BERNARD DOG-BERNAUER.

from this latter source, but a forced contribution of £4800 to the government of the canton of Valais impaired their revenues very much. The pass, which was traversed in early times by the Romans, Charlemagne, and Frederick Barbarossa, is celebrated for the passage of 30,000 French troops under Napoleon, in May 1800.-LITTLE SAINT B., which forms part of the chain of the Graian Alps, is the most convenient of the Alpine passes, and is supposed to have been the one by which Hannibal led his forces into Italy. It also possesses a hospice, which is situated 7192

feet above the sea.

BE'RNARD DOG, GREAT SAINT, a race or variety of dog, deriving its name from the hospice of St. Bernard, where it has been long kept by the monks for the purpose of assisting them in the rescue of perishing travellers. Dogs of different races are employed in the same manner at other passes of the Alps. The Saint B. dog is remarkable for great size, strength, and sagacity. The dogs not only accompany the monks and servants of the hospice in the benevolent excursions which they regularly make through the most dangerous parts of the pass, but are sent by themselves to search for travellers who may have wandered, and this their extremely acute scent enables them admirably to do. They learn to know what places are most proper to be searched, and some of them shew great alertness when the weather assumes a threatening aspect, as if desirous to be at their work. They carry a small flask of wine or brandy attached to their neck, of which the traveller may avail himself. When they find a traveller benumbed with cold, or discover by the scent that one has been overwhelmed in an avalanche, they endeavour by loud barking to attract the monks to the spot; if they fail in this, and if the traveller is too much exhausted to proceed by their guidance to the hospice, or if they cannot by their own efforts dig away the snow which has covered him, they run and give the alarm by signs which are One famous dog, called Barry, in the earlier part of the present century, was instrumental in saving the lives of no fewer than forty human beings. His most memorable achievement was the rescue of a little boy, whose mother had been destroyed by an avalanche, and whom he induced to mount his back, and so carried him safe to the hospice. The skin of this dog is preserved in the Museum of Bern.-The origin of this valuable race of dogs is not well ascertained, although they are supposed to have sprung from the progeny of a Danish dog left at the hospice by a traveller, and of the Alpine shepherds' dogs. Another account represents an English mastiff as one of their progenitors. There are two subvarieties, however; one with rough hair, like that of the Newfoundland dog, and of a white colour, with black or tawny spots; the other, with close, short hair, more or less clouded with gray, liver colour, and black. Of the former breed, the number is now small. The head and ears resemble those of a water-spaniel, and the Saint B. dog has therefore been sometimes classed with spaniels (q. v.).

at once understood.

of the Franciscan order, which already numbered more than 300 monasteries in Italy during his day. B. died in 1444, and was canonised by Pope Nicholas V. in 1450, his festival being on the 20th of May. His eminently mystical works were published by Rudolf (4 vols. Venice, 1591), and by De la Haye (5 vols. Paris, 1636).

BE'RNARDINES. See CISTERCIANS.

