a small amount of chloride of iron; and when intended to be used, it is mixed with water in the proportion of one pint to five gallons of water, The liquid acts only as a deodoriser and antiseptic (see ANTISEPTICS), and does not yield any vapour which can exhibit the properties of a disinfectant (q. v.). It is of service in preserving dead animal tissues, as in the dissecting-room, and in jars containing anatomical specimens. It has little action on knives or steel instruments. When added to bilge or sewerage water, the chloride of zinc (ZnCl) mainly acts by decomposing the offensive sulphide of ammonium (NH4S), which it does by forming the sulphide of zinc (ZnS) and chloride of ammonium (NH4Cl), both of which are odourless. The strong solution of chloride of zinc has also been applied to the preservation of timber, and the process of so treating wood is called, after its inventor, Burnettising. Crewe's disinfectant liquid is chemically the same as the above.

BURNEY, DR. CHARLES, a musical composer, celebrated as the author of the General History of Music, was born at Shrewsbury, 1726. studied music in his native city, in Chester, and Having under Dr. Arne in London, he commenced giving lessons in music himself. After composing three pieces-Robin Hood, Alfred, and Queen Mab-for Drury Lane, B. left London, and settled at Lynn, in Norfolk, where he designed his work on the History of Music. In 1770-1772, he travelled in France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany, collecting materials for his proposed work, and published an essay on the Present State of Music in France and Italy, &c. (2 vols., Lond. 1772). . This was followed . by his General History of Music from the earliest Ages to the present Period (4 vols., Lond. 17761789). Beside other minor works, B. wrote a Life of Handel, and nearly all the musical articles in Rees's Cyclopædia. He was appointed organist to the Hospital at Chelsea in 1789. He died in 1815. He was intimately acquainted with many of the most eminent men of the day, including Edmund

BURNING GLASSES AND MIRRORS--BURNS.

Burke and Dr. Johnson.-His second daughter, | BURNS, ROBERT, the great lyric poet of ScotFRANCISCA B. (afterwards Madame D'Arblay), became | land, was born 25th January 1759, in a small cottage distinguished as authoress of Evelina, Cecilia, near Ayr. His father, then a nursery-gardener, Georgiana, and Camilla-novels formerly very popular, and still retaining some interest. BURNING GLASSES AND MIRRORS. See LENS,

and MIRROR.

BURNLEY, a thriving town in Lancashire, situated in a narrow vale on the banks of the Brun, a mile and a half above its junction with the North Calder, and 24 miles north of Manchester. Pop. now upwards of 30,000. It has manufactures of cottons and woollens, calico-printing works, iron and brass foundries, machine-making works, brew eries, tanneries, and rope-works. Its prosperity greatly depends on the collieries in the vicinity, and traffic is facilitated by railways and canals, which unite it with the principal centres of trade in Lancashire and Yorkshire.

A Roman vicinal way passed through the town, part of which is still known and used as the 'Long Causeway.' Roman coins, pottery, urns, &c., have been found near near the the town, and an extensive series of beacons, encampments, dikes, &c., occupy the slopes of the hills in the neighbourhood for a linear distance of more than 10 miles. From the name of the river, Brun, and other circumstances, these slopes are supposed to furnish a very probable site for the battle of Brunnanburh, so celebrated in Saxon history.

