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CAMPBELL ISLAND-CAMPHOR.

Erin and Ye Mariners of England in his portmanteau; and shortly after, took up his abode in Edinburgh, where Locheil's Warning was composed. In 1803, C. proceeded to London, and adopted literature as a profession. He contributed articles to The Edinburgh Encyclopædia, and compiled The Annals of Great Britain from the Accession of George II. to the Peace of Amiens, in 3 vols. In 1806, through the influence of Mr. Fox, C. received a pension of £200 per annum from government. În 1809, he published Gertrude of Wyoming, which bears the same relation to The Pleasures of Hope that The Castle of Indolence bears to The Seasons-a less brilliant and striking, but more mature and finished performance. In 1818, C. was again in Germany, and on his return, he published his Specimens of the British Poets, in 7 vols. In 1820, he delivered a course of lectures on poetry at the Surrey Institution. From this date to 1830, C. edited The New Monthly Magazine, and contributed thereto several poems, one of which, The Last Man, is in some respects the loftiest of all his performances. In 1824, he published Theodoric and other Poems. In 1827, he was elected Lord Rector of the university of Glasgow, and received the unusual honour of re-election the two following years. He published The Pilgrim of Glencoe and other Poems in 1812. His later publications did not add to his fame. He died at Boulogne in 1844, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, Macaulay, Dean Milman, and other celebrated persons bearing the pall.

C. is an established English classic. With the young, The Pleasures of Hope will ever be a chief favourite; while readers of maturer years will linger with delight over the silvan scenery and

tender domestic scenes of Gertrude. It is in his

lyrics, however, that C. has ascended highest into the heavens of song-Hohenlinden, Ye Mariners of England, and The Battle of the Baltic, cannot be paralleled in the language. Than these lyrics, nothing can be more simple and spirited. Once read, they cannot be forgotten. They will fan the patriotism of many generations.

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J. Campbell

Campbell's Autograph.

CAMPBELL ISLAND, a lonely spot on the South Pacific, in lat. 52° 33′ S., and long. 169° 9′ E. Though it is mountainous, and measures only 36 miles round, it is yet valuable on account of its harbours. It is also scientifically interesting, being volcanic, and displaying a rich and rare flora.

CA'MPBELTON, a royal borough and seaport, on the east coast, near the south end of the peninsula of Cantire, Argyleshire, and the most important town in that county, is 65 miles west-south-west of Glasgow, on a fine harbour or sea-loch, 2 miles long, and 1 mile broad. It is noted for the number -between 20 and 30-of its whisky distilleries. It unites with Ayr, Inverary, Irvine, and Oban to return one member to parliament. A sculptured granite cross stands in the principal street, and is supposed to have been brought from Iona. Fop. 6880. The chief exports are whisky, herrings, and Highland cattle and sheep. In 1858, 2912 vessels, of 238,360 tons, entered and cleared the port. is a favourite summer resort.

C.

the peninsula of Yucatan, which divides the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. It is in lat. 19° 50' N., and long. 90° 33′ W. Though it has a shallow haven, yet it is the centre of the trade in logwood; it exports likewise cotton and wax. It is a handsome city of 15,000 inhabitants, containing churches, convents, a cemetery, a theatre, a college, and shipbuilding docks.

CAMPER, PETER, one of the most learned and acute physicians and anatomists of the 18th c., was born at Leyden, 11th May 1722, and studied medicine there. In 1750, he became professor of medicine at Franeker; in 1755, at Amsterdam; and in 1765, at Groningen. In 1773, he resigned his post, resided some time at Franeker, and then travelled. On being elected a member of the state council in 1787, he removed to the Hague, where he died, 7th April 1789. C. was distinguished not only for the services he rendered to anatomy, surgery, obstetrics, and medical jurisprudence, but also as a promoter of the fine arts. He was remarkably skilful in pen-and-ink drawing, painted in oil, embossed, and even acquired considerable experience as a sculptor. For his observations on the facial angle, see article ANGLE. His work on the connection of anatomy with the art of drawing was an important contribution to the theory of art. Another work, Description Anatomique d'un Eléphant Mâle, edited by his son, G. A. Camper, and published at Paris in 1802, is also worthy of notice. C.'s collected writings, with plates, appeared under the title, Euvres qui out pour Objet l'Histoire Naturelle, la Physiologie et l'Anatomie comparée, 3 vols. (Par. 1803).

