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CHICKEN-POX-CHICORY.

young botanists, from having only five or three instead of ten stamens; but always characterised by having the stem curiously marked with a line of hairs, which at each pair of leaves changes from one side to another, and in four changes completes the circuit of the stem. The leaves of C. afford a fine instance of the sleep of plants, closing up on the young shoots at night. C. is a good substitute for spinach or greens, although generally little regarded except as a troublesome weed, or gathered only by the poor to make poultices, for which it is very useful, or for feeding cage-birds, which are very fond both of its leaves and seeds. A number of species of a nearly allied genus, Cerastium, natives of Britain, also bear the name of C., or MOUSE-EAR C., and the name is occasionally given to other plants, either botanically allied, or of somewhat similar appearance.

flowers; and two-seeded pods, inflated like bladders. | varieties in dry sunny situations sometimes puzzling The common C. P. (C. arietinum) grows wild in the cornfields of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and in mang parts of the east. It is an annual, 14-2 feet high, of a stiff upright habit, covered with glandular hairs. The seeds abound in farina, and have a slightly bitterish taste. They are about the size of common size of common peas, curiously wrinkled, so that they have been thought to resemble a ramı's (arietis) head. They are used as food, either boiled or roasted, and are the most common parched pulse of the East. They are an important article in French cookery. They have been in general use from the earliest times, and the plant is extensively cultivated in Egypt, Syria, India, the south of Europe, &c. Its cultivation extends as far north as the southern parts of Germany; but in the climate of Britain it is found too tender to be a profitable crop. It is the Gram of India, and the Garvance of the French, whence the English name Caravances. The herbage affords a nutritious food for cattle, and the seeds are one of the occasional substitutes for coffee. In great summer heats, drops exude from this plant, which, on drying, leave crystals of almost pure oxalid acid.

CHICKWEED (Stellaria media), one of the most common weeds of gardens and cultivated

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12 miles south-east of Cadiz.
CHICLA'NA, a town of Andalusia, Spain, about
situated on a plain between two hills, and its houses
It is pleasantly
being all built of white stone, present a cheerful
appearance. It has a splendid hospital. The manu-
factures are linen, earthenware, and brandy. Its
mineral baths are much frequented by the inhabit-
ants of Cadiz. Population variously estimated, but
probably about 5000.

CHICKEN-POX, a contagious febrile disease, chiefly of children, and bearing some resemblance to a very mild form of small-pox (q. v.). C. is distinguished by an eruption of vesicles or blebs, which rarely become pustular or yellow, and leave only a CHICORY, or SU'CCORY (Cichorium), a genus very slight incrustation, which falls off in a few of plants of the natural order Composite, sub-order days, without any permanent mark or pit, as in Cichoracea, distinguished by bracts in two unequal small-pox. From its vesicular character, it has rows, the outer always reflexed, the inner latterly been called the crystal pock. It has been argued becoming so, a nearly naked receptacle, obovate that C. is, in fact, only small-pox modified by previ-striated achenia, and a pappus of two rows of ous vaccination; but this opinion, though maintained minute scales. The species are few in number, on good authority, is not generally received by herbaceous plants, full of milky juice, natives chiefly medical men. It is a disease of little or no danger, of the warmer temperate regions of the eastern the fever being often hardly perceptible, and never hemisphere. The common C. or SUCCORY (C. lasting long. Intybus) is a perennial plant, found wild in England and most parts of Europe, growing in waysides, borders of fields, &c. It has a long carrotlike root, externally of a dirty or brownish yellow colour, and white within. The stem rises to the height of 2-5 feet, branching, the leaves are runcinate, resembling those of the dandelion; the flowers sessile, axillary, in pairs, rather large, beautiful, generally blue, more rarely pink or white. C. is pretty extensively cultivated, both in England and on the continent of Europe, for its roots. It is also cultivated for feeding cattle with its leaves. The blanched leaves are sometimes used as a salad, and

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Chickweed (Stellaria media):

a, branch with leaves and flowers, reduced; b, a flower;

c, parts of fructification.