BURNOUF, EUGENE, one of the most distinguished orientalists of modern times, was born at Paris, April 1, 1801, and after entering on the study of law, betook himself to the oriental languages, especially those of India and Persia. In conjunction with Professor Lassen of Bonn, he published, in 1826, Essai sur le Pali, which was followed, in 1827, by Observations Grammaticales sur quelques Passages de l'Essai sur le Pali. His great aim, however, at this time, was to obtain a complete knowledge of the remains of the religious literature in the Zend, or Old Persic language, which had been neglected since the time of Anquetil du Perron, or, at least, not philologically and critically examined. B. undertook to decipher those curious MSS. which Anquetil du Perron had brought home with him, and which lay unregarded in the Bibliothèque Imperiale. He commenced by causing the chef-d'œuvre of Old Persic literature, the Vendidad-Sadé (one of the books of Zoroaster), to be lithographed with great care, and published from time to time in the Journal Asiatique the brilliant results of his laborious studies, which drew upon him the regard of the learned world. In 1834, he published the first volume of his Commentaires sur le Yagna l'un des Livres Liturgiques des Perses, a work which, for the first time, rendered possible a knowledge not only of the dogmas, but also of the language of Zoroaster. It is a masterpiece of conscientious industry, united with copious lingual and antiquarian lure. His studies in the Zend language induced him to make an attempt to decipher the cuneiform inscriptions of Persepolis, in his Mémoire sur deux inscriptions Cuneiformes (Par. 1836). In 1840, he published the text along with a translation of the Bhagavat-Purâna, a system of Indian mythology and tradition. As the fruit of his study of the Sanscrit books of the Buddhists, appeared in 1845 the Introduction à l'Histoire du Bhoudhisme. See BUDDHISM. This great work absorbed for six years the whole energies of B., who was now recognised as the worthy successor of Silvestre de Sacy. It is to be regretted that death did not permit this illustrious orientalist to continue his labours further. He died May 28, 1852.

While

and afterwards the occupant of a small farm, had to struggle all his life with poverty and misfortune, but made every exertion to give his children a good education; and the young poet enjoyed an amount of instruction and miscellaneous reading which, to those unacquainted with the habits of the Scottish peasantry, would seem incompatible with the straitened circumstances and early toil which were his lot. About his sixteenth year, he began composing verses in the Scottish dialect, which attracted notice in the vicinity, and extended the circle of his acquaintance; and thus he became exposed to temptations, which, acting on an extremely sociable and passionate disposition, broke in upon the previous sobriety and correctness of his life. A small farm, on which he had entered with his brother in 1781, proved far from a prosperous undertaking; and being harassed and imbittered by other misfortunes-the results of imprudence--he resolved to leave his native land, and go to Jamaica. Partly to procure the means of paying his passage, he published a collection of his poems at Kilmarnock in 1786. The reception these met with was highly favourable, and his genius was recognised in quarters where he had not looked for notice. preparing to embark, he received a letter encouraging him to go to Edinburgh, and issue a new edition. This was the turning-point of his life. During his stay in the Scottish metropolis, he associated with all that was eminent in letters, rank, and fashion, and his conversational powers excited little less admiration than his poetry. The profits of the publication were considerable, and enabled him to take the farm of Ellisland, near Dumfries, where he settled in 1788, having publicly ratified his marriage with Jean Armour. With his farm he conjoined the office of an exciseman; but after three or four years, he was obliged to give up farming, and from that time lived in Dumfries, dependent on his salary from the excise, which, at first, only £50, never rose above £70. The striking contrast in the lot of the rich and the poor with which his resid‹nce in Edinburgh had impressed him, made him hail the French Revolution with enthusiasm; and some imprudent expressions of his having been reported to the authorities, destroyed his prospects of promotion in the service, and only the interference of an influential friend prevented him from losing his office. Such was then the terror of innovation, and the hatred of everything like liberal opinions, that many of the better classes, who had fêted the poet, now shunned the 'Jacobin,' as they stigmatised him. Imbittered by what he felt to be injustice, he recklessly allowed those habits of dissipation to grow upon him which made the more respectable of all classes look coldly on him; and the remorse thus occasioned in his calmer moments aggravated that tendency to melancholy which the gloom and toil of his early years had probably implanted in his constitution. Broken in health, he died 21st July 1796.

The poetry of B. is purely the outpouring of the moment--the response of the feelings to the immediate circumstances of life. Its charm and power lie in the justness of the feelings expressed, and in the truthfulness and freshness which it derives direct from life. Seldom have such manliness, tenderness, and passion been united as in the songs of Burns. They formed the first awakening of the spirit of true poetry in Britain after a long slumber. The popularity that B. instantly acquired has continued unabated, not only in his native Scotland, but wherever English is spoken; his poems

BURNS AND SCALDS-BURRIANA.

1828. In The Life and Works of Burns (Edin. 1851~ 2), by R. Chambers, the poems are incorporated in the narrative in chronological order.

have also been translated into almost every European tongue. Dr. Currie, of Liverpool, published the first collected edition of his poems and letters, with a life (4 vols. Lond. 1800), for the benefit of the poet's In 1859, the centenary of B.'s birth was celebrated widow and family. Several more complete collec- with unparalleled enthusiasm, not only in every city tions have appeared since, of which, that by Allan and almost in every village of Scotland, but in the Cunningham, in 8 vols. (Lond. 1834), may be men- chief cities of England, and throughout America, the tioned. A life of B., by Lockhart, appeared, Edin. | British colonies, and India.