north-west of Amsterdam, celebrated on account CAMPERDOW'N, a village of Holland, 27 miles of the victory obtained off its coast by Admiral The Dutch fleet, consisting of 11 sail of the line Duncan over the Dutch fleet, October 11, 1797. and other smaller vessels, under the command of the gallant Admiral de Winter, had stolen out of the Texel during a storm, with the view to join the French fleet at Brest, when they were attacked by Admiral Duncan with 16 ships of the line. After an obstinate combat, attended with great loss on both sides, the Dutch admiral was compelled to strike, leaving 8 sail of the line and some smaller vessels in the hands of the English.

CA'MPHENE, or CA'MPHILENE, is an artificial variety of camphor obtained from turpentine, by acting thereon with the dry vapour of hydrochlorie acid, and keeping the whole at a low temperature by immersing the vessel in a freezing mixture. A solid substance is produced, which separates in white crystalline prisms, and has the taste and agreeable aromatic smell of common natural camphor. As prepared, it is strictly a hydrochlorate of C.; but the latter can be obtained free from hydrochloric acid, by passing the vapour of the compound substar.ce over dry heated quicklime, when the acid is held by the lime, and pure C. passes over. similar to ordinary camphor when thus freed from the hydrochloric acid.

It is not so

CA'MPHINE, a term applied in commerce to pu rified oil of turpentine, obtained by carefully distilling the oil over quicklime, or by rectifying it over dry chloride of me to render it quite free from rosin. It was formerly much used in lamps, burning with a very brilliant light. Being apt to smoke, it required a lamp of peculiar construction. It has been almost entirely superseded by coal oil, and more recently by kerosene distilled from petroleum.

CA'MPHOR is a solid essential oil which is found in many plants, and may be separated from CAMPEA CHY, a seaport on the west side of many essential oils. It particularly abounds in

CAMPI-CAMPO-FORMIO.

In

certain species of the natural order Lauraceae (q. v.). as an article of commerce.-The Dryobalanops aroAlmost all the C. of commerce is the produce matica yields also a pale-yellowish limpid fluid, of the C. Laurel or C. tree (Camphora officinarum, which gushes out when deep incisions are made in formerly known as Laurus Camphora), a native the tree with an axe, and which is generally called of China, Japan, Formosa, and Cochin-China, and LIQUID C. or C. OIL. It is sometimes imported into which has been introduced into Java and the Europe. It has a smell somewhat resembling that West Indies. The genus Camphora differs from of C., but more aromatic, like oil of cajeput. It is Cinnamomum (see CINNAMON) chiefly in having a supposed to be from this fluid that the crystalline thin instead of a leathery calyx. The C. Laurel Hard C. is deposited. See BORNEENE. is a tree of considerable height, much branched, CAMPI, a family of artists, who founded at with lanceolate, evergreen leaves on short stalks, Cremona, in the middle and near the close of the and small yellowish-white flowers in axillary and 16th c., an eclectic school of painting, parallel with terminal panicles. The fruit is in size and appear that founded by the family Caracci (q. v.). GIULIO ance not unlike an imperfectly ripened black currant. Every part of the tree, but especially the C. (1500-1572) was the head of the school. He studied painting, sculpture, and architecture under flower, smells strongly of camphor. The wood is Giulio Romano. He also imitated the works of light and durable, not liable to be injured by Tritian (at least in colouring) and Pordenone with insects, and much valued for carpenter's work. the extraction of C. from the C. Laurel, the wood ascribed to both of these artists. His female heads, such success that his pictures have sometimes been of the stem and branches is chopped up into frag- like those of his brothers, are remarkably beautiful. ments, and introduced into a still with water, and -ANTONIO C. studied, under his brother, both heat applied, when the steam generated carries off painting and architecture. His knowledge of the the C. in vapour. These vapours rise, and in pass- latter was very serviceable in several of his painting through rice-straw, with which the head of ings; for example, that of the sacristy of St. Peter. the still is filled, the C. solidifies, and is deposited He was also a plastic artist, an engraver, and the round the straw in minute grains or particles, some-historian of his native place.-VINCENZO C. (b. before what about the size of raw sugar or coarse sand. These grains of impure C. are detached, and being introduced into a large globular glass vessel in quantities of about 10 lbs., are reheated, when first the water rises in steam, and is allowed to escape at a small aperture; and thereafter, this aperture being closed, the C. sublimes and resolidifies in the interior upper part of the flask, as a semi-transparent cake, leaving all the impurities behind. The flasks are then cooled and broken by throwing cold water on them, and the C. taken out, and sent into market. The glass globes employed are called by an Italian name, bomboloes, the sublimation of C. having been first practised in Venice.-C. was unknown to the Greeks and Romans, and was first brought to Europe by the Arabs. It is a white tough solid, slightly lighter than water, and floats thereon. It is very sparingly soluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, and the essential oils. It fuses at 347°, and boils at 399°, and when set fire to, is very inflaminable, and burns with a white smoky flame. Thrown upon water, it floats, and may be set fire to, when the currents generated alike from the solution in water and the irregular burning of the pieces, cause a curious rotatory motion. It has a peculiar hot aromatic taste, and an agreeable characteristic odour.