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Chicory Root.

fields, is a species of STITCHWORT (q. v.). It is a they are readily pronative of most parts of Europe and of Asia, appear-cured in winter by ing during the colder months even on the plains of placing the roots in India; an annual, with a weak procumbent stem a box with a little earth in a cellar.-To this genus and ovate leaves, very variable; some of the smaller | belongs also the ENDIVE (q. v.).

CHIEF-CHIGOE.

C. has been used as a substitute for coffee, or to | with a breadth of 9, and its greatest depth 480 feet. mix with coffee, for at least 80 years. The roots are | Its shape is irregular, and its coast much indented. pulled up, washed, cut into small pieces, and dried It has three islands; the Achen and Prien flow into on a kiln, which leaves a shrivelled mass not more it, and its surplus water is discharged by the Alz than one-fourth the weight of the original root. It into the Inn. The C. is famous for its fish ; and a is then roasted in heated iron cylinders, which are small steamer which plies on it, enables travellers to kept revolving as in coffee-roasting, during which view its fine scenery. it loses about 25 to 30 per cent. of its weight, and evolves at the same time a disagreeable odour, resembling burned gingerbread. An improvement to the C. during roasting is the addition of 2 lbs. of lard or butter for every cwt. of C., which communicates to it much of the lustre and general appearance of coffee. It is then hand-picked, to remove chips of wood, stones, &c., and is reduced to powder, and sold separately as C. powder or C. coffee, or is added to ordinary ground-coffee, and is sold as a mixture. C. contains a good deal of sugar, but otherwise does not serve to supply the animal economy with any useful ingredient. It gives off a deep brown colour to water, when an infusion is made, and hence its main use in coffee. Some people dislike the taste of C., and when largely

Chicory.

used, it has a tendency to produce diarrhoea; but many people prefer to use coffee mixed with C., owing partly to the taste it communicates, but mainly to the appearance of strength which it gives to the coffee. The C. is liable to adulteration; and roasted beans, pease, carrots, parsnips, mangold-wurzel, acorns, horse-chestnuts, biscuit, oak-bark tan, logwood and mahogany dust, and even the livers of horses and bullocks, are said to be employed in its adulteration.

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CHIEF, in Heraldry, an ordinary formed by a horizontal line, and occupying the upper part of the escutcheon. Like the other honourable ordinaries, the C. ought properly to take up a third part of the shield; but when the other charges are numerous, the C. is frequently diminished in size. -Any object borne in the upper or chief part of the shield is said to be in chief, though the C. be not divided off from the rest of the field, as a separate portion.-On a Chief : Is when the object is represented on the C., divided

In Chief.

off as above described.

CHIEF-JUSTICE. See JUSTICE COURTS. CHIE'M-SEE, a lake of Upper Bavaria, the largest in the country, lies about 42 miles south-east of Munich. It is situated at an elevation of more than 1500 feet above the sea; its length is 12 miles,

situated on the slope of a hill 9 miles south-east of CHIE'RI, a town of Piedmont, Northern Italy, Turin. C. is an ancient place. By the later Romans it was called Carea. The church of St. Dominico, built in 1260, has some good paintings; and that of Santa Maria della Scala, built in 1405, is one of the largest Gothic structures in Piedmont. C. is one of the oldest manufacturing towns in Europe, its manufacture of fustians and cotton stuffs dating from 1422. Silk, cotton, and linen are still important manufactures. Pop. 13,000.

CHIETI, an archiepiscopal city of Naples, capital of the province of Abruzzo Citra, is situated on a hill near the Pescara, about 100 miles north of with some imposing public edifices, including a Naples. It is a well-built and flourishing place, cathedral, lyceum, and theatre; and its agreeable situation has made it the residence of numerous wealthy families. The district around is fertile and well cultivated, and in the city, the cloth and silk manufactures afford employment for a considerable number of people. Pop. 16,000. C. is a very old place, being built on the site of the ancient Teate of the Romans, many of the remains of which are still visible. In the year 1524, St. Gaetano founded here the order of the Theatines.

