CANTEEN-CANTERBURY.

such sale in 1847; as a consequence, the rents had to be lowered to the extent of £20,000 in the following year, the cantineers finding their profits much reduced. It is believed that the rent paid is injurious to the soldiers, who are charged higher prices within the barrack than without, and who are thence driven to places where dangerous temptations are at hand. So bad, at one time, were the disorderly scenes at the canteens, that many officers suggested their suppression altogether. A committee on barrack-accommodation (see BARRACKS) lately recommended an improved organisation.

more popular name to the list of martyrs. The offerings at these shrines, especially the last, contributed greatly to defray the expenses of the magnificent work. William of Sens did not, however, live to see its completion. He was succeeded by another William, an Englishman, and to him we owe the completion of the existing unique and beautiful choir, terminated by the corona or circular chapel called Becket's Crown. Gervasius, a monk, who witnessed the fire of 1174, and has left an account of it, tells us that the parts of Lanfranc's church which remained in his time were the nave, the central and western towers, the western transepts, and their In French barracks, the C. is a sort of club-room eastern chapels. In the 14th c., the nave and for the whole regiment. The cantineer is a nonThe cantineer is a non-transepts were transformed into the Perpendicular commissioned officer, who acts merely as an agent Style of that period. The central tower, called for all, selling the liquors and commodities at prime the Angel Steeple, was carried up (1486-1504) to about double its original height, also in the Perpendicular Style; it is 234 feet high, and 35 feet in diameter. The north-west tower was taken down in 1834; it was 113 feet high, and divided into five stories. The Norman plinth still remains on each side of the nave in the side aisles, and portions of Norman ashlaring may still be seen about the transepts outside the west wall, and on the east piers of the great tower.

cost.

CANTEEN, besides its application to a room or building, is a name also given to a vessel used by soldiers to contain whatever beverage may be obtainable on the march or in the field. It is sometimes of tin, sometimes of wood. In the British army, the C. is a wooden vessel, holding about three pints, painted blue, and inscribed with the number or designation of the regiment, battalion, and company to which the soldier belongs.

There is still another use of the word C., as a name for a leathern or wooden chest, divided

into compartments, and containing the plate and table-equipage for a military officer when on active

service.

CA'NTERBURY, a municipal and parliamentary borough, a county by itself, a cathedral city, and seat of the metropolitan see of all England, in East Kent, on the Stour, 56 miles east-south-east of London, on the high road from London to Dover. The distance from London by the South-Eastern Railway is 81 miles; by the London, Chatham, and Dover line, about 60. It stands on a flat between hills of moderate height. It has the aspect of an old town, many of the houses along the high street having gabled ends and projecting fronts. It has little manufacture or traffic. The chief trade is in corn, wool, and hops. Pop. 18,398. Many are engaged in the hop-grounds around. C. returns two members to parliament. It is noted for its brawn. Some remains of the walls (14 mile in circuit and 20 feet high) which formerly surrounded C., and one of the gates, still exist. Near the city wall is a large artificial mound, known as the Dane John (probably Donjon), and connected with this mound is a public garden, laid out in the end of the 18th c., from the top of which is a fine view of the country around. But the great glory of C. is its magnificent

Cathedral. When St. Augustine became Archbishop of Canterbury, 597 A.D., he consecrated, under the name Christ's Church, a church said to have been formerly used by Roman Christians. Cuthbert, the 11th archbishop, 740 A.D., added a church to the east of this. In the course of ages, it received numerous additions, until it assumed its present magnificent form. Among those who helped to repair, enlarge, and rebuild it, were Archbishops Odo (940 A.D.), Lanfranc (1070), and Anselm (1093). In 1174 the choir was destroyed by fire, and in order to the rebuilding of it, a number of French and English artificers were summoned. Among the former was a certain William of Sens, and to him, a man of real genius, the work was intrusted. The church was rich in relics: Plegemund had brought hither the body of the martyr Blasius from Rome; there were the relics of St. Wilfred, St. Dunstan, and St. Elfege; the murder of Thomas Becket (q. v.) had recently added a still

