CAMELFORD-CAMEO.

journeys of hundreds of miles at a rate of about 2 miles per hour. Some of the slight dromedaries, however, can carry a rider more than 100 miles in a day. The motion of the C. is peculiar, jolting the rider in a manner extremely disagreeable to those who are unaccustomed to it; both the feet on the same side being successively raised, so that one side is thrown forward, and then the other.

The C. produces only one young one at a time, or rarely two. It lives 30 or 40 years. The patience of the C. has been celebrated by some authors; and the cries by which it expresses its sense of injury when a heavy load is placed upon its back have been pathetically described. With all its general submissiveness, however, the C. is resentful of injury, and during the rutting season it becomes particularly vicious.

The flesh and the milk of the C. are much valued by the Arabs as articles of food. The dung is used for fuel, and it was from the soot of this dung that the sal-ammoniac, formerly imported from Egypt, was obtained by sublimation, whilst the sources from which that substance is now procured were unknown. The hair is used for the manufacture of cloth, some kinds of which are coarse, and others comparatively soft and fine. C.'s hair is also imported into Europe for the manufacture of the pencils or small brushes used by painters.

The C. can now scarcely be said to exist anywhere in a wild state.

A fossil species of C. (C. Sivalensis), larger than either of the existing species, has been discovered in the tertiary deposits of the Sewalik Hills in Hindustan.

CA'MELFORD, a village in the north-west of Cornwall, near the source of the Camel (crooked brook), 14 miles west of Launceston. It lies in a high and hilly tract near the moors. Pop. 705. C. is said to have been the scene of a battle in 542, between King Arthur and Mordred, his nephew, when both were slain. The West-Saxons, under Egbert, had a battle with the Britons here in 823. The ruins of King Arthur's Castle, Tintagel, stands on the high rocky coast, 4 miles north-west of Camelford. Two miles north of C. are the celebrated slate quarries of Delabole, employing 1000 men. Macpherson, the author or translator of Ossian, was member of parliament for C. in 1791, but the Reform Act of 1832 disfranchised the borough.

who can afford the expense, entire houses are often
devoted to the culture of camellias. Some cultiva
tors are careful to protect them from direct sunshine,
others recommend an opposite treatment in this
particular; it is agreed by all that free access of
air is of great importance, and that water must be
given very liberally, yet with such caution that the
soil may never remain soaked after the immediate
The cultivation
wants of the plant are supplied.
of camellias in the windows of houses is often
attended with disappointment, from the buds drop-
ping off when almost ready to expand, which is
generally owing either to a neglect or an excess of
watering; an apparently slight mistake, either of
the one kind or of the other, being very speedily
productive of this evil. Too much heat at this time
is also apt to cause the flower-buds to fall off. The
C. flowers well, when the temperature is kept not
very much above the freezing-point, but frost it
cannot bear. In the south of England, some of the
varieties are occasionally trained to walls in the
open air, receiving a little protection in winter.
The proper soil for camellias is a loose black mould;
a little sand and a little peat are often advanta-
geously mixed with loam to form it. Camellias are
often propagated by cuttings, often by layers; but
the finest varieties very generally by grafting or
by inarching. The single C. is also propagated by
seed, and in this way the best stocks for grafting are
procured. Of the other species of C., the most
hardy, and one of the most beautiful, is C. reticulata,
from which not a few of the varieties now in culti-
vation are partly derived.-C. oleifera is exten-
sively cultivated in China-not, however, in the
more northerly parts-for its seeds, from which an
oil is expressed after boiling, very similar to olive
oil, and much in use as an article of food and
otherwise in the domestic economy of the Chinese.
The seeds of almost all the species, however, yield
this oil.-C. Sasanqua bears the name of SASANQUA
TEA. It is cultivated in China for the sake of

its flowers, which are said to be used for flavouring
certain kinds of tea.

CAMELOPARDA'LIS. See GIRAFFE.

them.