He

BERNAUER, AGNES, the beautiful daughter of sad story looks liker romance than history. Duke a poor citizen of Augsburg, in the 15th c., whose Albrecht of Bavaria, only son of the reigning Duke Ernst, saw the maiden at a tournament at Augsburg, given in his honour by the nobility, and fell violently in love with her. Albrecht was young, handsome, and manly, and Agnes was not insensible to his attractions and his rank; but she was too pure to listen to his overtures, till he promised to Albrecht carried his young wife to the castle of marry her. They were then secretly united, and Vohburg, which he inherited from his mother. Here they enjoyed their matrimonial happiness undisturbed, till Albrecht's father formed the plan of marrying his son with Anna, daughter of Erich, Duke of Brunswick. The determined opposition he met with, soon made him aware of his son's attachment to the Augsburger's daughter, and of the strength of his passion for her; and he resolved to take energetic measures to break it off. accordingly contrived that, at a tournament at Regensburg, the lists were shut against his son, as one that, against the rules of chivalry, was living with a woman in licentiousness.' Albrecht swore that Agnes was his wife, but in vain; he was still excluded. He now made Agnes be openly honoured as Duchess of Bavaria, gave her a numerous retinue of servants as a princess, and the castle of Straubing for a residence. She, full of sad forebodings of a dark fate, erected in the Carmelite convent of the place an oratory and a tomb. As long as Duke William, Albrecht's uncle, lived, who was greatly attached to his nephew, nothing further was attempted against the happiness of the lovers. But after his brother's death, Duke Ernst no longer restrained his anger, and in the absence of Albrecht, ordered Agnes to be arrested and executed without delay. Accused of sorcery, by which she was alleged to have bewitched Albrecht, she was carried, bound hand and foot, by the executioners to the bridge of the Danube, and in the presence of the whole people thrown into the river (October 12, 1435). The current having floated her again to the side, one of the executioners ran with a long pole, and fastening it in her golden hair, held her under the water till she took up arms against his father, and, in league with was drowned. Maddened at this atrocity, Albrecht his other enemies, wasted the country. It was in vain that Duke Ernst entreated his son to relent. It was not till the Emperor Sigismund, and the other friends of the family, united their exhortations, that Albrecht at last returned to his father's court, where, after a time, he consented to marry Anna of Brunswick. To regain the forfeited regard of his son, BERNARDIN, SAINT, of Sienna, born in 1380 Duke Ernst had a chapel erected over the grave of at Massa-Carrara, of a distinguished family, made the murdered lady, and Albrecht founded in the himself famous by his rigid restoration of their year of her death daily masses for her in the Carmeprimitive rule amongst the degenerate order of the lite monastery at Straubing; even after twelve years Franciscans, of which he became a member in 1404, he renewed the foundation, and had the bones of his after having already, in 1397, joined the brother- 'honoured wife' transferred to the tomb provided hood of the Disciplinati Maria. In 1438, he was by herself, and covered with a marble monument. appointed vicar-general of his order for Italy. B. The unhappy loves of Albrecht and Agnes were was unwearied and devoted in his activity during the long the theme of popular song; and the story has great Italian plague of 1400, both as an impressive been made the subject of at least three tragedies, preacher and an attendant upon the sick and dying. one by Jul. Körner (Leip. 1821), another by A. He founded the Fratres de Observantia, a branch | Böttger (3d ed. Leip. 1850).

BERNAY-BERNOUILLI.

BERNAY, a thriving town of France, in the department of Eure, 25 miles west-north-west of Evreux. It has manufactures of woollens, linens, cotton-yarn, paper, &c., and tanneries. One of the largest horse-fairs in France, attended by upwards of 40,000 jockeys and others interested in horses, is held here annually on the Wednesday of the fifth week in Lent. Pop. 7363.

BE'RNBURG, capital of the duchy of AnhaltBernburg, North Germany, is situated on the Saale, 23 miles south of Magdeburg, in lat. 51° 47′ N., long. 11° 45' E. Two parts of B., surrounded by walls, lie on the left bank of the river, and are united by a bridge with the third part on the opposite side, which has a castle, but is not walled. B. is well built, has several literary and charitable institutions, and manufactures of porcelain, paper, and starch. Pop. about 7000.

BERNHARD, Duke of Weimar, a celebrated German general, was born 6th August 1604. He was the youngest of the eight sons of John, third Duke of Saxe-Weimar. On the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, he took the side of Protestantism against the emperor, and first distinguished himself in 1622 at the bloody battle of Wimpfen. Subsequently he became colonel in the army of Christian IV., king of Denmark; took part in the bold expedition of Mansfield through Silesia to Hungary; and, after the sudden death of the latter, reunited himself with the Danes under the markgraf of Baden-Durlach. At the solicitations of his brothers, however, he now withdrew from the Danish service, and returned to Weimar in March 1628. Three years later, Gustavus Adolphus made his appearance in Germany, and B. was one of the first who flew to his standard. After a brilliant career, he became suddenly ill, and died at Neuburg on the Rhine, 8th July 1639; according to some, of a pestilential disorder then prevalent in the camp; but according to B.'s own opinion, and that of others, of poison, administered by his physician, Blandini, who is supposed to have been in the pay of France.

and clear in the exposition of the causes of those political events that carried Aurungzebe to the throne. He visited England in 1685, and died at Paris on the 22d of September 1688.