CHIGNE CTO BAY, the more westerly of the two inlets at the head or north end of the Bay of Fundy, in British North America. It separates Nova Scotia from New Brunswick, is 30 miles long and 8 broad, and has an isthmus of only 14 miles in width between it and Northumberland Strait, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

CHI'GOE, or JI'GGER (Pulex, or Sarcopsylla penetrans), a species of Flea (q. v.), rather smaller than the common flea, and with less powerful limbs, found in the West Indies and South America, where it is excessively troublesome, attacking any exposed part of the human body, and effecting a lodgment between the skin and flesh, often under the skin of the foot or the nails of the toes. of the foot or the nails of the toes. At first, its

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presence is indicated only by a slight itching or tingling; but an ulceration is likely soon to be the result, which is not only very painful, but even dangerous, when the female C. is allowed to remain and to deposit her numerous eggs. Before these are deposited, her abdomen becomes distended in an extraordinary manner, as a membranous bag, to the size of a pea. The ulcer speedily contains a great colony of chigoes. The negresses of the West Indies are very expert in extracting the C., which is also removed by washing with tobacco-juice. Rubbing with tobacco leaves is also employed as a preventive of its attacks.

CHIH-LE-CHILI.

CHIH-LE, or PECHIH-LE, one of the northern provinces of China, and the most important of the 18, as being the centre of government, and containing Pekin, the imperial capital, the residence of the emperor and court. Pop., in 1812, 27,990,871; area, 58,949 square miles.

CHIHUA'HUA, a city of the Mexican confederation, with 12,000 inhabitants, and a considerable trade between Santa Fé, in New Mexico, and the United States, It is in lat. 28° 40' N., and long. 105° 33′ W., and has a cathedral, convents, and an aque-ping entered and cleared at the whole of them was duct 3 miles long, besides appropriate buildings, as the capital of the state of its own name. The territory in question, stretching in lat. from 27° to 32° N., and in long. from 104° to 108° 40′ W., is divided from Texas, in the United States, by the Rio Bravo del Norte. It is a table-land, more remarkable for mineral resources than for agricultural productions. It abounds in nitre and other salts, and is rich in mines of gold and silver.

CHI'LBLAINS. See CHAPPED HANDS.

the aggregate area has been officially stated at 249,954 square miles; and the population, in 1866, at 2,084,945. The capital is Santiago, situated pretty nearly in the heart of the country, and connected with Valparaiso, the principal port, by a railway of 90 miles in length, and also by telegraph wires. The other towns are on or near the ocean; and, to arrange them according to the relative amounts of their trade, they are Valparaiso, Copiapo and Caldera, Coquimbo, Talcahuano and Concepcion, Huasco, Constitucion, and Valdivia. In 1866 the number of tons and ship1,416,816 and 1,368,288, respectively, having, in 1851, been only 686,185 and 647,793. In 1866 the imports amounted to $18,760,000, having been, in 1847, only $10,068,849; and the corresponding values of exports were $26,680,000 and $7,021,334. Of the exports, more than half go to Great Britain, the countries next in order being the United States, Peru, and France. Of the imports, again, of 1856, Great Britain supplied 35 per cent., the countries next in order being France, the United States, and Germany The chief articles of export, taken in priority of mer-value, are copper, wheat, and silver. In 1867, the ordinary revenue was $9,274,920, the customs alone yielding $4,040,787, and the next most productive heads being tobacco monopoly, commutation for tithes, and conveyance of real estates. During that same year the ordinary expenditure was $8,070,366. The debt is stated at £4,933,405. The army, reckoning all descriptions of force, has been said to muster 39,300 men, of whom 35,600 are national guards, and the remainder, in 1868, a corps of volunteers. The navy at this time, in 1869, consists of three steamers, carrying in all 22 guns, and several smaller vessels. The commercial navy of 1866 comprised 259 vessels of 57,111 tons. During the war with Spain in 1866 the navy of C. suffered great losses.