CAMEL'S THORN (Alhägi), a genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosæ (q. v.) sub-order Papilionacea, containing a number of herbaceous or half-shrubby species, natives chiefly of the deserts of the east, having simple leaves, minute stipules, CAME'LLIA, a genus of plants of the natural racemes of red flowers, and jointed pods with one These plants are of great order Ternstroemiaceæ (q. v.), natives of China, seed in each joint. Japan, and the north of India-some of which are importance on account of the food which they now among the most common and admired green-afford for camels, where other vegetation is far from house shrubs in Britain and other countries too being abundant, and camels are particularly fond of cold for their cultivation in the open air, receiving A camelorum, a herbaceous species, yields the same sort of attention which is bestowed on other florists' flowers, and with the same result, of an endless multiplication of beautiful hybrids and varieties. The best known and most esteemed is C. Japonica. Its leaves are ovate-elliptical, almost acuminate and serrate, shining; the flowers without stalks, mostly solitary, large, and rose-like. It is a native of Japan; and there and in China it has been carefully cultivated from time immemorial. In its wild state, it has red flowers; and the red single C. is much used by gardeners as a stock on which to graft the fine varieties, the flowers of which are generally double, and in many cases most completely So. Many of them are of Chinese or Japanese origin; many have been raised by cultivators in Britain, continental Europe, and America. Their colours are very various; and the varieties also differ much in the form and position of the petals. It adds to the value of the C. that its flowering time is in autumn, winter, and spring. By those

a kind of Manna (q. v.) which appears in the form of drops, as of honey, on the leaves, and gradually A. hardens. A similar exudation is yielded by Å. Nipalensis, another herbaceous species; but it is not certain that the manna of Persia and Bokhara is produced, as has been alleged, by A. Maurorum, a shrubby species two or three feet in height, which certainly does not yield it in India or Egypt. The supposition that this exudation results from some peculiarity in the climate of Persia and Bokhara, being perhaps less probable than that of a mistake concerning species not very dissimilar.

CA'MEO (Ital. camei). Gems cut in relief are called cameos, in opposition to those that are hollowed out so as to yield a raised impression, which are called Intaglios. The term C., however, is applied more especially to those diminutive pieces of sculpture which are prepared from precious stones having two strata or layers of different colours, the undermost of which is left to form the

CAMEO-CAMERA LUCIDA.

background, the object to be represented being cut
in the upper one. The stone generally used for this
purpose by the ancients was the variegated onyx.
The art of C.-cutting is of great antiquity. It is
believed to have been of Asiatic origin, and to have
been practised by the Babylonians, from whom the
Phoenicians carried it into Egypt. From the
Egyptians, it was transmitted to the Greeks, who
brought it to great perfection; and latterly it was
practised very extensively, and more successfully
than perhaps any other art, in Rome. To what
extent the gems, commonly called Etruscan, are in
reality early Greek, is a subject of dispute amongst
the learned. It was not till a comparatively late
period-the age following Praxiteles-that C.-cutting
became popular in Greece; and it was in the
courts of the successors of Alexander that it was
chiefly patronised. At this period, cameos were very
extensively used, not only as personal ornaments,
but in cups, vases, candelabra, and other objects |
of domestic luxury. Pateræ and other vessels were
frequently worked out of a single stone, upon which
were exhibited a whole series of figures of the most
exquisite workmanship. Many of the antique cameos
which have been preserved are wonderfully beauti-
ful, both in design and execution. The finest
specimen in existence is said to be the Gonzaga C.,
formerly at Malmaison, now at St. Petersburg. It
represents the head of a prince and his wife, probably
Ptolemy I. and Eurydice. Winkelman mentions a
C. representing Perseus and Andromeda, in such
high relief, that almost the whole contour of the
figures, which are of the most delicate white, is
detached from the ground. It belonged to the
painter Mengs, and at his death was purchased by
the Empress Catharine of Russia. The only other
gem which Winkelman is disposed to rank with
that just mentioned, is the Judgment of Paris' in
the cabinet of the Prince Piombino at Rome. Of
cameos of the Roman time, many fine specimens are
to be found in the continental museums. The most
celebrated C. in England is the Cupid and Psyche,'
in the Marlborough collection, by Tryphon, who is
supposed to have lived in Macedon under the imme-
diate successors of Alexander. The stones on which

many of these cameos are cut are of surprising, and, in modern times, unequalled size and perfection. They are supposed to have been procured by the ancients through their oriental and African commerce. Cameos do not seem to have been made in medieval times; but the art revived in Italy, under the auspices of the Medici; and the production of cameos, both in pietra dura and in shell, has there become a branch of art manufacture of considerable importance. Impressions from antique cameos in glass, sulphur, porcelain, and other materials, are produced in many places; and for artistic purposes, possess all the value of the originals.