The titles of his chief works are as follows: Voyages de M. Bernier contenant la Description des Etats du Grand Mogol, de l'Indoustan, du Royaume de Cachemire, &c.; Mémoire sur le Quiétisme des Inde; Abrégé de la Philosophie de Gassendi; Sentiment de M. Descartes.

BERNI'NA, a mountain of the Rhætian Alps, upwards of 13,000 feet high, in the Swiss canton of Grisons, with a remarkable and extensive glacier, Morteratsch. The B. Pass, which attains an elevation of 7695 feet, and over which a carriage-road has been constructed, unites the valleys of the Engadine and Bregaglia on the north with the Valteline on the south, but is dangerous on account of avalanches.

BERNI'NI, GIOVANNI LORENZO, a famous Italian sculptor and architect in the time of Pope Urban VIII., was born at Naples, 1598. He early devoted himself to sculpture, and in his eighteenth year finished his admired group of Apollo and Daphne, which gave promise of greater excellence than was afterwards realised by the artist. Pope Urban VIII. employed B. to produce designs for the embellishment of the Basilica of St. Peter at Rome. The bronze baldacchino, or canopy, covering the high-altar of that edifice, the palace Barberini, the front of the College de Propaganda Fide, the church of Sant' Andrea à Monte Cavallo, and numerous ornaments in St. Peter's, are by Bernini. His greatest work in architecture is the colossal colonnade of St. Peter's. In 1665, B. accepted the flattering invitation of Louis XIV., and travelled to Paris with a numerous retinue and great pomp. In Paris, he resided above eight months; but not wishing to interfere with the designs of Claude Perrault for the Louvre, he confined himself entirely to sculpture. His visit, however, proved a highly remunerative one. Richly laden with gifts, he returned to Rome, where he died, November 28, 1680, leaving a large fortune (about £100,000) to his children. Besides his works in sculpture, B. also left numerous paintings behind him. No artist, perhaps, was ever so much admired and rewarded during his lifetime as B.; but time has rather subtracted from than added to his fame.

BERNI, FRANCESCO, called also BERNA or BERNIA, a favourite Italian poet, from whom comic or jocose poetry has the name of Versi Berneschi, was born at Campovecchio, in Tuscany, about 1490. He first entered the service of Cardinal Dovizio da Bibbiena, and was afterwards for several years secretary to Ghiberti, chancellor to Clement VII., and Bishop of Verona. About 1533, he betook himself to BERNOUI'LLI was the name of a family that Florence, where he was made a canon, and lived produced a succession of men, who became famous in favour with the two Medici, Duke Alessandro, over all Europe for the successful cultivation and and Cardinal Ippolito, till his death in 1536. His extension of various branches of mathematical and Opere Burlesche (2 vols. Flor. 1548; Lond. 1721) physical science. The family originally resided in are to be found in the Classici Italiani (Mil. 1806). Antwerp, whence, in 1583, its attachment to the His recast or rifacimento of Bojardo's Orlando reformed religion forced it to seek an asylum in Innamorato was received with such favour that it Frankfort. Afterwards, the Bernouillis settled in was thrice reprinted from 1541-1545. A critical Basel, where they achieved the highest professional edition was published at Florence, 1827. Berni's honours. Eight of them became highly distinguished; version, or dilution, is still read in Italy, in prefer- but special mention can be made here only of the ence to the original.-COUNT FRANCESCO BERNI, three most celebrated-James, John, and Daniel. b. 1610, d. 1693, the author of eleven dramas, and some lyric pieces, is not to be confounded with the former Berni.

