CHESTER-CHESTERFIELD. tower of 127 feet. It was formerly the church of of the lymphatic system of vessels, by which the | crumbling sandstone, 375 by 200 feet, with a chyle and lymph are discharged into the blood. The very great importance of these parts to life, and their great liability to deranged action, renders the C. the seat of a large proportion of the diseases which afflict humanity, and especially of those which end in death. Indeed, of the three organs which the great physiologist, Bichat, called the 'tripod of life'-viz., the brain, heart, and lungsthe C. contains two; hence its condition in almost all diseases, and especially in fatal diseases, is an object of the utmost solicitude to the physician. The diseases of the C. depend in some cases on alterations in its form, as by Rickets (q. v.) and other diseases affecting the bones in early childhood or in youth, as by too tight lacing in girls. The lungs and air-tubes are subject to a great variety of diseases, among which the principal are consumption or phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis or pulmonary catarrh. The heart is subject to pericarditis, endocarditis, and chronic organic disease of the valves, as well as to enlargement (hypertrophy), dilatation, and degenerations of its muscular texture. The aorta, or great artery, is often affected with degeneration of its walls, and occasionally with aneurism. The great veins are liable to over-distention, and to obstruction by tumours or by coagulation of the contained blood. The thoracic duct is also sometimes obstructed by external pressure; and the œsophagus has a number of diseases usually described in connection with the alimentary canal. Most of the diseases here referred to are described either under special articles, or under LUNGS and HEART. The examination of the C. by physicians is now conducted not only by an investigation of the symptoms or obvious characters of the disease, but by a minute and elaborate examination into the physical condition of the contained organs by means of Auscultation (q. v.), Percussion (q. v.), Measurement, &c. The application of these methods is too complicated and technical for explanation in detail, but their results will be shortly alluded to incidentally in the articles above referred to on the diseases of the chest. The name of Laennec (q. v.) will be long remembered in medicine as that of a great original observer, who has contributed more than any other to the progress of knowledge in this de partment. CHE'STER, an ancient and episcopal city, municipal and parliamentary borough, and river-port, the capital of Cheshire, on the right bank of the Dee, 22 miles from the mouth of its estuary, 16 miles south-east of Liverpool. It stands on a rocky sandstone height, and is mostly enclosed in an oblong quadrangle of ancient walls, 7 or 8 feet thick, nearly 2 miles in circuit, and with 4 gates, and now forming a promenade with parapets, where two persons can walk abreast. The two main streets cross each other at right angles, and were cut out of the rock by the Romans 4 to 10 feet below the level of the houses. The houses in these streets are curiously arranged: the front parts of their second stories, as far back as 16 feet, form a continuous paved promenade or covered gallery, open in front where there are pillars and steps up from the street below, with private houses above, inferior shops and warehouses below, and the chief shops of the town within. This arrangement, called the 'rows,' together with the ancient walls, and the half-timbered construction of many of the houses, with quaintly -carved ornamented gables of the 16th c., render C. perhaps the most picturesque city in England. C. cathedral is an irregular massive structure of C. was Devana Castra, or Colonia Devana, an important Roman station, and has yielded many Roman remains-as masonry, coins, inscriptions, fibulæ, altars, a hypocaust, and a statue of Pallas. C. was only in 828 taken by the Saxons from the Britons. Its strength made it a refuge against the descents of the Danes and Northmen, but the Danes took it in 894. Ethelfrida retook it in 904, and rebuilt the walls. From the Norman Conquest to the time of Henry III., the Earls of Chester had their own courts and parliaments at C., with 8 subfeudatories and the superiors of the great religious houses, Cheshire being then a county palatine. Henry III. made his eldest son Earl of Chester, a title held since by the Prince of Wales. Llewelyn ravaged C. in 1255. The 25 famous C. mysteries or religious plays by Randle a monk (1250-1260), were acted in the church. After a long siege, the parliamentary forces defeated those of Charles I. at C., and took the city. Pearson and Porteus were bishops of Chester. Trinity Church contains the remains of Matthew Henry, the biblical biblical commentator. The commerce of C. has steadily declined since the rise of Liverpool. CHE'STERFIELD, a municipal borough in Derbyshire, near the Hipper and Rother rivulets, 24 miles north-north-east of