Glass Cameos.-The manufacture of cameos from artificial substances was not unknown to the ancients. One of the most beautiful specimens of an imitation of C. in glass is the famous Barberini or Portland Vase, now in the British Museum. The ground is blue, the figures, which are in low relief, being of a delicate, half-transparent white. See PORTLAND VASE. Many fragments of the same kind of manufacture exist in other cabinets, but that which we are fortunate enough to possess is believed to be the only perfect example.

Shell Cameos.-The art of imitating cameos in shell, which has now attained to such perfection as to rival the delicacy and finish even of antique workmanship, and which is a process quite as artistical as their production from gems, is of modern invention. The shells, like the stones,

chosen for this purpose, are such as possess layers of different colours. The most useful are the Bull's Mouth, the under layer of which is red, resembling the sardonyx; the Black Helmet, which has a dark onyx ground; and the Queen's Conch, of which the ground is of a pinkish hue. These shells have three strata, the undermost of which forms the ground, the figure being sculptured in the second, and the third serving to mark the hair, wreaths, armour, and other more prominent objects. The portion of shell having been prepared of the requisite size, form, and thickness by various mechanical means, it is fixed by some adhesive substance-usually rosin-to a small block of wood, of such form and thickness as to be conveniently grasped by the artist in his left hand. The outline of the object or objects to be represented is then sketched with a pencil, and, in the case of portraits, is usually copied from a previous pencil-sketch on paper. The pencil-marking on the shell is then followed with a scratch-point, and the surrounding white substance is removed by means of files and gravers. This latter process, which is more mechanical than the rest, is usually performed by an assistant. The artist then proceeds slowly and carefully to work out his subject by the use of smaller tools; those used at last for deepening the finer lines being scarcely larger than ordinary darning-needles. The manufacture of shell-cameos in Rome commenced about 1805, and is said to have been of Sicilian origin. The art was at first confined to Italy; but during the last twenty years, it has been carried on in Paris to a greater extent than even in Rome, though not with equal success. A large proportion of the whole cameos manufactured in France are imported into England, and many of them are mounted as brooches, and exported to the United States and the British colonies. Saolini and Giovanni Dies have long been celebrated as artists in shell-cameo in Rome, whilst Girometti has enjoyed a similar reputation for his works in pietra dura.

CA'MERA LU'CIDA, constructed of various forms, and for various puran optical instrument poses. Dr. Wollaston's C. L., intended to facilitate the perspective delineation of objects, consists of a small quadrilateral prism of glass, of which AB in the annexed figure is the perpendicular section, held in

a brass frame, which is attached to an upright rod, having at its lower end a screw-clamp to fix it to the edge of a table. The prism being at the height of about a foot from the table, has its upper face horizontal. Two of its faces, as in the figure, are at a right angle at A; the, contiguous faces make respectively with them angles of 67°; so that the remaining obtuse angle at B. contains 135°. Rays coming from an object PQ, and falling nearly perpendicularly on the first surface, enter the prism,

CAMERA LUCIDA-CAMERA OBSCURA.