CHILD, SIR JOSIAH, an eminent London chant, and one of the ablest of the earlier English writers on commerce and political economy, born in 1630, was the second son of Richard Child, a merchant of London. His principal work is entitled, Brief Observations concerning Trade and the Interest of Money (Lond. 1668, 4to); a 2d edition, much enlarged, entitled A New Discourse of Trade, was published in 1690. In this work he explains his plans for the relief and employment of the poor, including the substitution of districts or unions for parishes, and the compulsory transportation of paupers to the colonies. He was one of the directors, and for some time chairman of the East India Company, and is said to have written several tracts in defence of the trade to the East Indies, which were published anonymously. In 1678 he was created a baronet, and died in 1699.

The Roman Catholic Church is established, and that practically to the exclusion of every other denomination. Of mixed marriages, the offspring, whether male or female, must be educated in the CHILDERMAS, or HOLY INNOCENTS' DAY national faith. In its political constitution, C. (28th December), is observed by the Church of Rome with masses for the children killed by Herod. appears to be the least democratic republic in the It was considered unlucky to marry or to begin houses. The deputies sit for three years; and the New World. The legislature is composed of two any work on this day. From Fenn's Letters (vol. senators are chosen for nine, retiring in thirds at the i. p. 234) we learn that the coronation of King Ed-senators are chosen for nine, retiring in thirds at the ward IV. was put off till the Monday, because the end of every third year. The voters for a deputy— preceding Sunday was Childermas Day. The learned to say nothing of the still more select voters for a Gregory says: It hath been a custom and yet is senator-must possess either £100 in real property, elsewhere, to whip up the children upon Innocents' or £200 in a personal effects, or £20 of income; Day morning, that the memory of Herod's murder doubled for the wealthier localities of Valparaiso a pecuniary qualification which is exceptionally might stick the closer, and in a moderate proportion and Santiago. In 1848, attempts were made, but in to act over the crueltie again in kinde.' C. is also a vain, to abolish or modify these restrictions on the holiday of the Church of England. suffrage. Under this form of government, C. has maintained a degree of peace and prosperity utterly unknown to the other transatlantic commonwealths

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CHI'LD-KILLING. See INFANTICIDE. CHILDREN, LEGAL CAPACITY OF. MINOR, PUPIL, GUARDIAN, TUTOr, Curator.

CHI'LD-STEALING. See ABDUCTION.

See INFANT,

of kindred race. In this respect, however, the character of the people has doubtless co-operated with the tendency of the institutions. As contrasted with Spanish America in general, C. contains an unusually large proportion of European blood.

close of eight years, was decided against Spain by the victory of Maypo.

CHI'LI, a republic of Spanish origin, in South America, is the most southerly state on the west Immediately after the conquest of Peru, C. was side of that continent. It lies wholly between the seized by Almagro, a companion of Pizarro, subsewater-shed of the Andes and the shores of the quently becoming the seat of a captain-generalship, Pacific, stretching coastwise from Bolivia to Pata- which held sway as far as Cape Horn. In 1810, gonia, in lat. 25° 30′—43° 20′ S., and long. 69°—commenced the war of independence, which, at the 74° W., having an extreme length of about 1240 miles, and an average breadth of fully 120. Within these limits, however, lies the virtually independent Araucania (q. v.), comprising most of the mainland to the left of the Biobio; while the southern portion is confined chiefly to Chiloe (q. v.) and its archipelago. C. is divided into 13 provinces, of which, including certain outlying dependencies in Patagonia,

Geology. The predominant rocks of C. are crystalline and metamorphic. They form the range of the Andes, except in those districts in which active volcanoes exist, where they are covered with recent volcanic rocks. They occupy also the whole of the level ground between the mountain-range and the

CHILI-CHILOE.

shores of the Pacific, with the exception of a narrow stretch of palæozoic fossiliferous strata which run along the coast south from Santiago for a distance of 300 miles. The coast-line of C. is being continually altered from the elevation of the whole country to an extent of at least 1200 miles along the Pacific shores, produced by volcanic agency. In 1822, the coast was raised 4 feet at Quintero, and 3 feet at Valparaiso. Oysters and other mollusks were left dry, and perished, becoming offensive as they decomposed. The change of level was permanent, over an area of 100,000 square miles, nearly as large as the whole extent of Great Britain and Ireland. A similar extensive elevation was noticed in 1835 by Captain Fitzroy.