The indiscriminate

use of the Round' or 'Norman,' and the 'Pointed'
or Early English' arch, is also a very striking
feature in the eastern part of the building. The
Lady Chapel, now called the Dean's Chapel, stands
on the north side of the church, and was built in
1468; the roof is a fan-vault. The north transept
is called the Martyrdom, for here took place the
murder of Becket, on Tuesday, December 29, 1170.
Fifty years later, his remains were translated from
the crypt to a shrine in the newly erected Trinity
About the year
Chapel, eastward of the choir.
1500, the yearly offerings at this shrine amounted to
£4000; but they had then declined much in value.
A curious mosaic pavement still remains in front
of the place where the shrine stood, and the stone
steps which lead up to it are worn by the knees
of countless pilgrims; but the shrine itself was
demolished in 1538, and the bones of the saint
burned by order of Henry VIII. In 1643, the build-
ing was further purified,' as it was called, by order
of parliament. Still very many most interesting
monuments remain-such as the tombs of Stephen
Langton; that which is commonly, but wrongly,
supposed to be the tomb of Archbishop Theobald;
with those of the Black Prince, of Henry IV.,
of Archbishops Maphan,, Peckham, Chicheley,
Courtenay, Sudbury, Stratford, Kemp, Bourchier,
Warham, and of Cardinal Pole. The total exterior
length of the cathedral is 545 feet, by 156 in breadth
at the eastern transept. The crypt is of greater
extent and loftier-owing to the choir being raised
by numerous steps at the east end-than any other
in England.

The Archbishop of C. is primate of all England,
He
metropolitan, and first peer of the realm.
ranks next to royalty, and crowns the sovereign.
His ecclesiastical province includes all England,
except the six northern counties. Among his
privileges, he can confer degrees in divinity, law,
His seats are at Lambeth and
and medicine.
Addington Park. He is patron of 149 livings, and
has an income of £15,000 a year. There are four-
teen old churches in C., mostly of rough flint, and
St.
containing fragments of still older structures.
Martin's Church stands on the site of one of the 7th
c., and is partly built of ancient Roman brick and
tile. Attached to the cathedral is a grammar school,
remodelled by Henry VIII. Part of St. Augustine's
Benedictine Abbey still remains, with its fine
gateway, near the cathedral. It occupied, with its

573

CANTERBURY-CANTICLES.

precincts, sixteen acres. The old buildings have lately received large modern additions, in order to fit them for the purposes of a missionary college in connection with the Church of England. Another recent institution for education is the Clergy Orphan School, which occupies a conspicuous position on St. Thomas's Hill, about a mile out of the city. The ruins of a Norman castle, 88 by 80 feet, the third in size in England, stands near the city wall. C. stood, in Roman times, at the union of two Roman roads from Dover and Lympne, the chief seaports of the Romans. C. was the capital of Kent, and the centre from which England was Christianised. St. Augustine, the apostle of England, sent by Gregory I., was the first archbishop, and baptized King Ethelbert of Kent. C. was the Saxon Caer Cant, City of Kent, and capital of the kingdom of Kent. The Danes in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries often ravaged and burned the city. Henry VIII. confiscated the treasures of the cathedral, and Edward VI. levied fresh exactions from it. The cathedral suffered much in the parliamentary struggles, but it has been in recent times repaired.

CANTERBURY, a settlement of about 2400 square miles, on the east coast of the north island of the New Zealand group, with Christchurch as its capital, and Lyttelton as its port. The district professes to be more specially set apart for Episcopalians. In 1858, its external trade stood thus: imports, £216,383, 5s. 2d.; exports, £108,713, 12s. 4d.—total £325,096, 17s. 7d. Of this amount, wool, to the weight of 1,352,011 lbs., gave £90,134, 1s. 4d., or more than five-sixths of the whole. The other articles, arranged in order of worth, were potatoes, wheat, cheese, oats, oil, whalebone, tallow, sheepskins, barley, gold-dust, hides, curiosities, and seeds. CANTERBURY BELLS. See CAMPANULA. CANTHARE'LLUS. See FUNGI, Edible. CANTHA'RIDINE. See CANTHARIS.