1532, d. 1591) seems to have followed the guidance of Antonio rather than that of Giulio, and excelled more in small figures than in large pictures. His paintings of fruits are highly valued.-Bernardino C. (b. 1522, d. about 1590), a kinsman of the three brothers C., was the most famous of the whole. Lanzi terms him the Annibale Caracci' of the school. He studied first under Giulio C., but soon excelled his master. Afterwards, he chose Giulio Romano, Titian, and Correggio as models, but chiefly followed Raphael, yet without servile imitation. Many of his works are found in Milan and Cremona. In the latter place, the cupola of the choir in the church San-Gismondo is Bernardino's master-piece. He was distinguished as a portraitpainter and engraver.

CA'MPION. See LYCHNIS, and SILENE.

CA'MPLI, a town in the province of Abruzzo Ultra, Naples, about 5 miles north of Teramo. It has a cathedral, an abbey, and several convents. Pop. 7125.

CAMPOBASSO, a fortified town of Naples, in the province of Molise, about 53 miles north-north-east of the city of Naples. It has a fine cathedral, a ruined castle, some convents, and palaces belonging to resident nobles. It has manufactures of cutlery, which enjoy a considerable reputation for excelC. is used in medicine, both internally and exter-lence. Its situation, though far from inviting as renally, as a temporary stimulant. It is frequently gards scenery, is favourable for trade, which is facilemployed in gout and rheumatism. In small doses, itated by good roads. Pop. 10,400. it acts as an anodyne and antispasmodic; in very large doses, it is an irritant poison. It is generally situated at the mouth of the Passamaquoddy Bay, CAMPOBE'LLO, an island of New Brunswick, reckoned an anaphrodisiac. Its alcoholic solution in lat. 44° 57′ N., and long. 66° 55′ W. It is small, and liniments in which it is the principal ingredient, being 9 miles long, and from 1 to 3 miles broad; are much used for external application in sprains and but it is decidedly valuable, possessing some good bruises, chilblains, chronic rheumatism, and paraly-harbours, and, at its north end, a light-house of 60 sis.-The effluvia of C. are very noxious to insects, feet in height. and it is therefore much used for preserving speci

mens in natural history.

CAMPO DE CRIPTA'NA, a town of Spain, in

The BORNEO C. or SUMATRA C. of commerce, the province of, and about 50 miles north-east of It has manufactures of sometimes called HARD C., is the produce of Dryo- the city of Ciudad-Real. balanops aromatica, a large tree of the natural order coarse cloths, and some trade in corn and fruits. Dipteraceœ (1. v.). The C. is obtained by cutting|Pop. 5250. down the tree, and splitting it into small pieces; CAMPO-FO'RMIO, a village in the province of being found in crystalline masses in natural cavities of the wood. To this substance, the Chinese ascribe extraordinary medicinal virtues, so that it is sold among them at more than fifty times the price of common camphor. It is seldom brought to Europe

Friuli, Northern Italy, about 7 miles south-west of the city of Udine, is celebrated for the treaty of peace here concluded, October 17, 1797, between Austria and the French Republic. After subjugating Italy (1790), the French army had crossed the

CAMPOMANES-CAMTOOS.