Physically, the continental portion of the republic

-for its insular section will, in this repect, be
noticed under the head of CHILOE-presents many
singularities. Of all the maritime regions on the
globe, it is perhaps the most isolated. On every
side but the sea-and that sea very remote from the
main thoroughfares of commerce-it is beset by
difficulties of communication. With the lonely
wilderness of Patagonia to the south, and the dreary
desert of Atacama on the north, it is bounded on
the east by a mountain-chain which, altogether
impracticable in winter, can be crossed, even in
summer, only by a few passes ranging between
12,450 feet and 14,370 in elevation. Moreover, this
strip between the Andes and the Pacific is broken
into plateaus in the interior, and valleys on the coast,
by two longitudinal ranges, with numerous lateral
spurs; while, throughout the length and breadth,
the general level gradually descends, as well to the
south as to the west. In point of mere. temperature,
so rugged a surface-covering fully 15° of latitude,
and attaining an altitude of more than 4 miles
and attaining an altitude of more than 4 miles
within about 2° of longitude-must present nearly
every possible variety. Through the
Through the reciprocal
action of the Andes (q. v.) and the prevailing
winds, the rain-fall graduates itself, with some-
thing of mathematical regularity, from the parching
skies of the north to the drenching clouds of the
south-a graduation which, disturbed merely by
the melting of the mountain-snows, is, in a great
measure, necessarily reflected in the condition and
magnitude of the countless water-courses. Hence
the rivers to the north of the Maypo, which
enters the Pacific near latitude 34°, are but incon-
siderable streams; while, further to the south, the
Maule, the Biobio, and the Calacalla are all to some
extent navigable.

From the cause last mentioned, different districts vary remarkably in their productions. To the north of the Coquimbo, about lat. 30°, is chiefly an arid waste, redeemed, however, from being valueless by its mines; and to the south of the Biobio, about lat. 37°, timber and pasturage divide the soil between them. The intermediate centre alone is fitted for agriculture, yielding, besides maize and hemp, European grains and fruits in abundance. Notwithstanding all the varieties and vicissitudes of climate, the country may claim to be, on the whole, extremely healthy. The manufactures are earthenwares, copper-wares, linens, cordage, soap, leather, and brandy; and, in addition to the wheat and metals already specified, the exports, especially from the south, embrace tallow, hides, jerked beef, and live-stock. Besides the railway already mentioned between Valparaiso and Santiago, another of 54 miles in length runs from Caldera to Copiapo. There are also common roads; but they are neither numerous nor good. In fact, the want of highways and bridges is a serious obstacle to the progress of trade and cultivation. In the basin of the Lower Biobio, coal is plentiful.

CHILI, or CHILLI. See CAPsicum. CHILI NETTLE. See LOASACEA. CHILI SALTPETRE is a commercial name applied to the nitrate of soda. See SODa, Nitrate. CHILLIANWA'LLA, a village of the Punjab, being 5 miles from the left or east bank of the Jhelum, the most westerly of the five rivers which give name to the country. It is in lat. 32° 40′ N, and long. 73° 39′ E., being 85 miles to the northwest of Lahore. C. claims notice as the scene of Lord Gough's dearly won victory over the Sikhs, of January 1849, and also as the site of an obelisk erected to the memory of those who fell in the two Sikh wars.

CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM, a famous theologian of the Church of England, was born at that university, where the arguments of a Jesuit Oxford in 1602, and educated at Trinity College in named Fisher induced him to become a Roman Catholic. He withdrew to Douay; but was induced by his godfather, Dr. Laud, then Bishop of London, to re-examine the whole controversy between Catholics and Protestants, and in 1631, he returned to the bosom of the Anglican Church. Four years later, Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation. It was exhe published a work, entitled The Religion of ceedingly keen, ingenious, and conclusive in point of argument. C. was perhaps the ablest disputant of and want of solidity about his intellect, and a his age; and had there not been a certain fickleness nervous suspicion that all human reasoning might have produced a really great work. be vitiated by undiscovered fallacies, he might of Protestants acquired a wide popularity. C. was The Religion offered church preferment, which he at first refused tion of the 39 Articles-but afterwards accepted. having certain scruples in regard to the subscripHe became Chancellor of the Church of Sarum, and prebendary of Brixworth, in Northamptonshire. He was a strong royalist, and on the breaking out of died January 1644. The best edition of The Religion the civil war, accompanied the king's forces. He of Protestants appeared in 1724, with sermons, &c., and a life of the author, by Dr. Birch.

CHILLON, a celebrated castle and fortress of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, 6 miles southcast of Vevay. It is situated at the east end of the Lake of Geneva, on an isolated rock, almost entirely surrounded by deep water, and is connected with the shore by a wooden bridge. The castle is said to have been built in 1238, by Amadeus IV. of Savoy, and it long served as a state prison. It is famous as the prison of Bonnivard, the prior of St. Victor, who having, by his efforts to free the Genevese, rendered himself obnoxious to the Duke of Savoy, was carried off by emissaries of that potentate, and confined here for six years, at the end of which time the castle had to surrender to the Bernese and Genevese, when Bonnivard was liberated. C. has been immortalised by Byron's Prisoner of Chillon. The castle is now used as a magazine for military stores.

CHILOE', the insular province of Chili (q. v.), is an archipelago on the west side of South America, which takes its name from its principal island. It is separated from the rest of the republic, or rather from Patagonia, by the Gulf of Ancud, extending in S. lat. from 41° 40' to 43° 20′, and in W. long. from 73° to 74°. The province-which, in 1858, numbered 65,743 inhabitants-contains, in addition to C. Proper, about 60 islets, of which about 30 are uninhabited. In the archipelago are two towns, both of them seaports of C. Proper--Castro, the ancient capital, on the east coast; and San Carlos, the modern seat of government, towards the

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CHILOGNATHA-CHIMERE.

north-west extremity. The atmosphere, like that of the mainland opposite, is excessively moist; the westerly winds, more particularly in winter, bringing almost constant rains. The climate, however, is on the whole healthy. This fact is the more remarkable, inasmuch as C. Proper is one natural forest, measuring 100 miles by 40, with a partially cleared and cultivated margin on the sea. The chief products are wheat, barley, potatoes, apples, and strawberries; and cattle, sheep, and pigs are reared in considerable numbers. Agriculture, however, is in a very primitive state; and the staple food of many consists of mussels and oysters. The population, equally indolent and poor, differs from that of the rest of Chili in the great preponderance of aboriginal blood. Schools are numerous; but, from the ignorance of the teachers, education has not made satisfactory progress. The principal manufacture is a coarse woollen cloth, dyed blue. This archipelago was discovered by the Spaniards as late as 1558; and as it was the last integral portion of Spanish America to be colonised, so also was it the last to throw off the mother-country's yoke.

CHILOGNA'THA AND CHILO'PODA. See

MYRIAPODA.

CHI'LTERN HILLS, the south part of the low chalk range which runs north-east, about 70 miles, from the north bend of the Thames, in Oxfordshire, through Bucks and the borders of Herts and Beds, and ends in Norfolk and Suffolk. In Oxford, Herts, and Beds, the C. H. are 15 to 20 miles broad, and the highest points are Wendover, 905 feet; and Whitehouse, 893.

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himself a party to transactions which he did not approve, and of which the House of Commons had implied its condemnation.'-Standard Library of Political Knowledge, p. 500.