God

bless you
you!
болю Вит

Autograph of Burns.

BURNS AND SCALDS are injuries to the surface of the living body arising from excessive heata scald implying that the heat proceeded from a fluid medium, as boiling water; a burn, from a solid. The injury is much the same in both cases; therefore the directions for the treatment of burns will be applicable also to scalds. These injuries may be divided into three classes: 1. Burns resulting in simple redness of the skin; 2. Burns resulting in vesication or blistering; 3. Burns resulting in sloughing, or death of the part. The first object, after the accident has occurred, is to relieve the suffering; and cold applied either in the form of ice or water seems in most cases to have almost a specific power in allaying pain and checking the advance of inflammation. In other cases, moderate In other cases, moderate warmth is found more efficacious, and we must be guided mainly by the sensations of the sufferer as to which of these remedies we make use of. severe cases, opium or chloroform may be employed. But if the injury the body has received be very serious, the patient complains less of pain than of cold; he shivers, is much depressed, and must be well supplied with stimulants, to prevent his dying from the

shock.

In very

The best local application is the Carron-oil, which derives its name from the famous ironworks, where it has been used for many years. It consists of equal parts of olive-oil and lime-water, and should be applied on linen rags or cotton-wool. Blisters may be pricked, and the contained serum allowed to trickle away, but on no account is the raised skin to be removed. The dressings should not be changed oftener than cleanliness requires; and as each portion of the old dressing is removed, it must at once be replaced with fresh, so that as little exposure as possible of the burnt surface may take place. The main principle of treatment is exclusion of the air from the injured part; and so long as this is effected, it matters but little what remedial agent is employed. Great care must be taken in the treatment of a sore resulting from a burn, that the contraction of the scar does not cause distortion of the neigh bouring parts.

Extensive scalds or burns are very fatal to young children; and it must be remembered that their skin is more susceptible to external impressions, and will suffer from a degree of heat innocuous to an adult. Infants have frequently been scalded to death in too hot baths, or by too hot fomentations. The principles of treatment for burns produced by the contact of chemical agents to the skin, are the same as those for burns by fire.

BURNT OFFERINGS. See SACRIFICE.

BURNT SIË'NNA, a fine orange-red pigment, transparent and permanent, used both in oil and water colour painting. It is obtained by simply burning the ferruginous ochreous earth known as Terra di Sienna. di Sienna. Excellent greens are produced by mixing it with Prussian blue. It mixes well with other pigments generally, and dries quickly.

BURNT STONES, antique carnelians found in ruins, and seeming to have been acted upon by fire, having a dull appearance externally, but exhibiting a beautiful red colour when held up to the light. They are sold at a very high price, particularly if to the natural beauty of the stone is added the merit of fine workmanship. They were once, however, more esteemed than now, and an imitation of them, by burning the upper surface of carnelians with a hot iron, was very fashionable.

BURNT U'MBER, a pigment of a russet-brown colour, is semi-transparent, mixes well with other pigments, and dries quickly. It is obtained by burning umber, an ochreous earth containing manganese, and deriving its name from the place where it was first discovered-Umbria in Italy.

BURNTI'SLAND, a seaport town of Fifeshire, on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, about 8 miles north-north-west of Edinburgh. It consists of one long street, clean and well kept, with a back street running parallel, and some diverging lanes. B. is a station on the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee Railway, station on the opposite side of the Forth. It has a a steam-boat ferry connecting it with Granton, the When the clothes catch fire, the person should lie commodious harbour on the west. Its trade consists down on the floor, and roll herself, or be rolled, in principally of distilling, fisheries, and herring-curthe rug, table cover, or any thing sufficiently volumi-ing; and in the summer season it is now consideranous to stifle the flames; and afterwards the clothes, bly resorted to as a convenient watering-place. especially stockings, should be removed with great to send one member to parliament. Pop. (1851) It unites with Kinghorn, Dysart, and Kirkcaldy care, lest the cuticle should separate with them, to send one member to parliament. Pop. (1851) which would materially increase the sufferings of the 2724.

patient.