BERNIER, FRANÇOIS, a French physician and traveller, was born at Angers, in France. Having taken his degree of Doctor at Montpellier, he departed for the East about 1654, and visited Syria, Egypt, Arabia, and India, in the last of which countries he resided for twelve years in the capacity of physician to Aurungzebe. On his return to France, he published an account of his travels in India in 1670-1671. The work is delightful in style, accurate in the delineation of manners and customs, as well as in the description of places,

JAMES B. was born at Basel, 25th December 1654, where he also died, 16th August 1705. He devoted his life to the study of mathematics, of which he became professor, in the university of Basel, succeeding in that chair the distinguished Megerlin. Among his first works were, A Method of Teaching Mathematics to the Blind, and Universal Tables on Dialling. These were followed by Conamen Novi Systematis Cometarum, being an essay on comets, suggested by the appearance of the comet of 1680; and an essay De Gravitate Ætheris. Besides a variety of memoirs on scientific subjects, he published no other work of importance. De Arte Conjectandi was a posthumous work concerning the

BERNSTEIN-BERRY.

extension of the doctrine of probabilities to moral, political, and economical subjects. His memoirs will be found in the Journal des Savans and Acta Eruditorum; his collected works were published in 2 vols. 4to, at Geneva, in 1744. Among his triumphs are to be recorded his solution of Leibnitz's problem of the isochronous curve, his determination of the catenary, and investigation of the properties of isoperimetrical figures. At his request, a logarithmic spiral was engraved on his tomb, with the motto, Eâdem mutatâ resurgo.

which run like meridian lines from pole to pole. These bands are covered with rows of large cilia, the motion of which is extremely rapid, and is evidently controlled by the will of the animal, so that it swims with rapidity, and easily changes its course. The motion of the cilia causes a beautiful iridescence: the animals also are phosphorescent by night. B. (or Cydippe) pileus (figured in the article ACALEPHE) is a beautiful little creature, very abundant in the sea on many parts of the British coasts. It is provided with two very long and slender tentacula, which proceed from the sides of the body, and are covered with a great number of still finer filaments. These organs are probably employed for seizing food. This, and other kinds of B., form a great part of the food of whales.

JOHN B., brother of the preceding, was born at Basel, 27th July, 1667. He and James were the first two foreigners honoured by being elected associates of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and members of the Academy of Berlin. John devoted himself to chemical as well as to mathematical science. In BERO'SUS, an educated priest of Babylon, who 1694, he became a Doctor of Medicine, and soon after had a knowledge of the Greek language, and Professor of Mathematics at Gröningen, whence he probably lived about 260 B. C. He wrote, in only removed to succeed his brother James in the Greek, three books of Babylonian-Chaldæan history, university of Basel. His forte was pure mathe-in which he made use of the oldest temple archives matics, in which he had no superior in Europe in of Babylon. The work was highly esteemed by his day. He died 1st January 1748. Among his Greek and Roman historians, but unfortunately only achievements are the determination of the line of a few fragments have been preserved by Josephus, swiftest descent,' and the invention of the 'exponen- Eusebius, Syncellus, and others. Even these fragtial calculus.' His collected works were published ments are of great value, as they relate to the at Geneva in 4 vols. 4to, 1742; and his correspond- most obscure portions of Asiatic history. They ence with Leibnitz, in 2 vols., 1745. have been edited by Richter in his Berosi Chaldaeorum Historiæ quæ supersunt, 1825. The Antiquitatum Libri Quinque cum Commentariis Joannis Annii, first published in Latin by Eucharius Silber (Rome 1498) as a work of B., and often republished, was the pseudonymous work of the Dominican, Giovanni Nanni of Viterbo.

DANIEL B., born at Gröningen, 9th February 1700, died at Basel, 17th March 1782, was the son of John. Like his father, he devoted himself to medicine as well as to mathematics. The family reputation early helped him to the professorship of mathematics at St. Petersburg, which he held for several years. Thence, however, he ultimately retired to Basel, much against the will of the czar. At Basel, he occupied in succession the chairs of anatomy and botany, and of experimental and speculative philosophy. He published various works between 1730 and 1756, of which the chief are concerned with pneumatical and hydrodynamical subjects.