Derby by rail. There are manufactures of leather, silk, lace, earthenware, and machinery; and there are several blastingfurnaces in the neighbourhood. The manufactures are increasing rapidly, and the minerals in the neighbourhood, including coal, iron, potters' and brick clay, slates, and lead, are being greatly developed. The population, which in 1851 was 7100, is growing fast. Trade is facilitated by a canal connecting C. with the Trent, and by the main line of the Midland Railway. CHESTERFIELD, EARL or (PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE), an English statesman and author, eldest son of the third Earl of Chesterfield, was born in London, September 22, 1694, and studied at Cambridge. In 1714, he made the tour of Europe, and the following year was appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales. About the same time, he was elected M.P. for St. Germans, in Cornwall. In 1726, on his father's death, he became Earl of C., and in 1727 was sworn a privy councillor. In 1728, he was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Holland, and in 1730 was made a knight of the Garter and Lord Steward of the Household, but soon resigned that office. An eloquent and frequent speaker, he took an active part in all the important business in the House of Lords, and was for several CHESTERFIELD INLET-CHEVREUIL. years the strenuous opponent of Sir Robert Walpole, then premier. In 1744, he connected himself with the administration, and in 1745 was re-appointed ambassador to the Hague, but was soon nominated Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, where he rendered himself exceedingly popular. In October 1746, he became one of the principal secretaries of state, but, two years after, declining health caused him to resign office, and in 1752 he was seized with deafness Distinguished by brilliancy of wit, polished grace of manners, and elegance of conversation, he lived in intimacy with Pope, Swift, Bolingbroke, and other eminent men of the day. Dr. Johnson, whose Dictionary, on its appearance, he affected to recommend, called him “ a wit among lords, and a lord among wits.' He wrote several papers, on temporary subjects, in The Craftsman, The World, periodicals of the time; but he is now best known by his Letters to his Son, Philip Dormer, written for the improvement of his manners. These letters have been often republished, and they afford a good idea of the mental and moral calibre of the author. Lord C. died March 24th, 1773. CHESTERFIELD INLET, a long and narrow the matériel of an army under the care of the gulf, penetrating to the westward from the north-engineers, are sometimes comprised C. formed of west of Hudson's Bay. Its extreme dimensions are 250 and 25 miles; and the lat. and long. of its mouth are 63° 30′ Ñ., and 90° 40′ W. C. I. is studded nearly throughout with islands. CHEVALIER (Fr. cheval, a horse), in Heraldry, a horseman armed at all points. In its more general acceptation in signifies a Knight (q. v.). See also BANNERET and CHIVALRY, CHEVALIER, MICHEL, an eminent. French economist, born at Limoges, January 13, 1806, was, at the age of 18, admitted a pupil of the Polytechnic School. Thence he went to the School of Mines, and some days before the revolution of July, he was attached as an engineer to the department dú Nord. Led away by the theories of the St. Simonians, he was for two years editor of the Globe, the organ of that sect. Joining the schism of M. Enfautin, he took an active part in the compilation of the Livre Nouveau, the standard of their doctrines, and in 1832 suffered six months' imprisonment, on account of his free speculations in regard to religious and social questions, being regarded as an outrage on public morals. On his liberation, he at once retracted all that he had written in the Globe contrary to Christianity, and against marriage, and obtained from M. Thiers a special mission to the United States, to inquire into the systems of water and railway communication there. The results were published in his Letters from North America (1836, 2 vols. 8vo). After a visit to England, he issued a work, entitled Material Interests in France: Public Works, Roads, Canals, Railways (1838, 8vo). He was named, successively, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, Councillor of State (1838), a member of the Superior Council of Commerce, and of the Royal Council of the University; and, in 1840, Professor of Political Economy in the College of France. In 1840, he was re-established in the Corps of Mines as engineer of the first-class; and in 1845-1846, was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies. Under the Republic, he lost his various employments, and was thrown into the ranks of the counter-revolutionists. In opposition to the different Socialist writers of the day, he published, in 1848, Letters on the Organisation of Labour and the Question of the Labourers; and after the coup d'état of December 2, was restored to his professorship, and named councillor of state. He