and undergo total reflection at the contiguous | of lenses, and at the other a screen, generally made surface (see DIOPTRICS); they then fall at the of ground-glass, on which to receive the image. Fig. same angle on the next surface, and are totally 1 will at once give an idea of a very common and reflected again; finally they emerge nearly perpendicularly to the remaining surface. An eye, as in the figure, then receives the emergent pencil through one part of the pupil, so that an image, pq, of the object is seen projected upon a sheet of paper upon the table. The rays from the drawing-pencil passing the edge of the prism, enter the other part of the pupil; and the pencil and image being seen together upon the paper, a sketch of the latter can be taken. There is, however, a practical difficulty-the image and the drawing-pencil are at distances sensibly different from the eye, and so cannot be seen together distinctly at the same time. To obviate this, a plate of metal, with a small aperture as an eye-hole, is placed at the edge under the eye, so that the rays through the prism, and those from the drawing-pencil, which both pass through the eye-hole, form only very small pencils. By this, the difficulty is greatly diminished. It is still, however, difficult to use the instrument satisfactorily; and though many acquire great readiness in its use, others have never been able to attain the same facility; The instrument is remarkable for its small bulk, and portability. A good one will pack in a box 8 inches by 2, and half an inch deep. Besides this form of the C. L., which is the most common, there are others. Its simplest form is merely a piece of smooth glass fixed at an angle of 45° to the horizon. An image from a horizontal object falling on this glass will be of the rays falling on their sides, and to impart perfectly reflected, and that in the vertical, so that greater distinctness to the picture.

the eye looking vertically down will see the image, and, owing to the transparency of the glass, the artist will be able to trace it out upon paper below. In this case, however (see CATOPTRICS), the image will be inverted.

CA'MERA OBSCU'RA (literally, a dark chamber), an instrument invented by Baptista Porta, in the 16th century. It is known in its simplest form as a familiar toy, consisting of a rectangular box, furnished at one end with a lens whose focal length is equal to the length and depth of the box; at the opposite end of which a plane reflector is placed at an angle of 45°, which throws the image of any objects to which the lens may be directed on a piece of ground-glass on the top of the box in a non-inverted position, so that they may be viewed or sketched from as in nature.

The C. O. being now an indispensable article in the practice of photography, has received a number of recent improvements, which make it rank as a scientific instrument. The principle, however, involved in the simplest and most refined forms is the same, and may be illustrated and made intelligible by the following experiment: Let a small hole be bored in a window-shutter, and the room be darkened. If, now, the beam of light entering the room by this hole be intercepted by a sheet of white paper, held at a small distance from the hole, an inverted image of objects without will be seen upon the paper. By placing a small convex lens over the hole, this image is rendered much more distinct, or sharp, in photographic language. Moreover, it will be found that, at a certain distance from the hole, the image attains a maximum degree of sharpness; and that if the paper be removed from this point to any position either nearer to the hole or further from it, the image becomes indistinct and confused. At the point of greatest distinctness, the image is said to be focused. Such being the principle of the camera, it is evident that in practice the instrument may assume many forms, provided always that it consists of a darkened box or chamber having a hole at one end for the insertion of a lens, or combination

Fig. 1.

C. is the body of the instru

simple form of camera.
ment, made of any opaque substance; L, the tube
or tubes, generally formed of brass, and containing
one or more lenses; G, the obscured or ground-glass,
upon which the image is thrown for the purpose of
adjusting the focus; R, the rack behind, by means of
which, and the double sides of the camera, the body
of the instrument may be lengthened or shortened
till the image on the ground-screen is accurately
focused. This rack is most frequently placed upon
the tubes carrying the lenses. The interior of the
whole apparatus is blackened, to prevent reflection
S, in fig. 2,

represents the camera-slide. This is a thin dark box, and is used for conveying a sensitive plate from the operating-room to the camera, and back again after exposure. It consists of a rectangular frame, made to fit exactly into the back of the camera when the focusing-screen is removed. At the back is a hinged-door, by means of which the plate is introduced into the slide; and in front is a shutter, which is pulled up when the plate is to be exposed, and shut down after the time requisite for the action of the light upon the plate has expired. It must be constructed so that, when substituted for the focusing-screen G (fig. 1), the surface of the prepared plate, which is intended to receive the image, shall correspond exactly in distance from the lens with the ground-surface of the focusing-screen. The plate rests upon projections of silver wire in the corners of the slide; and the same slide may be used for plates of different sizes, by introducing into it thin frames of suitable dimensions also furnished with silver-wire corners.