CHIME'RA, a genus of cartilaginous fishes, ranked by Cuvier with the Sturgeons (Sturionida), but now generally regarded as the type of a distinct family, of which only two or three species are known. The gills have a single wide opening, as in the sturgeons; but the gill lid or operculum is merely rudimental, and concealed in the skin, whilst there is an approach to sharks in the structure of the gills The oldest known species of C. is C. monstrosa, occa

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sionally found in the British seas, and more common
in more northern latitudes. It is sometimes called
the King of the Herrings. It pursues the shoals of
herrings, and is consequently sometimes taken in
herring-nets. It is seldom more than three feet
long. Its general colour is silvery white, the upper
parts mottled with brown. It produces very large
leathery eggs.

Homer as having a lion's head, a goat's body, and
CHIMÆRA, a mythical monster, described by
the tail of a dragon. The rationalistic_account of
C. is, that it represented a mountain in Lycia whose
top was the resort of lions, its middle of goats, and
the marshy ground at the bottom of which abounded
with serpents. In the same manner, Bellerophon's
that he first made his residence on this mountain.
(q. v.) victory over the C. is explained by saying,
The myth seems, at all events, to have belonged to
Asia Minor, as gigantic carvings of the C. on rocks
are there found. It is usually represented as a lion,
out of the back of which grow the head and neck
of a goat.-C. is used figuratively to denote any
monstrous or impossible conception, the unnatural
birth of the fancy.
shields, as a heraldic charge.
It is frequently depicted on

CHILTERN HUNDREDS. In former times, the beach forests which covered the Chiltern Hills, in Buckinghamshire, were infested with robbers, and in order to restrain them, and protect the peaceable inhabitants of the neighbourhood from their inroads, it was usual for the crown to appoint an officer, who was called the Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds. The office, which has long ceased to serve its primary, now serves secondary purpose. A member of the House of Commons cannot resign his seat unless disqualified either by the acceptance of a place of honour and profit under the crown, or by some other cause. Now, the stewardship of the C. H. is held to be such a place, and it is consequently applied for by, and granted, in the general case as a matter of course, to any member who wishes to resign. As soon as it is obtained, it is again resigned, and is thus generally vacant when required for the purpose in question. When the C. H. are not vacant, however, the same purpose is served by the stewardship of the manors of East Hendred, Northshead, and Hempholme. As to the offices which are held to vacate seats, see ELECTION. "The practice of granting the Chiltern Hundreds for the purpose above described began only about the year 1750, Quito, 21,424 feet above the sea, but only about CHIMBORA'ÇO, a conical peak of the Andes, in and its strict legality has been doubted, on the ground that the stewardship is not an office of the 12,000 above the level of its own table-land. It is capped with perpetual snow, and was long regarded kind requisite to vacate a seat. The gift of the Chiltern Hundreds lies with the Chancellor of the as the loftiest mountain in the world. Latterly, Chiltern Hundreds lies with the Chancellor of the however, it has been ascertained to be overtopped Exchequer, and there is at least one instance of its by some peaks, not merely of the Himalayas, but being refused. In 1842, after very awkward disclosures had been made before a committee of the even of the central division of its own chain. Its closures had been made before a committee of the lat. and long. are 1° 30' S., and 79° W. Though the House of Commons, as to corrupt compromises, summit of C. has never been reached, yet Humboldt which had been entered into for the purpose of avoiding investigation into gross bribery in the elec- ascended within 2138 feet of it, and Boussingault tion to certain boroughs, of which Reading was one, the member for Reading applied for the stewardship CHIME'RE, 'the upper robe worn by a bishop, of the Chiltern Hundreds, and was refused-the to which the lawn-sleeves are now generally Chancellor of the Exchequer being of opinion that, attached.' Since the time of Queen Elizabeth, it by granting it, he would in some sort have made has been of black satin, but previously it was of a

CHIMA'PHILA. See WINTER-GREEN.

and Hall within 1729.

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