BERRE, ETANG DE, an extensive lagoon of salt-works and eel-fisheries. It discharges its surplus France, department Bouches-du-Rhône, with large waters into the sea by the Port-du-Bouc.

BERRY (Bacca), the term employed in botany to designate a description of fruit more or less fleshy and juicy, and not opening when ripe. The inner

BERNSTEIN, GEORGE HEINR., a distinguished layers of the pericarp (q. v.) are of a fleshy or succuorientalist, Professor of Oriental Languages in the filled with juice, whilst the outer layers are harder, lent texture, sometimes even consisting of mere cells university of Breslau, was born 12th January 1787, and sometimes even woody. The seeds are immersed at Kospeda, near Jena, where his father was in the pulp. A B. may be one-celled, or it may pastor, In 1806 he entered the university of Jena, be divided into a number of cells or compartments; where he devoted himself to the study of theology, which, however, are united together not merely in philosophy, and Eastern languages. In 1812 he the axis, but from the axis to the rind. It is a was appointed extraordinary professor of Oriental Literature in Berlin, and in 1821, regular professor. Very common description of fruit, and is found in many different natural families, and both of exogenIn 1843, he was appointed to Breslau. Besides a ous and endogenous plants. As examples, may be number of lesser treatises, and of contributions to mentioned the fruits of the gooseberry, currant, scientific and critical journals, he established his vine, barberry, bilberry, belladonna, arum, bryony, reputation as an oriental scholar by the publication and asparagus, which, although agreeing in their of an Arabic poem of Szafieddin of Hilla (Leip. structure, possess widely different properties. Some 1816). But his greatest achievements are in Syriac of them, which are regarded as more strictly berries, literature. Besides several pamphlets, expository have the calyx adherent to the ovary, and the and critical, which appeared between 1837 and placentas-from which the seeds derive their nour1847, B. has given in his lexicon to Kirsch's ishment-parietal, that is, connected with the rind, Chrestomathia Syriaca, of which he brought out a new edition (2 vols. Leip. 1832-1836), proofs of his diligent and successful research in the domain of Syriac lexicography. He has still in contemplation a Syriac dictionary, which is to extend to several quarto volumes.

BE'RÖE, a genus of Acalephæ (q. v.), of a division distinguished as Ciliograde, i. e., moving by means of cilia (q. v.,) very different from the Medusæ, and of higher organisation. This genus is now the type of a family, characterised by a nearly globular or oval body, of a delicate jelly-like substance, with an alimentary canal passing through its axis, which is vertical as the animal floats in the water: the body strengthened by bands of somewhat firmer texture,

as the gooseberry and currant; others, as the grape, have the ovary free, and the placentas in the centre of the fruit.-The orange and other fruits of the same family, having a thick rind dotted with numerous oil-glands, and quite distinct from the pulp of the fruit, receive the name hesperidium; the fruit of the pomegranate, which is very peculiar in the manner of its division into cells, is also sometimes distinguished from berries of the ordinary structure by the name balausta. See POMEGRANATE. Fruits, like that of the water-lily, which at first contain a juicy pulp, and afterwards, when ripe, are filled with a dry pith, are sometimes designated Berry-capsules. The gourds, also, which at first have 3-5 compartments, but when ripe, generally consist of only

BERRY-BERTHA.

one compartment, are distinctively designated by the term pepo, peponium, or peponida, to which, however, gourd may be considered equivalent.

BERRY, or BERRI, one of the old French provinces (now forming the departments of Indre and Cher, q. v.), in lat. 46° 10-47' 40' N., and long. 1°—3° E., its greatest length being about 100 miles, and its greatest breadth 90. Having come into the possession of the French crown, it gave title at various times to French princes, the younger son of Charles X. being the last who held it.

BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND, DUKE DE, Second son of the Count of Artois (afterwards Charles X.) and of Maria Theresa of Savoy, was born at Versailles, January 24, 1778. In 1792, he fled with his father to Turin; fought with him under Condé against France; afterwards visited Russia, and lived for some time in London and Edinburgh. In 1814 he returned to France, and the following year was appointed by Louis XVIII. commander of the troops in and around Paris. In 1816, he married Caroline Ferdinande Louise, eldest daughter of Francis, afterwards king of the Two Sicilies. On this marriage the continuance of the elder Bourbon line depended. The Duke de B. was assassinated on the 13th February 1820, as he was conducting his wife from the Opera-house to her carriage, by a person wife from the Opera-house to her carriage, by a person named Louvel. He left only one daughter, LouiseMarie-Thérèse d'Artois, Mademoiselle de France, born 1819; but on the 29th September 1820, the widowed duchess gave birth to the prince, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, afterwards styled Count of Chambord. After the July revolution, 1830, in which the duchess exhibited immense force of character and courage, offering herself to lead on the troops against the insurgents, she, with her son, followed Charles X. to Holyrood, but left a considerable party in France, in favour of the pretensions of her son as Henry V. of France. During a visit to Italy, the duchess was so far encouraged in her ambition, that a project was formed for reinstating the Bourbons in France; and, accompanied by several friends, she landed near Marseille, April 29, 1832. After many adventures she was betrayed, and was imprisoned in the citadel of Blaye. The confession of the duchess, that she had formed a second marriage with the Neapolitan marquis, Lucchesi-Palli, destroyed at once her political importance, and the government restored her to liberty.

BERRYER, PIERRE ANTOINE, a distinguished French advocate and party politician, was born in Paris, 4th January 1790, and first distinguished himself by his defence of victims of the restoration. In 1829 he was chosen deputy, and ever afterward steadily represented the rights and policy of the elder Bourbons. His legitimist tendencies kept him for a time in the political background under Louis Philippe; but as the legitimist party in the chamber increased, his position grew in importance. He repeatedly undertook the defence of persons prosecuted by the government, not only of his own party, but republican leaders. It was he who defended Louis Napoleon in the Chamber of Peers after the Boulogne attentat. With the elder Bourbons he was in constant communication, and was one of the heads of the legitimist party who made a pilgrimage to the Count of Chambord in London in 1843. After the revolution of 1848, he represented the Bouches-du-Rhône; seemed inclined to support the government of the president, Louis Napoleon; and became a member of his privy-council. But this did not hinder him from going to Wiesbaden, in 1850, to do homage to the Count of Chambord. On that occasion, he was openly spoken of as the future minister of Henry V. When Changarnier

was removed from his command, B. united with Thiers and others to oppose the pretensions of the president, and he was one of the few who boldly protested against the coup d'état. In 1854, he was elected a member of the French Academy. B. added greatly to his reputation as an orator by his defence of Montalembert (q. v.) against the governof Patterson v. Bonaparte. While on a visit to Lord ment prosecution in 1858, and in 1860-61 in the case Brougham a grand dinner was given in his honor (Nov. 8, 1864), by the Bar of England, at which more than 400 guests were present. He died Nov. 29, 1868. riflemen or sharpshooters of the Sardinian army. BERSAGLIE'RI is the Italian name for the After the disastrous campaign of Charles Albert against the Austrians in 1848-1849, and the abdication of that monarch, his son, Victor Emmanuel, One improvement, brought about by General Alescommenced a remodelling of the Sardinian army. sandro della Marmora, was the formation of a corps of bersaglieri. These are light active soldiers, uniform, and armed with long rifles. Two battalions dressed in a picturesque but serviceable dark-green of these riflemen formed part of the Sardinian army during the Crimean war. On the 16th of August 1855, they took part in the battle of the Tchernaya. During the Italian war of 1859, the B. were engaged in many operations requiring dash and brilliancy.

BERSERKER (ber, bare, and serkr, shirt of mail), a redoubtable hero in Scandinavian mythology, the grandson of the eight-handed Starkader and the beautiful Alfhilde. He despised mail and helmet, and contrary to the custom of those times, went always into battle unharnessed, his fury serving him instead of defensive armour. By the daughter of King Swafurlam, whom he had slain in battle, he had twelve sons, who inherited the name of B., along with his warlike fury.