Noric Alps, and threatened Vienna. Austria, therefore, hastened to arrange preliminaries of peace. In the treaty which was concluded by Bonaparte with the Count of Coblenz, 17th October 1797, Austria ceded the Netherlands, Milan, and Mantua, and received as compensation the districts Istria, Dalmatia, and the left bank of the Adige in the Venetian states, and the capital, Venice; while France took the remaining territory of Venice, its possessions in Albania, and the Ionian Islands. In the secret articles of the treaty, Austria, in ceding the left bank of the Rhine, was to receive as compensation Salzburg and the Bavarian district on the Inn; and promises were held out to the Duke of Modena, and other Italian houses, that their concessions should be compensated at the cost of Germany.

CAMPOMA'NÉS, PEDRO RODRIGUEZ, COUNT OF, Spanish minister and dictator of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid, founded by Philip V. in 1738, was born in Asturias in 1723. His talents and learning were devoted to the advancement of his native country. By his enlightened views of state policy, as well as by his writings, which ranked him among the most eminent Spanish authors, he obtained a great reputation throughout Europe. He gave effectual assistance to Count Aranda in his difficult enterprise of driving the Jesuits out of Spain. He died February 3, 1802. C.'s chief works areAntiguedad Maritima de la Republica de Cartago con el Périplo de su general Hannon, traducido del Griego y ilustrado (Madrid, 1756); Discurso sobre el | fomento de la Industria popular (1771); Discurso sobre la Educacion popular de los Artisanos y su fomento (1775); Apéndice a la Educacion popular (1775-1777). These writings contained his opinions on politics, taxation, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. The best known of his financial productions is Tratado de la Regalia de Amortizacion (Madrid, 1765).

they represent the passion of Christ, his resurrection, and other sacred subjects. These remarkable paintings are supposed to date before the middle of the 14th c., and are ascribed to Buffalmaco. But the most marvellous productions are those of Giotto, (q. v.), of Simone Memmi, the friend of Petrarch, and of Andrea and Bernardo Orcagna. As a museum of classical antiquities, the C. S. is perhaps even more remarkable than in any other point of view. Altars, sarcophagi, bas-reliefs, statues, inscriptions, everything that is interesting or curious which has come into the possession of the Pisans for centuries, they have accumulated within its walls.

CAMPVE'RE, now called VERE or VEERE, a small fortified town of the Netherlands, in the province of Zealand, in Walcheren Island, 4 miles north-north-east of Middleburg. It has a port on the Veersche Gat, a tract of water separating Walcheren from North Beveland. The town is now in a state of deplorable decay, but it still possesses remnants of its early prosperity in its town-house of white freestone, remarkable for its elegant tower, and in its beautiful cathedral. C. has now one calicofactory. Its population had dwindled down to a few hundreds.

land.

From a historical point of view, C. is a city of great interest. In the year 1304 it was the scene of a battle between Guy, Count of Flanders, and William, governor of Holland and Zealand, in which the first was victorious. In 1572, it was delivered from the Spanish garrison; and, a century later, it was the first to proclaim the Prince of Orange, William III., stadtholder. But C. is chiefly interesting for the trading relations subsisting between it and Scotland for nearly four centuries. Wolfaard Van Borssele, Lord of Vere, Sandenburg, &c., having married Mary, the sister of James I. of Scotland, the Scotch staple was transferred from Bruges to C. in 1444. C. owed its name to the circumstance, that there originally existed of Campen, in North Beveland, a village situated a ferry (Dutch, veer) from thence to the village on the spot where now lies the hamlet of Kamperin the privilege of having all goods, destined from The Scotch staple-right at Vere consisted and they could not be transferred to another place Scotland to the Netherlands, brought to that city; before they had been sold there. The numerous Scotchmen living at Vere were under the rule of a Conservator of the Scotch nation,' and had many privileges conceded to then, including the last treaty respecting those rights was in 1741, after right to be governed by the law of Scotland. The which time the increasing prosperity of Scotland rendered the renewal of such partial arrangements held as a sinecure long after the necessity for the unimportant. The conservatorship, however, was office had ceased, the name of Sir Alexander Ferrier appearing in the Edinburgh Almanac as 'Conse:time the office seems to have been abolished. The vator at Campvere' so lately as 1847, after which time the office seems to have been abolished. The Scotch formed a separate religious community, which, from 1613 until the French Revolution, had served by the minister of Vlissingen, when it ceased a minister of its own, and afterwards, till 1809, was