Photographic cameras are generally required for one of three purposes-viz., portraits, landscapes, or copying; and for each of these it is necessary to make suitable modifications in the construction of the instrument. A camera has, however, been recently contrived which combines within itself the conditions necessary for all contingencies. It is

CAMERARIUS-CAMERONIAN REGIMENT.

called Martin's Universal Portrait, Landscape, and Copying Camera, and consists, primarily, of a baseboard, 30 inches long and 11 inches wide, divided into three pieces, and hinged together by means of broad brass hinges, so as to diffuse the bearing as much as possible, and bolted together when in use by sliding panels of mahogany, extending across the entire width of the base-board. This base-board being grooved on its outer edges, allows the sliding portions of the camera to be moved from one end to the other, so as to alter the relation between object, lens, and image ad infinitum.

What may be regarded as the body of the camera, is of the same construction as an ordinary expanding camera (fig. 1), except that it is furnished with additional apertures for camera slides, and the front (C) and the back are united by means of an accordion or bellows body of suitable length to extend from one end of the base-board to the other.

cause he espoused, and from whom the religious sect ordinarily called Cameronians (q. v.) has been named. C. belonged to the extreme party, who held by the perpetually binding obligations of the Solemn League and Covenant (see COVENANTS), which were set aside at the restoration of Charles II. Along with some others, he strenuously resisted those measures that reinstated the Episcopal Church in Scotland, and that proscribed the meetings for public worship of unauthorised religious bodies. Contrary to law, he persisted in preaching in the fields, and became obnoxious to government, to which, indeed, he finally assumed an attitude of defiance. In June, 1680, he, in company with about twenty persons of equal zeal, well armed, entered the town of Sanquhar; and in the market-place they formally renounced their allegiance to Charles II., who had so grossly abused his power, and declared war against him and all his adherents. After this act they reCAMERA RIUS, JOACHIM-originally, Liebhard, tired to the hills between Nithsdale and Ayrshire, which name he changed into C., because his fore- where they succeeded in evading capture for a fathers had been Kämmerer (chamberlains) at the month, though a price of 5000 merks had been set court of the Bishop of Bamberg-was born at upon C.'s head by government, and 3000 upon the Bamberg, April 12, 1500, and died at Leipsic, after heads of the others. On the 20th July, 1680, a life devoted to literature, April 17, 1574. He however, they were surprised by a vastly superior was by nature earnest and taciturn; but the extent force in Aird's Moss, and after a brave fight, C. of his knowledge, his sobriety of opinion, strength was killed. His hands and head were cut off, and of character, and, when he pleased, overpowering sent to Edinburgh, where they were fixed upon eloquence, won for him the esteem of all his con- the Netherbow Port. C. ranks as a martyr, temporaries. His works, of which several still remain valuable, include an excellent biography of Melancthon, and a collection of letters by this reformer; also annotations on Cicero's Quaestiones Tusculana (1525), Elements of Rhetoric, Commentarii Linguæ Græcæ et Latina (1551), and Epistolæ Familiares (1583-1595), giving interesting notices of his times. His son, JOACHIM C. (b. 1534, d. 1598), was one of the most learned physicians and botanists of his age.

CAMERINO (ancient Camerinum), a town of Central Italy, capital of the delegation of the same name, situated on a hill at the foot of the Apennines, 41 miles south-west of Ancona. It has a cathedral, occupying the site of a temple to Jupiter, a university, and some manufactures of silk. Its bishopric dates from the 3d c.; and it was made an archiepiscopal see in 1787. Pop. 6000.

and has an honourable place in the history of Scots Worthies.

CAMERON HIGHLANDERS, the designation given to the 79th Regiment of infantry in the British service, in consequence of the corps having been raised by Allan Cameron of Erroch, in 1793. Originally, it consisted of 1000 men, but a second battalion was added in 1804.

wears the Highland garb, performed distinguished This gallant regiment, which services in the peninsula and at Waterloo, and has been engaged in the chief warlike struggles of more recent times.