BERTH, or BIRTH, in nautical language, is nearly equivalent to room or space. A ship's B. is the space which she occupies when at anchor, including a small breadth of sea all around her. The same name is also given to a messing or sleeping room on board ship, in a sense not very different from that of the word cabin. To 'B.' a ship's crew, is to allot to each man the place where his hammock, &c., are to be placed. In the third-class cabins of passenger-steamers, where many sleep in one room without partitions or divisions, each one's crib or bed-place is his berth.

BERTHA, the name of several famous women of the middle ages, half-historical, half-fabulous (see BERCHTA). ST. BERTHA, whose day is kept on the 4th July, was the beautiful and pious daughter of Charibert, king of the Franks, who having married (560 A. D.) Æthelbert, king of Kent, became the means of his conversion, and of the spread of Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons. In the romances of the Charlemagne cycle, there figures a BERTHA, called also Berthrada with the Big Foot, as the daughter of Count Charibert of Laon, wife of Pepin the Little, and mother of Charlemagne. In the romances of the Round Table, again, BERTHA is the name of a sister of Charlemagne, who makes Milo d'Anglesis the father of Roland. Better known is BERTHA, daughter of Burkhard, Duke of the Alemanni, and wife of Rudolf II., king of Burgundy beyond Jura, who, after Rudolf's death (937), acted as regent for her infant son, Konrad; afterwards married Hugo, king of Italy; and died towards the close of the 10th c. This queen had the character of an excellent housekeeper, and is represented on seals and other monuments of the time as sitting on her throne spinning.

BERTHIER-BERTRAND.

steel. His joining the expedition of Napoleon to Egypt led to the formation of the Institute of Cairo. On his return from Egypt, he was made a senator by Bonaparte, who also conferred on him several marks of honour, and made him a count. Notwithstanding, he voted for the deposition of Napoleon in 1814. On the restoration of the Bourbons, he was made a peer; but all his honours never made him other than a simple and unassuming gentleman. Besides the additions to chemical knowledge already mentioned, he, in conjunction with Lavoisier, and two other chemists, promulgated a new chemical nomenclature which has proved valuable to science. He died at Paris, 7th November 1822.

BERTHOLLE'TIA. See BRAZIL NUTS.

BERTIN, LOUIS FRANÇOIS, called Bertin l' Ainé, an eminent French journalist, was born in Paris, 1766. He began writing for the press in 1793, and in 1799 set on foot the Journal des Débats (9. v.). B.'s royalist principles offended the government of Napoleon, and cost him imprisonment and banishment to Elba; whence, however, he escaped Châteaubriand. In 1804, he returned to Paris, and to Rome, where he formed a friendship with resumed the editorship of the Débats, but was much hampered by Napoleon, who imposed on the paper the title of Journal de l'Empire, and by subjecting it to police revision, gave it almost an official character. When B., in 1814, became free to follow his own bent, the journal reverted to its royalist other hands, till the return of the Bourbons restored principles. During the Hundred Days, it fell into it once more to B., who, in the meantime, had taken part in the Moniteur de Gand. Throughout the restoration, B. gave almost constant support to the ministerial party. Though he did not join in the protest of the liberal journals against the ordonnances, he gave his adhesion to the July monarchy, and continued faithfully to support it. He continued to edit the Débats till his death, 13th September 1841.