is the author of various works on industrial policy in the interest of Free Trade. In 1860 he cylindrical iron barrels, about 6 feet long, each having 12 holes to receive as many spears; the spears can be packed away in the barrel, when not in use. Each such piece constitutes a cheval; and many such, ranged end to end, form chevaux, the berme beneath the parapet, behind the glacis, to be used in ditches around a fortification, on across a breach in the rampart, or in any spot where a check to the storming-party is needed. At Badajoz, during the Peninsular war, great service into beams of wood. The name is said to have been was rendered by a C. formed of sword-blades fixed derived from Friesland horse,' and to have been first applied by the French during the wars of the 17th century. CHEVIOT HILLS, a mountain-range occupying contiguous parts of the counties of Northumberland and Roxburgh, on the English and Scotch borders, and running 35 miles from near the junction of the Till and Tweed, in the north-east, to the sources of the Liddel, in the south-west. The highest points are C. Hill, 2684 feet, and Carter Fell, 2020. West of Carter Fell, these hills chiefly consist of carboniferous sandstone and limestone, with protrusions of trap. The east portion of the with protrusions of trap. range is porphyritic, and includes higher and more or less conical hills. In the C. H. are the sources of the Liddel, Tyne, Coquet, and some of Grouse abound, and the branches of the Tweed. These hills afford pasture the golden eagle is seen. for the Cheviots, a superior breed of sheep. They between the English and Scotch. have been the scene of many bloody contests between the English and Scotch, CHEVRE TTE. See GYN. CHEVREUIL, MICHEL EUGÈNE, a distinguished French chemist, born August 31, 1786, at Angers, in the department of Maine-et-Loire. In 1820, he was made an examiner in the Polytechnic School; and in 1824, director of the dyeing department in the manufactory of the Gobelins. This last position led him to institute a series of accurate researches on colours, the results of which he made known in a series of Mémoires of the Academy of Sciences. Previous to this, C. had made himself known in the scientific world by a variety of researches and writings. In 1826, he was made a member of the Academy; and in 1830, Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Museum of Natural History. Besides a great number of articles in the Journal des Savants, beginning with 1820, the CHEVRON-CHIANA. following works of C. deserve mention: Leçons de exclaimed: 'Tell him he will find one day more Chimie appliquée à la Teinture (2 vols., Par. 1828 -1831); De la Loi du Contraste simultané des Couleurs et de l'Assortiment des Objets coloriés (Par. 1839); and his Théorie des Effets Optiques que presentent les Etoffes de Soie (Lyon, 1846). Des Couleurs et de leur application aux Arts Industriels a l'aide des cercles chromatique in 1854, and contributions to the proceedings of scientific societies. He is also the author of Lettres adressees a M. Villemain sur la Methode en General (1855). Norman architecture, but is also found with the pointed arch, during the transition period from Norman to Early English. CHEVRONS are braids or bands of lace, worn as distinguishing marks by the non-commissioned officers of regiments. The corporals, and the various grades of sergeant, have C. varying from one to four in number, either of white or of gold lace. In most corps, they are worn on the right arm only; but in the Guards, the Fusiliers, the Light Infantry, and the Grenadier and Light Infantry companies of the ordinary regiments, on both arms. CHEVY CHASE, the name of perhaps the most famous of British ballads. In its present form, the piece does not seem to be older than about the beginning of the 17th century. But more ancient versions, doubtless, existed; and Bishop Percy has published a poem of the 16th c., which has obviously suggested passages in the more recent composition. It is impossible to reconcile its incidents with history, but the event which is meant to be commemorated appears to have been the battle of Otterburn, in August 1388-a fight which Froissart declares to have been the bravest and most chivalrous which was fought in his day. According to the ballad, Percy vowed that he would enter Scotland, and take his pleasure for three days in the woods of his rival, and slay the deer therein at will. Douglas, when he heard the vaunt, than enough.' Accordingly, at the time of the hay-harvest, Percy, with stag-hounds and archers, passed into the domains of his foe, and slew a hundred fallow-deer and harts of grice.' When the English had hastily cooked their game, and were about to retire, Earl Douglas, clad in armour, and heading his Scottish spears, came on the scene. Haughty challenge and defiance passed between the potentates, and the battle joined. In the centre of the fray the two leaders met: "Yield thee, Percy!' cried Douglas. 