re establish

A

of infantry in the British service, so called from CAMERO'NIAN REGIMENT, the 26th Regiment having had its origin in a body of Cameronians Taking advantage of the zeal and courage of the (q. v.) during the Revolution of 1688 in Scotland. Hillmen or Cameronians, the Convention which sat CA'MERON, JOHN, a famous scholar and divine, at Edinburgh induced a number of them to assist in was born at Glasgow about the year 1580, and completing the work of the Revolution, which, as educated at the university of that city, where, in was still imagined by some, was to his 20th year, he held an appointment as reader in things according to the letter of the Covenants. Greek. In 1600, he set out to travel in France, regiment of Cameronians was accordingly organised; where his ability and erudition secured for him a cach soldier being induced to enlist on the underphilosophical professorship in the university of Se-standing that the special object of the corps was dan. He afterwards acted as a Protestant clergyman at Bordeaux, and, on the death of Gomarus, was appointed to the divinity chair in the university of Saumur, an appointment he held until 1620. Returning to Britain, he was appointed professor of divinity at Glasgow; but in less than a year he returned to Saumur; thence to Montauban, where he received a divinity professorship. Here his opposition to the party who advocated a civil war made him many enemies, by one of whom he was stabbed in the street; and he died from the effects of the wound in 1625. He was considered one of the best scholars of his time; in biblical criticism, he was inclined to be perverse; where there was a difficulty, he usually chose the opposite view to that held by other divines, especially Beza. His theological opinions were of a somewhat lax character, his works being said to be the foundation of Amyraut's doctrine of universal grace.

CAMERON, RICHARD, a Scottish Presbyterian preacher in the 17th c., who suffered death for the

to recover and establish the work of Reformation in Scotland, in opposition to popery, prelacy, and arbitrary power, in all the branches and steps thereof, till the government in church and state be brought to that lustre and integrity which it had in the best of times.' (See Burton's History of Scotland, vol. i. p. 49.) Thus was formed the celebrated C. R., with the youthful Lord Angus as colonel, and William Cleland as lieutenant-colonel and actual commander. Under Cleland, not yet in his 30th year, the regiment was sent northwards to quell the insurrection, after the fall of Viscount Dundee. Surrounded by from 4000 to 5000 Highlanders, the Cameronians, only 800 strong, gallantly defended themselves during a whole day in Dunkeld, August 21, 1689. In this terrific struggle, the brave Cleland was killed. The Cameronians, whom, considering the issue of the Revolution, we must suppose to have been entrapped into military service, were afterwards employed in the foreign wars of William III., greatly to the scandal of that stern portion of the

CAMERONIANS-CAMILLUS.

Presbyterians who founded the Cameronian sect. As the 26th of the line, the regiment has ever done credit to its origin; being distinguished alike for gallantry in the field, and for its good and orderly conduct in garrison.

numbered 6 presbyteries, comprising altogether 45
congregations in Scotland, one of which was in
Connected with
Edinburgh and 4 in Glasgow.
the body, there are congregations in Ireland and
North America.

CAMEROO'NS, a river of Upper Guinea, Africa, which enters the Bight of Biafra from a north-east direction, in about lat. 4° N, long. 9° 40′ E., by an estuary some 20 miles in breadth. Its length is not certainly known, but from 40 miles upwards its breadth averages nearly a quarter of a mile, its depth varying in the dry season from 2 to 20 feet. The left bank of the river is steep and high, the right for many miles low and swampy, and covered with mangroves. There are several populous and thriving villages on its banks, whose inhabitants carry on an extensive trade in palm-oil, and ivory, obtained in great quantity from dead elephants, which have perished in search of water in a great morass inland.-C. is also the name of a cape on one of the islands of the estuary.-C. PEAK is the name of the culminating-point in the C. Mountains, which in lat. 4° 13' N., and long. 9° 10′ E., has an elevation estimated at 13,000 feet.