BURRIA'NA. a town of Spain, in the province

BURRITT-BURTON.

of Castellon-de-la-Plana, about 8 miles south from the town of that name, is situated on the left bank of the Rio Seco, about 1 mile from its mouth in the Mediterranean. It has a population of 6200, who are chiefly engaged in agriculture and fishing; and exports wine, oil, and fruit.

BURRITT, ELIHU, a distinguished advocate of the doctrines of the Peace Society, and widely known as 'the learned blacksmith,' was born at New Britain in Connecticut, United States, in 1811. He was brought up to the trade of a blacksmith; but devoted all his leisure to study, especially to mathematics and languages. In the latter field of study, his range has been very wide, embracing more or less Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and other oriental tongues, and almost all modern European and Slavonic languages. He is, however, much better known to the world as an earnest apostle of peace than as a scholar. To preach the doctrine of universal brotherhood,' he has travelled through the United States and a great part of Europe. His chief works are, Sparks from the Anvil, A Voice from the Forge, and Peace Papers. He has taken a prominent part in the Peace Congresses of Brussels, Paris, Frankfort, London, and Edinburgh; and is an eloquent advocate of an ocean penny-postage. He has edited many journals promoting peace-views; and his tracts have been translated into all the languages of Europe.

by the former commissioners may not be without
interest at the present time, as indicating the direc-
tion which it is not impossible that the reforms of
their successors will take. 'We entertain,' they say,
'very strong apprehensions that the laudable object
which it is proposed to promote by such bequests,
has not been very satisfactorily or usefully accom-
plished, and that the number of small bursaries has
been attended with consequences very prejudicial to
the interests of the universities. The number of
bursaries is greatly beyond the proportion necessary
for the encouragement of extraordinary merit, or to
provide for individual cases of unusual poverty and
hardship. It is completely proved that many are at-
tracted to the universitiy in the hope of obtaining a
bursary, and are induced to continue their attend-
ance without any natural turn for any of the learned
professions. It appears that some of these persons
are at last left in the most distressing of all situa-
tions-disqualified for the occupations in which they
might otherwise have been employed, and unable to
turn to any account the education which they have
Under such circum-
received in the university.
stances, many are induced to direct their views to
the church, and very painful instances have been
mentioned to us of their occupations and condition
in after-life.' The opinion is gaining ground, that
what is wanted in Scotland is not so much provision
for encouraging learning in its earlier stages, as ade-
quate inducements to persons who have passed the
preliminary stages to make it the business of their
lives; and that donors to the universities would do
much more for the advancement of education by the
foundation of fellowships than of bursaries.

BU'RSLEM, a town of Staffordshire, on the Trent
and Mersey Canal, in the centre of the pottery dis-
trict, 20 miles north of Stafford. Part of the town
stands on a height, and part on low ground, filled up
and raised considerably by the refuse of the local
manufacture. The footpaths are mostly paved with
It forms a portion of the parliamen-
blue bricks. It forms
tary borough of Stoke-upon-Trent. Pop. 19,725.
The abundance of coal and the variety of clays,
both of which are essential to the manufacture of
porcelain and earthenware-especially for the pro-
duction of saggars, in which those goods are passed
through the kilns-have made B., since the 17th c.,