|

evening, when it is comparatively lethargic, a cloth being spread below to receive the insects as they fall. The gathering of Cantharides takes place, in the south of France, in the month of May. It requires great caution to prevent injury to those who engage in it, the insects emitting a volatile substance with a strong smell, which causes inflammation of the eyes and eyelids, convulsive sneezing, and irritation of the throat and bronchial-tubes, nor can they be handled without danger of blistering. Those who collect them, therefore, generally wear gloves and veils. Unpleasant effects have been experienced from even sitting under trees on the leaves of which cantharides were numerous. Various methods are employed for killing cantharides when they have been taken; the cloths containing them are very generally immersed in hot vinegar and water, and they are afterwards carefully dried; sometimes they are killed by the vapour of vinegar, and sometimes by oil of turpentine. Unless kept with great care, they soon begin to lose their active properties, although, in stopped bottles, they remain fit for use for years. They are very liable to be injured by mites, and afford a favourite food also to a kind of moth and to some other insects. They are imported into Britain from the south of Europe, and also from St. Petersburg. The Russian cantharides are rather more highly esteemed than any other.-Some of the species of the genus Epicauta (C. atrata) and (C. vittata) devour the foliage of the potato plants, and are sometimes very destructive in the United States. They may be used as vesicants.

100

The active principle of the blistering flies is cantharidine, which possesses such powerful blistering properties, that th of a grain placed on the lip rapidly causes the rise of small blisters. Adminis tered internally, blistering flies cause heat in the throat, stomach, intestines, respiratory organs, &c.; and if in large doses, they give rise to inflammation of a serious nature, and sufficient to cause death. Externally, they are employed as a blistering agent. There are various medicinal preparations of blistering flies, such as Vinegar of Cantharides, obtained by macerating blistering flies in acetic acid; Tincture of Cantharides, procured by digesting blistering flies in proof-spirit, &c.; but that most commonly employed is Plaster of Cantharides or Blistering Plaster, obtained by mixing equal parts of blistering flies, yellow wax, resin, and lard. See

BLISTER.

CAN'THARIS (Gr. a small beetle, plural Canthaʼrides), a genus of insects of the order Coleoptera, section Heteromera. See COLEOPTERA. It belongs to a family called Trachelides, or necked beetles, the head being separated from the Thorax by a distinct neck or pedicle, and forms the type of a subdivision of that family called Cantharidia, many of the species of which possess blistering properties analogous to those of the common BLISTERING FLY, SPANISH FLY, or BLISTER BEETLE (C. vesicatoria). This insect, the best known and most important CAʼNTICLES, a word which literally signifies of the genus, is about an inch long; has a large songs, but which is specially applied to a canonical heart-shaped head, rather broader than the thorax; book of the Old Testament, called in Hebrew The thread-like antennæ three times longer than the Song of Songs-i. e., the most beautiful song. The head; a nearly quadrangular thorax; and soft elytra author is commonly supposed to be Solomon, and (wing-covers) concealing the abdomen, and of equal in the rich luxurious splendour of its colouring it breadth throughout. It is of a bright glossy green admirably harmonises with the 'golden time' of that colour, and exhibits not a little of that metallic magnificent monarch. The theme which it celebrates brilliancy which characterises many beetles, and in is love; but what kind of love, whether earthly or particular many of the Cantharidiæ. This metallic spiritual, is a question that has perplexed biblical brilliancy is of use in detecting cases of poisoning critics. The oldest interpretations are allegorical, by Cantharides, golden green particles being always and are either political or religious. The former of seen in powders made of these insects, and these these, considered C. as the symbolical expression of particles remaining long unchanged whilst decom- a deep longing for the reunion of the kingdoms position is taking place around them. The common of Judah and Israel; the latter, of the love of God Blistering Fly is found in the south of Europe, and in for his chosen people, the Jews. The religious the south of Siberia. It is abundant in Italy, Sicily, interpretation passed over from Judaism to Chrisand Spain, in the south of France, in Hungary, and tianity, and assumed a new aspect in consequence. in some parts of Germany and Russia. It is rare Origen and Jerome found in Christ, the Beloved in England, but in 1837 great numbers appeared in Bridegroom, and in the Church, the Bride. Similarly Essex, Suffolk, and the Isle of Wight. The larva is did Augustine and others explain the poem. Only not well known. The perfect insect feeds on the among the theologians of the Syrian school, especially leaves of the ash, privet, lilac, elder, and honey-in that remarkable man Theodorus of Mopsuestia, suckle; and rests on them during the night, the day being its time of activity. It is therefore taken by beating the branches of the trees in the morning or