CA'MPO SAʼNTO (Holy Field) is now the Italian designation for a cemetery or burying-ground, but more especially for an enclosed place of interment, surrounded internally by an arcade, and destined to receive the remains of persons of distinction. The most famous C. S., and that from which the others derived their name, is that of Pisa-in the neighbourhood of the Dome, and consecrated to the memory of men who had deserved well of the republic. It was founded by Archbishop Ubaldo, towards the end of the 12th century. The arch bishop, having been driven out of Palestine by Saladin, brought his fifty-three vessels, which had been destined for the conquest, laden with the earth of the Holy Land. This he deposited on the spot which was thence called the Holy Field, and which, as we have said, gave its name as a generic term to the burying-grounds of Italy. The architect of the existing building was Giovanni Pisano, under whose superintendence it was completed in 1283. It contains an area of 400 feet in length, and 118 in breadth; and is surrounded by a lofty wall, on the inner side of which a wide arcade runs around the whole enclosure, giving to it the character of one magnificent cloister. At the smaller eastern side, there is a large chapel, and two chapels of smaller size on the northern side. The lofty circular arches CAMTOO'S, or GAMTOO'S, a river of the east of the arcade are filled with the richest Gothic division of the Cape Colony, of 200 miles in length. tracery, which belongs however, to a later date- It rises in the Niewveld mountains, near lat, tɔ the latter half of the 15th c.-and consequently 32° S., and, flowing through the inland district of formed no part of the original design. The walls Beaufort, and the maritime one of Uitenhage, falls are adorned with frescoes, which are of great interest | into that inlet of the sea which is immediately to and value, both absolutely and with reference to the west of Algoa Bay. It is valuable as an aid the history of art. The oldest of those which have to irrigation. For instance, Hankey, a station of been preserved adorn one side of the castern wall: the London Missionary Society, on its banks, is

to exist.

CAMUCCINI-CANADA.

thoroughly watered by means of a splendid tunnel world: from it, it is supposed, the vessels for the carried through solid rock at the expense of the as-marriage-feast were filled; and near the fountain sociation just mentioned.

are also lying the fragments of a Roman column. A house is still shewn as that in which the miracle was performed; and some earthen jars sunk into the floor are said to be the very jars in use on that day. A church was built over the spot, but it is now

in ruins.

CA'NAAN. See PALESTINE.

CAMUCCI'NI, VINCENZO, one of the most distinguished modern historical painters in Italy, was born in Rome 1775. The school of which he became the head was founded on the theatrical antique style of the French painter David. The first important works by C. were the Assassination of Cæsar' and the 'Death of Virginia;' both painted for Lord Bristol at the commencement of the present century. His CA'NADA, the most valuable province of British picture of 'Unbelieving Thomas' was copied in mo- America, and perhaps the most important colony saic for St. Peter's Church. For the church of San of the United Kingdom, is situated chiefly in the Giovanni in Piacenza he executed a 'Presentation in basin of the St. Lawrence, including in that term the Temple,' which was greatly admired. These both the lakes and the river. On the left side of works were followed by many scenes from Roman the stream, it covers from end to end the whole history; among them, the pictures of 'Horatius depth back to the height of land which sends its Coeles,' and 'Romulus and Remus' as children. C. northerly tribute into Hudson's Bay. But on the who, as a man and an artist, was highly honoured right side only a portion of the lower basin belongs during his career, died at Rome, September 2, 1844. to Canada. Beginning at the west, the boundaryCAMUS, ARMAND GASTON, a prominent char-the mid-channel of the lakes and the river to the line between C. and the United States runs along acter in the French Revolution, was born in Paris, point where it meets the parallel of 45°; it then April 2, 1740. On account of his superior knowledge follows that parallel for about 150 miles, after of ecclesiastical law, he was elected Advocatewhich it bends northward nearly along the boundary general of the French clergy. He was a zealous of the basin, and finally eastward to the Bay of and ascetic Jansenist, and possessed of extraordinary firmness of character. He hailed the movements of 1789 with joy, and was elected member of the States-general by the people of Paris. In this position, he appeared as the resolute foe of the ancient régime. He gained possession of, and pub-rivers lished, the so-called Red Book, giving accounts of analogies. The only affluents from the right worth court expenditure, which was highly disadvantage- Chaudiere; and even of these subordinate streams, disadvantage-naming are the Richelieu, the St. Francis, and the