BU'RSARY (Fr. bourse, Lat. bursa, a purse), a stipend paid to a student at a university, being generally the annual proceeds of a bequest, permianently invested for that purpose. The bursaries of the Scottish universities correspond very nearly to They are the scholarships (q. v.) of the English. more numerous in Aberdeen than in any of the other universities; and, what seems strange, considering the antiquity and dignity of the foundation, they are least numerous at St. Andrews, and smallest in amount. At King's College, Aberdeen, there were, at the date of the report of the University Commission of 1831, 134 bursaries, being one to every third student; and at Marischal College, there were 106, being more than one to every third student, taking the divinity students who attend both colleges as included in the number attending King's College. The amount of these provisions is, in general, very small. At King's College, none exceed £50 a year, and the highest at Marischal College is £26, whilst in both there are several which do not exceed £5, and, at Marischal, eight which are under £5. At Glasgow, at the same date, there were 71 bursaries, exclusive of ten exhibitions to Balliol College, Oxford, on the Snell Foundation (q. v.), and four smaller ones to the same college on that of Bishop Warner. The ordinary bursaries at Glasgow range from £50 to £5. At St. Andrews, there are 55 bursaries, the highest being £25, and the lowest £5. At Edinburgh, though not numerous in proportion to the attendance-only 80 in all-the bursaries are somewhat better; three of them being BURTON, JOHN HILL, advocate (member of the worth £100 a year each. Many of these bursaries Scottish Bar), has achieved for himself a place in the were destined for the education of persons bearing world of letters by a variety of works, all remarkparticular names, and, till the report of the Com-able for ability, and several for original thought. mission of 1831, few of them were disposed of by competition. Since that period, this system has been adopted in almost every case in which it is not expressly excluded by the conditions of the bequest.

There

At

one of the chief seats of the fictile manufacture.
The native clays are also used in making fine
articles of terra cotta, and coarse ones for kitchen
utensils, of a red, yellow, and brown colour.
is also a glass manufactory here. The affairs of the
town are managed by a local Board of Health.'
Birche's Head, a mile and a half from B., stands a
large service reservoir of the Staffordshire Water-
works Company, from which the town and neigh-
bourhood are supplied with excellent water.
the native place of Josiah Wedgwood, who in the
middle of the 18th c. greatly improved the manufac-
ture of pottery.

B. was

B. was born at Aberdeen on the 22d of August 1809; his father was an officer in the army, and his mother the daughter of an Aberdeenshire laird. Having graduated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, he became an apprentice to the profession of law As very extensive changes, both in the number in his native city; which, however, he afterwards. and mode of disposal of these endowments, are likely abandoned for the higher sphere of the Edinburgh to result from the labours of the existing University bar. Here, with time on his hands, he devoted For a long series Commission (1860), it is needless to dwell on the himself to study and letters. details of the present arrangements with regard to of years, from 1833 downwards, he was a conthem. But the opinions expressed on the subject | tributor to the Westminster Review of articles on

BURTON-BURY ST. EDMONDS.

Canal passes B, and, a mile below the town, enters the Trent, which flows into the Humber. The Trent here is crossed by a freestone bridge of 36 arches, and 1545 feet long, built before the Norman Conquest. In the 11th c., the Earl of Mercia founded an extensive abbey here, some of the abbots having seats in parliament. B. was once celebrated for its alabaster works, and is now noted for its ale. Bass, Allsopp, Worthington, and several other large brewers of bitter ale have their premises here. In the manufacture of this ale, hard-water instead of soft is used.

BU'RTSCHEID, or BORCETTE, a town of Rhenish Prussia, about half a mile distant from Aix-la-Chapelle, with which it is connected by an avenue of trees. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and cassimeres, and celebrated sulphur springs and baths, with a temperature of 106° to 155° F. Pop. 6000.

law, history, and political economy; and for several years he has contributed to Blackwood's Magazine literary sketches, among which may be mentioned the series entitled The Scot Abroad. Among his original works may be mentioned, The Life and Correspondence of David Hume, 2 vols. Svo (Edin. 1846); Lives of Simon Lord Lovat and Duncan Forbes of Culloden, Svo (Lond. 1847), both | excellent biographies; Political and Social Economy, 16mo (Edin. 1849), a work in which he has shewn high capacity for economical and social speculation, and which is indeed a valuable, condensed, and lucid contribution to the literature of social science; Narratives from Criminal Trials in Scotland; A Manual of Scottish Law; A Treatise on the Law (Scottish) of Bankruptcy; and a History of Scotland from the Revolution to the Extinction of the Last Jacobite Insurrection, 2 vols. 8vo (Lond. 1853). He published in 1867 his great History of Scotland, from Agricola's invasion to the Revolution of 1688. The high merits of his History already published BU'RWHA, or, as Dr. Barth spells it, BA'RUWA, have been universally admitted. Besides the numera town of Bornu, Central Africa, situated on the ous works already mentioned, B. has among his west bank of Lake Tsad, about 80 miles northlabours edited the works of Jeremy Bentham (nominorth-west of Kuka. The town, which consists nally in conjunction with Dr., now Sir John, Bow- of closely packed huts, is surrounded by high clayring), with an able introduction; in addition to this, walls, which, however, owing to the high mounds he has the merit of having conferred a benefit at of rubbish imbedding them on all sides,' afford no once on the public and the memory of his author by protection whatever from the attacks of the Taa volume of Benthamiana, being a collection of warek, to whom the inhabitants have to pay tribute. choice and leading passages from Bentham's works, Fish in great quantities are caught in the adillustrative of his style and explanatory of his doc-joining lake, and form the chief food of the intrines, accompanied by a memoir (prefixed), and view habitants, as well as their only article of commerce. of Bentham's system (appended). In 1854 he was Pop. about 6000. appointed Secretary of the Prison Board of Scotland, and on the abolition of that board in 1860, and the transfer of its functions to the Home Secretary, he became the latter officer.