BERTHIER, ALEXANDRE, Prince of Neuchatel of extracting and purifying saltpetre to be used and Wagram, and Marshal of the French Empire, in the manufacture of gunpowder, and also as to was born at Versailles, November 20, 1753. His the process of smelting and converting iron into father, a military engineer, trained him for the army, which he entered in 1770, and fought with Lafayette in the American War of Independence. At the outbreak of the French Revolution, he was appointed major-general of the National Guard of Versailles, and rose to be a general of division, and chief of the staff in the Army of Italy, 1795; and in 1798, in the absence of Bonaparte, entered the papal territory, and proclaimed the republic in Rome. He accompanied Napoleon to Egypt in the same year as chief of the staff, a post which he also held in all the subsequent campaigns. At the revolution of 18th Brumaire (1799), he became war-minister, and (till 1808) as such signed many important treaties and truces. He always accompanied the emperor, and often rendered important services; for the part he took in the battle of Wagram, he received one of his many distinctions. B. was Napoleon's proxy in the marriage of Maria Louisa, at Vienna, 1810. In the campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814, he was constantly by the emperor's side, and acted both as chief of the staff and as quarter-master-general. It was only B.'s love of order, quick insight, and activity that could have superintended the movements of so many armies. Napoleon did him full justice on this score, asserting at the same time that he was incapable of leading the smallest corps d'armée alone. On the fall of Napoleon, B. hardly shewed due gratitude for the favours heaped upon him. He had to surrender the principality of Neuchatel; and not to lose more, he submitted to Louis XVIII., who made him a peer and marshal, with the title of Captain of the Guards. Napoleon, who never doubted his secret attachment, made overtures to yet revealed to Louis, which made him suspected by both. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, in a fit of irresolution B. retired to Bamberg, in Bavaria, to his father-in-law, Duke William, where his mind became unhinged with the conflict. On 1st July 1815, while looking from the balcony of the palace at a division of Russian troops marching towards the French frontier, the bitter sight was too much -he threw himself down into the street, and thus ended his life. His Mémoires appeared in 1826.He had two brothers, Victor Leopold, and Cæsar, who both served with distinction, and rose to be generals. BERTHOLLET, COUNT CLAUDE LOUIS, one of the most distinguished theoretical chemists of his time, was born at Talloire, a village of Savoy, near Annecy, on the 9th December 1748. He studied at the university of Turin, and obtained a medical degree there in 1768. He afterwards went to Paris, where he was appointed physician to the Duke of Orleans. He now applied himself with great assiduity to chemistry; in 1781, he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and, some time after, the government made him superintendent of dyeing processes. In this situation he published a very valuable work on dyeing. In 1785, he announced his adherence to the antiphlogistic doctrines of Lavoisier, with the exception that he did not admit oxygen to be the acidifying principle, and herein he has proved to be right. In the same year, he published a paper on 'dephlogisticated marine acid' now called chlorine-pointing out its use for bleaching purposes; and following up the experiments of Priestley, he shewed ammonia to be a compound of three volumes of hydrogen gas, and one volume of azotic gas. During the early part of the French Revolution, B. travelled through the country, giving instruction as to the best means

him from Elba: these he neither answered nor

BERTIN, LOUIS MARIE ARMAND, son of the former, was born in Paris, 1801, and became, after the restoration, secretary to Châteaubriand during his embassy in England. In 1820, he joined the editorial staff of the Journal des Débats, and at his father's death assumed the chief direction. As a journalist, he contrived, as well as his father, to maintain a certain independence of the govern ment. B. died at Paris, January 11, 1854.

BERTRAND, HENRY GRATIEN, COUNT, one of Napoleon's generals, known for his faithful attachment to the emperor through all his fortunes, was born at Châteauroux, 1773, and early entered the armics of the Revolution as engineer. He accompanied the expedition to Egypt, and directed the fortification of Alexandria. Returning with the rank of general of brigade, he distinguished himself at Austerlitz, and became the emperor's adjutant; and, after the battle of Aspern in 1809, for establishing bridges over the Danube, he was created Count and governor of Illyria. After sharing with credit in the subsequent campaigns, he retired with the emperor to Elba, was his confidant in carrying out his return to France, and finally shared his banishment to St. Helena. On Napoleon's death, B. returned to France, where, though sentence of death had been pronounced upon him-a sentence which Louis XVIII. had wisely recalled-he was restored to all his dignities, and, in 1830, appointed commandant of the Polytechnic School. He formed