ous to the court and its ministers. After the

flight of Louis XVI., C., with Montmorin, Lafay

ette, and Bailly, accused the king of treason and conspiracy, and insisted on the suppression of all orders and corporations based on hereditary rights. As conservator of the national archives, he rendered an important service by preserving from destruction the old documents of the abolished corporations and institutions. He was absent in Belgium during the king's trial, but sent his vote for death. In March 1793, when he was commissioned to make prisoners of Dumouriez and other generals suspected of treason, C. himself and his four colleagues were taken prisoners and delivered over to the Austrians

(April 3); but, after an imprisonment of two and a half years, he was exchanged for the daughter of Louis XVI. On his return to Paris, he was made member of the Council of Five Hundred, of which he became president, January 23, 1796, but resigned

20th May 1797, and devoted his time to literature. Remaining, however, true to his principles he voted, July 10, 1802, against Napoleon's proposed consulship during life. C. died of apoplexy Novem

ber 2, 1804.

CA'MWOOD, or BA'RWOOD, a dyewood which yields a brilliant but not permanent red colour, and is used along with sulphate of iron to produce the red colour in English Bandana handkerchiefs. It is the wood of Baphia nitida, a tree of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Caesalpiniece, a native of Angola. It is preferred to Brazil Wood (q. v.), as producing a finer and richer red.

CANA OF GA'LILEE, called by the natives 'Kefr Cana.' This place, celebrated in Scripture as the scene of our Lord's first miracle, when he turned water into wine, is now a small village of a few hundred inhabitants, who are principally Greek | Christians or Nazarenes, situated about 13 miles west of the Sea of Galilee, and 6 miles north of Nazareth. At the entrance of the village there is a fountain of the clearest and most delicious waterthe best, say the Christians of Palestine, in the

Chaleur.

The most important tributaries of the St. Lawrence The Ottawa, the St. Maurice, and the Saguenay are are all from the left, and therefore belong to Canada. rivers of the first magnitude, according to European

the last two are totally Canadian, while the first, as the outlet of Lakes Champlain and George, belongs to the United States only in part. C. has been esthrice the size of the British Isles; it stretches in timated to contain 350,000 square miles, being about W. long. from about 64° to about 90°, and in N. lat. from about 42° to about 53°. It has been cut into two tolerably equal sections-West and East, or Upper and Lower. The Ottawa, which joins the St. Lawrence a little above Montreal, is the dividing-line, excepting that the immediate fork has been trans ferred from Canada West or Upper to Canada East or Lower.

C., as far up the St. Lawrence as Montreal, was

visited by the French in 1534. In 1609 they founded Quebec; and after holding the country rather as a military possession than as a colonial dependency for a century and a half, they were supplanted by the English under Wolfe and Amherst in 17581760. In 1763, immediately after the conquest had been ratified by cession, a small portion of the recently acquired territory was organised by royal proclamation under English laws. In 1774, the new province was extended by parliamentary enactment, and that under French laws, down the Ohio to its confluence with the Mississippi, and up the latter stream to its source. Finally, C. receded to its present limits in 1783, giving up to the American republic the sites of six sovereign states-Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. In 1791, it was divided, under separate legislatures, into two sections-the eastern retaining French institutions, and the western receiving those of England; and these sections, again, after political discontent had in each ripened into armed insur│rection, were re-united for legislative purposes in 1840.

In 1763, the French population amounted to about 65,000, occupying the immediate banks of the Lower St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Excepting within the cities of Montreal and Quebec, the immigrants of a different origin, whether from the old colonies

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