'I will yield to no Scot that ever was born of woman!' cried Percy. During this colloquy, an English arrow struck Douglas to the heart. Fight on, my merry men!' cried he, as he died. Percy, with all the chivalrous feeling of his race, took the dead man by the hand, and vowed that he would have given all his lands to save him, for a braver knight never fell by such a chance. Sir Hugh Montgomery, having seen the fall of Douglas, clapped spurs to his horse, dashed on Percy, and struck his spear through his body a long cloth-yard and more. Although the leaders on both sides had fallen, the battle, which had begun at break of day, continued till the ringing of the curfew-bell. Scotsmen and Englishmen claim the victory. When the battle ended, representatives of every noble family on either side of the border lay on the bloody greensward. CHEYNE, GEORGE, an eminent Scottish physician, born in Aberdeenshire in 1671, was at first intended for the church, but preferring the medical profession, studied at Edinburgh, under the celebrated Dr. Pitcairn. In 1700, after taking the degree of M.D., he repaired to London, where he practised in winter, and in Bath in summer. From full living he became enormously fat, as well as asthmatic, and resolved on strictly adhering to a milk and vegetable diet, from which he derived so much benefit that he recommended it in all his principal medical treatises. In 1702, he published A New Theory of Fevers, and, in 1703, a work On Fluxions, which procured him admission into the Royal Society. Among his other works are: Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion, 1705; Observations on Gout, 1722; Essay on Health and Long Life, 1725; The English Malady, a Treatise on Nervous Disorders, 1733; Essay on Regimen, 1739; Account of Himself and of his various Cures, 1743. Dr. C. died at Bath, April 12, 1743. CHIABRERA, GABRIELLO, an Italian poet, born He was educated at at Savona, 8th June 1552. Romé under the care of his uncle, after whose death he entered the service of Cardinal Cornaro, but was obliged to leave it in consequence of the revenge he had taken on an Italian nobleman who had done him an injury. In his 50th year he married, and remained independent for the rest of his life. C.'s poetical faculty He died 14th October 1637. Having commenced to read developed itself late. the Greek writers at home, he conceived a great admiration of Pindar, and strove successfully to imitate him. He was not less happy in catching the naïve and pleasant spirit of Anacreon; his canzonetti being distinguished for their ease and elegance, while his Lettere Famigliari was the first attempt to introduce the poetical epistle into Italian literature. C. also wrote several epics, bucolics, and dramatic poems. His Opere appeared at Venice, in 6 vols., 1768. CHIA'NA (in ancient times, Clanis), a river in Tuscany, formed by several streams from the Apennines, and falling into the Arno a few miles below Arezzo. Along with another river of the same name, which, flowing in the opposite direction, CHIAPA-CHICAGO. enters the Paglia at Orvieto, it waters the perfectly | the place is also noted for its light, handsome, cheap level Val di Chiana, which its overflow rendered furniture, made chiefly of cherry-wood. The anchoonce the most pestilential district of Italy. Ferdi- vy fishery is important; and in the vicinity are ex nand III, and his minister, Fossombroni, undertook extensive hydraulic works for improving the bed of the river, which they led through the lakes of Montepulciano and Chiusi, and employed for the artificial irrigation of the whole valley. The district has since become the most fruitful, perhaps, of all Italy-a perfect garden, supporting a population of more than 100,000. CHIA'PA, or CHIAPAS a state in the south-east of the Mexican confederation, lying to the south west of Yucatan, and extending in lat. between 16° and 18° N., and in long. between 90° 30′ and 94° W. It contains about 19,000 square miles, and about 44,000 inhabitants, chiefly aborigines. Near Palenque, one of the towns of C., are some of the most extensive and magnificent ruins in Central America. CHIARAMO'NTË, a town of Sicily, about 32 miles west-south-west of Syracuse. It is situated on a hill, and has well-built, regular streets. Wine of good quality is produced in the district. Pop. about 8000. CHIA'RI, a town of Lombardy, 14 miles west of Brescia, on the railway between that place and Milan. It is an ancient place, many Roman remains being still found here; and at one time it was strongly fortified, but its walls are now ruinous. Silk is the staple manufacture. Pop. 10,000. CHIAR-OSCURO (Ital.), an artistic term, composed of two Italian words, the one of which signifies light, the other darkness or shadow. But C. signifies neither light nor shadow; neither is it adequately described by saying that it is the art of disposing of both the lights and shadows in a picture, so long as either is regarded apart from the other. It is rather the art of representing light in shadow and shadow in light, so that the parts represented in