do we find an effort made to adhere to more intelligible principles of interpretation, but the mystical view obtained the upper hand. At the

CANTILENA-CANTON.

Kwang-tung. It is situated in lat. 23° 7′ 10′′ N., and long. 113° 14′ 30′′ E., on the north side of the ChooKeang or Pearl River, 32 miles from the sea. The river (the entrance to which is known by the name of the Bocca Tigris) is very picturesque. The city is surrounded by a rampart six miles in circumference, and entered by 12 gates, to each of which a guard-house is attached. It forms an irregular square, and is divided by a wall into the North and South, or Old and New City. The former is inhabited by the Tatar population, the latter by Chinese; and between the two, communication is

Reformation, it was opposed by Erasmus, and adopted by Luther. It is still the popular view of the poem among orthodox theologians, many of whom have endeavoured to unfold its supposed spiritual or mystical meaning often with more ingenuity than wisdom. Whether C. is one song, an anthology of detached erotic idyls, or a whole formed of connected parts, is doubtful. Father Simon was the first to maintain the second of these opinions, which has been since advocated by Eichhorn, Jalin, Pareau, and others. Sir William Jones and Dr. Mason Good adopt the third; Ewald, on the other haud, does not consider it idylic at all, but main-maintained by four gates in the separating wall. tains that it is a drama in five parts; while Bossuet regarded it as a pastoral eclogue, consisting of seven acts, each act filling a day, concluding with the Sabbath. Its object, according to Dr. Davidson, appears to be to depict true, chaste love in humble life.

CANTILE'NA. See CANTABILE.