the 1st of August 1743, under the appellation of the Reformed Presbytery. Other preachers afterwards attached themselves to the sect, which continued to flourish obscurely in the west of Scotland and north of Ireland. For their history and CAMERO'NIANS, the religious sect in Scotland tenets, we refer to the Testimony of the Reformed alluded to in the notice of Richard Cameron, from Presbyterian Church (Glasgow, John Keith, 1842). whom the body has been popularly named. Its Holding strictly to the Covenants, and in theory official designation, however, is that of Reformed rejecting the Revolution settlement, the political Presbyterians. No doubt, the principles of the position of the C. is very peculiar, as they refuse body are those for which Cameron contended and to recognise any laws or institutions which they died; but it assumed no distinct form till after the conceive to be inimical to those of the kingRevolution of 1688; and it might briefly be defined dom of Christ; from which cause they have as consisting of a small party of Presbyterians, who greatly isolated themselves from general society, objected to the Revolution settlement in church and refused several of the responsibilities and and state, and desired to see in full force that kind of privileges of citizens. At the same time, it is civil and ecclesiastical polity that prevailed in Scot- proper to say, that if zealous and uncompromising, land from 1638 to 1649. According to the Solemn they are also a peaceful body of Christians, who, under the shelter of a free and tolerant governLeague and Covenant, ratified by the parliaments of England and Scotland, and also by the Assembly ment, are left unmolested to renew the Coveof Divines at Westminster in 1643, Presbyterianismnants as often as fancy dictates. In 1860, the sect was to be maintained in the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and popery, prelacy, superstition, heresy, schism, &c., were to be extirpated. The Covenanters in Scotland contended, as is well known, under much suffering, for this species of Presbyterian supremacy throughout the reigns of Charles II. and James VII. (II.). As a measure of pacification at the Revolution, Presbytery was Presbytery was established in Scotland by act of parliament 1690; but it was of a modified kind. Substantially the church was rendered a creature of the state, more particularly as regards the calling of General Assemblies; and equally to the disgust of the extreme party whom we refer to, prelacy was not only confirmed in England and Ireland, but they saw that there was a general toleration of heresy-i. e., dissent. In sentiment, if not in form, therefore, this uncompromising party repudiated the government of William III. and his successors, and still maintained the perpetually binding obligations of the Covenants. Unquestionably, these C. acted under strong convictions, and only desired to carry out to a legitimate issue those principles which have always mingled with the theories of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland; but which, for prudential cousiderations, have been long practically in abeyance. In short, it is in the standards of this sect that we have to look for a true embodiment of the tenets held by the great body of English and Scotch Presbyterians of 1643. Others gave in to the Revolutiontached to it, which is estimated to contain 20,000 insettlement, and afterwards found cause to secede. The C. never gave in, and of course, never seceded. Although thus, in point of fact, an elder sister of the existing Church of Scotland and all its Secessions, the Cameronian body, as has been said, did not assume a regular form till after the Revolution; and it was with some difficulty, amidst the general contentment of the nation, that it organised a communion with ordained ministers. The steadfastness of members was put to a severe trial by the defection of their ministers; and for a time, the people were as sheep without a shepherd. At length, after their faith and patience had been tried for 16 years, they were joined by the Rev. John M'Millan, from the Established Church, in 1706. In a short time afterwards, the communion was joined by the Rev. John M'Neil, a licentiate of the Established Church. As a means of confirming the faith of members of the body, and of giving a public testimony of their principles, it was resolved to renew the Covenants; and this solemnity took place at Auchensach, near Douglas, in Lanarkshire, in 1712. The subsequent accession of the Rev. Mr. Nairne, enabled the C. to constitute a presbytery at Braehead, in the parish of Carnwath, on

CAME TA, a town of Brazil, on the left bank of the Tocantins, which joins the estuary of the Amazon It is 85 miles to the south-west from the south. It has a fertile district atof Para or Belem.

'habitants.

CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS, a celebrated Roman patrician, who first makes his appearance as consular tribune, 403 B. C. as consular tribune, 403 B. c. His military career was a series of unbroken successes, according to the accounts which have come down to us; but these accounts have been shewn by Niebuhr to possess a considerable admixture of mythological or poetic fiction. In 396, C. was made dictator, during the Veientine war, in which he mined and captured the city of Veii; but the proud splendour of his subsequent triumph offended the Roman populace, who were still further displeased when C. demanded a tithe of the spoils of Veii, in order to fulfil a row made to Apollo, on condition of victory. In 394, C. was again elected consular tribune, and besieged the Falerii, who after bravely de ending themselves, were led by a magnanimous act of C. to yield unconditionally. Afterwards, C., being accused of peculation, and foreseeing certain condemnation, banished himself from Rome, 391, and lived in retirement at Ardea, until Brennus, at the head of his wild Gauls, had swept through Etruria, and captured and destroyed the whole of Rome except the Capitol. C. was now recalled, and