shadow shall still have the clearness and warmth of those in light, and those in light the depth and softness of those in shadow. It is not the making of the one die softly and gradually away into the other, but the preservation of both in combination, as we constantly see it in nature, when the light is not the mere glare of the sun striking on a particular object, nor the shadow the entire absence of the influence of light. That the skilful treatment of C. is a matter of extreme difficulty, is plain enough from the very small number of artists who ever attain to it. Still, it is a branch of art without the mastery of which no painting can be successful in any department. It is as indispensable in portrait-painting as in the highest departments of ideal art; and though a just and even a lofty conception of the subject may be distinctly indicated by attention to form alone, it is impossible that its realisation can ever be satisfactorily accomplished by any one who has not mastered this most subtle mode of handling colours. The only mode by which a knowledge of C. can be attained, so as to apply it to practice, is by studying it, as exhibited by such painters as Titian, Rubens, Rembrandt, and, above all, Correggio. CHIA'VARI, a maritime town of Piedmont, situated on the Gulf of Rapallo, at the mouth of the Sturla, 21 miles east-south-east of Genoa. The houses in general are well built, with open arcades skirting the narrow streets. C. has several fine churches, the principal of which is the Madonna del' Orto. Numerous picturesque old towers, one of them of considerable size, are scattered over the Lace and silk are manufactured here; and town. tensive slate-quarries. Pop. 10,900.-The province of C., of which the above town is the capital, has an area of 155 square miles, with a population in 1857 of 109,212. Its surface is generally mountainous, but it has valleys of great fertility, yielding grain, grapes, olives, &c. Cattle, sheep, goats, and silkworms are reared. CHIAVE'NNA, a town of Lombardy, beautifully situated in the midst of vineyards, at the junction of the valley of St Giacomo and Val Bregaglia, 38 miles north-north-west of Bergamo. It is overlooked by the Rhetian Alps; and its position on the Splügen road secures it considerable traffic. Silk, cotton, and a coarse ware, cut out of a soft stone found in the neighbourhood, are the chief manufactures. Pop. about 4000. CHICA, a red feculent substance, valuable as a dye-stuff, giving an orange-red colour to cotton. It is obtained by boiling the leaves of a species of Bignonia (B. Chica), a native of the banks of the Cassiquiare and the Orinoco. The Indians use it for painting their bodies. The C. plant is a climber, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, smooth, heart-shaped leaflets, and flowers in pendulous axillary panicles. See BIGNONIACEÆ. CHICA, PITO, POSO, or MAIZE BEER, is a fermented liquor made from maize or Indian corn. It is much used in some parts of South America, and is made in a similar manner to ordinary beer; but the Indians sometimes prepare it by chewing instead of crushing the grains; and that which is so prepared (Chicha mascada, or chewed C.) is most highly esteemed by them. When they wish to make this liquor particularly strong and well flavoured, they have also a practice of pouring it into an earthen jar which contains some pounds of beef; and having made the jar perfectly air-tight, they bury it several feet deep in the ground, where it is left for several years. On the birth of a child, it is their custom thus to bury a jar of C., to be drunk at the same child's marriage. C. has an agreeable flavour, and is very strong and intoxicating. A spirituous liquor is obtained from it by distillation; vinegar is also made from it. CHICACO'LE, a town of the district of Ganjam, in the presidency of Madras, being in lat, 18° 18′ N., and long. 83° 58' E., and lying 415 miles to the south-west of Calcutta, and 435 to the morth-east of Madras. It stands on the left or north bank of the Naglaudee, not far from the Bay of Bengal. It is a military station, and contains, besides its garrison, about 50,000 native inhabitants. The place has a reputation for its richly worked muslins. CHICA'GO (pronounced She-kaw-go), the principal city of Illinois and seat of Cook Co., is situated on the S. W. shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Chicago river, lat. 41° 50′ 20′′ N., long. 87° 37′ W., and 591 feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean. The name is of Indian origin, signifying 'wild onion,' and was first mentioned by Perrot, a Frenchman, who visited it in 1671. In 1803 a stockade fort was erected near the mouth of the C. river, and named Fort Dearborn. This was destroyed by the Indians in 1812, rebuilt in 1816, and finally removed in 1857. Cook county was settled in 1831, and in 1832 contained about twelve families besides the garrison of Ft. Dearborn. The town of C. was organized Aug. 10, 1833, and became a city March 4, 1837. In 1833 it was the scene of an Indian treaty, at which 7000 Pottowatomies ceded their lands preparatory to removal west of the Mississippi. 