A very

The suburbs are very extensive, and in one of these, facing the river, stood the European factories or hongs. Many of the streets of C. are devoted to distinct trades; thus there is Carpenter' Street, ‘Apothecary' Street, &c. The Joss-houses, chiefly Buddhist temples, are said to be 124 in number. The largest of these, on Honam Island, covers seven acres, and CANTI'RE, or KINTY'RE (Gaelic, headland), a has 175 priests attached; there are several manylong narrow peninsula of Argyleshire, running north storied towers or pagodas, a Mohammedan mosque, and south between Arran Isle and the Atlantic, a foundling hospital, an English and an American and united at the north end with the mainland missionary hospital. The former, conducted by Dr. of Scotland by the isthmus of Tarbet, a mile broad Hobson, was opened by him in the western suburb between East Loch Tarbet, a small loch or bay of April 1, 1818, and continued in most successful Loch Fyne, and West Loch Tarbet. It is 40 miles operation till October 1856, when the difficulties long, and, on an average, 64 broad. The surface is that arose between Yeh and the British authorities much diversified by low, undulating, moorish hills, compelled its temporary abandonment. It appears with many lochs. The highest point is Bennear, 1515 from the printed report, that from July 1, 1855, to feet. It contains much cultivated land. The north June 30, 1856, 32,618 persons attended, and 14,600 four-fifths of C., and the south-west corner round the books of religious information were distributed. Mull, or promontory, of Kintyre, consist chiefly of Streets of wooden houses were formerly to be seen mica slate. Old red sandstone occurs on the south- on the river side, but these were swept away during east shore. Coal is found between Campbelton and the late quarrel with Yeh; and one large site that the west coast. A light-house, 297 feet above the they occupied is now walled in, preparatory to the sea, stands on the Mull of Kintyre. C. includes 10 erection of the new foreign factories, the old ones parishes. Pop. 17,916. Campbelton (q. v.) is the having been totally destroyed by fire. chief seat of population. C. was in ancient times remarkable example of life upon the water is the peopled by Picts and Celts more densely than the boat-town of Canton. The total population of the rest of Scotland. The Scots from Ireland subdued city has been vaguely estimated at 1,000,000. The it in 210 A. D., were expelled from it in 446, but climate of C. may be pronounced healthy; though returned in 503 under Fergus, the first Scottish the heat from June to September is oppressive, and king, who fixed his seat at Campbelton. Kenneth the thermometer sometimes stands at 100° in the II. (MacAlpine), on defeating the Picts in 843, shade. The north-east monsoon commences in removed to Forteviot. From the 8th to the 12th c., October, and is the prevailing wind till March, C. was occupied by Northmen from Scandinavia, when the south-west monsoon sets in. Its average and afterwards by the Macdonalds of the Isles, and temperature is 704° F., and the annual fall of rain more lately by the Campbells. Many burying-70-625 inches. The Cantonese are notorious for their grounds and small ruined chapels or monasteries turbulence and hatred of foreigners, and the Euroin C., show its former populousness. Near these pean factories have more than once been attacked by chapels, and in the villages, are many high, upright infuriated mobs, who were only kept at bay by force slate crosses, with rude figures and inscriptions on of arms. This hostility may, however, be greatly due them. C. contains many ancient watch or ward to the baneful influence of those in power; for here the government of the mandarins of the present Manchoo Tatar dynasty appears to have reached its maximum of corruption and barbarity, and was fitly represented by the notorious Yeh, late governorgeneral of Kwang-tung and Kwang-se. The author of Twelve Years in China gives us some startling facts illustrative of mandarinic rule in this part of of Twelve Years in China gives us some startling China. After the defeat of the Triad rebels, who beseiged C. in 1844-1845, it is estimated that 1,000,000 of people perished in the province, of whom some 100,000 were executed in the city of Canton. British trade had been confined almost entirely to C. for about 200 years, when the monopoly of the East India Company ceased on the 22d April 1834. Since that date the proceedings of the C. government officers have originated two wars with the British. The city was captured by the allied French and English forces December 1857, and is at the present time (September 1860) garrisoned by them. See CHINA. After the treaty of Nankin (signed 29th August 1842), C. was known as one of the five ports; Amoy, Foochoo, Ningpo, and

forts often vitrified.

CA'NTO, in Music, an Italian term for the highest vocal part or treble. See also SOPRANO. CANTO

FERMO, in Church Music, Music, means plain song, or choral song in unison, and in notes all of equal length. Its introduction into the Christian church is attributed to Pope Gregory the Great, before the invention of modern notation. also GREGORIAN TONES.

See

CA'NTON. In Heraldry, the C. occupies a corner of the shield, either dexter or sinister, and in size is the third of the chief. It is one of the nine honourable ordinaries, and of great esteem.'

CANTON (from the Fr. canton, a corner, a district; Ger kante, a point, corner, border; allied to Eng. cantle), signifies in geography a division of territory, constituting a separate government or state, as in Switzerland. In France, C. is a subdivision of an arrondissement.

CA'NTON, a large commercial city and port in the south of China, and capital of the province of

CANTONMENTS-CANVAS.

Shanghai, having also been thrown open to foreign | never met the requirements of the trade of which it was so long the only emporium; and since the more northern ports have been opened, it has become of less importance.

A COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE QUANTITIES OF TEA EXPORTED FROM THE CANTON WATERS TO THE COUNTRIES
AND PLACES UNDERMENTIONED DURING THE THREE YEARS 1862, 1863 And 1864.

Value of the exports from C. for 1868 was about | a historical romance, Margherita Pusterla (Floren e, $22,000,000, or about one-fifth of those of the empire. Value of imports into C. for 1868, nearly $16,000,000, or nearly one-sixth of those of the empire.

CANVAS-CAOUTCHOUC.