BU'RY, a flourishing manufacturing town in the south-east of Lancashire, on a rising ground backed by hills on the north and east, between the Irwell and the Roche, 9 miles north-west of Manchester. It was early a seat of the woollen manufactures, carried on by Flemings, but these now yield in importance to those of cotton. Besides spinning and weaving factories, there are important print, bleach, paper, and dye works, and some large foundries. In the vicinity, are excellent freestone quarries, and abundant coal-mines. The town has been much improved of recent years, and is respectably provided with educational and literary institutions. Pop. 31,262. B. returns one member to parliament. There once stood a castle here, which was besieged by the parliamentary forces in 1644. Some improvements in the cotton manufacture arose here-viz., the invention by John Kay of the fly-shuttle, which is thrown by the picking-peg instead of the hand; and that of the drop-box, by his son, Robert, whereby the weaver can use at will any one of three shuttles, so as to produce a partycoloured fabric. The late Sir Robert Peel was born in B., where his father established his great printworks.

BURTON, ROBERT, author of the Anatomy of Melancholy, was born at Lindley, in Leicestershire, in 1576, and studied at Brasenose and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1616, he was appointed to the vicarage of St. Thomas, and in 1628 to the rectory of Segrave in his native county. He appears, however, to have continued all his life at Christ Church, where he died in 1640, leaving legacies of £100 each to the Bodleian and Christ Church libraries, and as many of his books as they did not already possess. A monument was erected to his memory in Christ Church Cathedral. B. is described by Anthony Wood as a good mathematician, a dabbler in nativities, a well-read scholar, and a thorough-paced philologist. As he was by many accounted a severe student, and a melancholy and humorous person, so by others who knew him well, a person of great honesty, plain-dealing, and charity. I have heard some of the ancients of Christ Church often say that his company was very merry, facete, and juvenile.' His Anatomy of Melancholy, in which he appears under the title BURY ST. EDMUNDS, or ST. EDMUNDSof Democritus Junior, is one of the most curious BURY, an ancient borough in Suffolkshire, on melanges of heterogeneous elements the Upper Larke, 26 miles north-west of Ipswich. ever put together. It consists mainly of an extraordinary It is well built, and delightfully situated. Pop. mass of quotations from old and obscure writers, The guildhall is built of flint and freestone. It 13,900. It returns two members to parliament. strung on a thread of rambling reflection; often tiresomely pedantic, but relieved by quaint touches has a botanic garden. It has a trade in wool, of humour and feeling. In his own lifetime, it was butter, corn, and cheese, but no manufactures. It highly popular, and went through five editions; received its name from Edmund, the Saxon king after that, it fell into comparative oblivion, but is after that, it fell into comparative oblivion, but is and martyr, who was crowned here on Christmas now again popular among lovers of quaint literature. Day, 856; taken prisoner, and put to death by the Dr. Johnson said it was the only book that ever his tomb, six priests founded a monastery; and Danes, and soon after canonised. On the site of took him out of bed two hours before his usual here Canute raised a Benedictine abbey-505 feet by 212, with 40 chapels, churches, cloisters, &c.— which in time became the richest and most important in England, save that of Glastonbury. From 1020 to its dissolution by Henry VIII., it was ruled

time.

BURTON-ON-TRENT, a a town in Staffordshire, 21 miles east of Stafford, on the Trent. Pop. 7934. The Grand Trunk or Trent and Mersey

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