187,446 Assessed valuation. $ 94,437 3,065,022 7,220,219 26,992,893 37,053,512 64,709,177 266,022,180 CHICHE'N, a town of Central America, in the north-east of the peninsula of Yucatan, which separates the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea, 18 miles to the south-west of Valladolid. It is one of the principal towns of the state, and is worthy of notice chiefly for the remains of an ancient city, comprising a ruined temple 450 feet long, a pyramid with a base of 550 feet square, and a domed edifice. ornamented with sculpture. north-east of Portsmouth. CHICHESTER, a municipal and parliamentary C. is built upon a prairie which originally was elevated but from 5 to 27 feet above the surface of the borough and episcopal city in Sussex, 17 miles east- ¡ lake. The principal streets and the older business between an arm of the sea and the South Downs, It stands on a plain houses have, within 14 years, been raised from 6 to which rise gently on the north. 12 feet in order to obtain a better drainage. C. con- and has wide streets. The two main streets cross It is well built, tains 48,300 houses, of which 6584 are constructed of stone or brick, also 148 churches, which possess prop eight-sided cross. at right angles, and meet in an elaborately worked Within the suburbs the city is erty valued at $10,500,000. It is supplied with water by means of a tunnel extending 10.485 ft. be surrounded by an ancient wall, 1 mile in circuit, with some semicircular bastions, and now a proneath Lake Michigan, and completed in 1863 at a cost of about $458,000. C. river and its branches menade under the shade of elms. The cathedral, divide the city into three parts, which are connected erected in the 12th and 13th centuries, on the site by two tunnels beneath the river, each 300 feet long, of a wooden one founded 1108, and burned 1114, with inclined approaches, and costing about $900,000. measures 410 by 227 feet, with a spire 300 feet high. Thirty bridges, turning on pivots to admit the pas-be seen nowhere else in Britain. The cathedral The aisles are double-a mode of construction to sage of vessels, span the river, which is about 300 feet wide, and forms, with its branches, a commodions harbour, with nearly 19 miles of wharfage, of which 13 miles are already improved. The Illinois and Michigan canal, completed in 1848, connects Lake Michigan at Chicago with the Illinois, and consequently with the Mississippi river. This canal is now being deepened six feet, and affords access to 60,000 square miles of coal beds and to the vast quarries of 'Athens marble,' a superior building material found 20 miles from C., and much resembling the Caen stone of Normandy (q. v.). C. communicates by railroads with all parts of the U. States, and is on one of the great lines of travel by which the Atlantic seaboard is connected with the Pacific. Twelve separate lines of railroads enter the city, and about 280 trains arrive and depart daily. Since 1854 C. has been the largest primary grain market, and since 1853 pork-packing has been conducted on a larger scale than elsewhere. In 1869, 403,102 head of cattle were received, and about 100,000 head packed as beef; 1,661,869 hogs were received, and about 550,000 packed as pork. The sales of cattle, sheep, and swine in 1868 amounted to nearly $65,000,000. In 1869, 64,526,930 bushels of breadstuffs were received, and 56,759,719 bushels were shipped. C. is also the largest lumber market in the world. In 1868, 992,000,000 feet were received, and about 563,000,000 shipped, besides 537,000,000 shingles received and 456,000,000 shipped. In 1869, 991,000,000 feet were received, and 3810 houses erected at a cost of $16,000,000. The business operations of her citizens are enormous. In 1869, the goods received were valued at $416,650,000, and the wholesale sales at $471,283,300; estimated incomes at $73,000,000. The number of sheets of daily and weekly newspapers issued was 37,194,000. Fourteen national and several private banks are located in C., having an aggregate capital of $11,500,000, and a circulation of $4,630,730. has a rich choir, and portraits of the English CHICK PEA (Cicer), a genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Papilionacea, The 36 public schools of C. afford the means of education, free of charge, to every child in the city. A high school receives graduates from the public schools, wherein the children of the poorest may aspire to the highest honours in the classics and modern languages. There are also numerous private seminaries, five universities, four medical colleges, besides theological and scientific institutions, and an observatory furnished with the largest refracting telescope in the world, its object-glass being 18 inches in diameter. The mean annual temperature of C. is 46.7°, and the mean annual rain-fall about 30.5 inches. having pinnate leaves; solitary, axillary, stalked Chick Pea |