the additions of harvest-time, may be averaged at 12s. per week, from the age of eighteen. Half that sum is amply sufficient for the support of a single man. This would leave an overplus of 6s. per week for seven years: but, to avoid any appearance of overstating the fact, and to allow for lost time, we will only take 4s. or 10% per ann. which, if regularly laid up, would, with interest, make 801. by the age of twentyfive. Allow the mechanic to work for himself at twenty-one, his higher rate of wages will enable him to save 10s. weekly, or 211. per ann. The careful application of this surplus will also make him worth the same sum at twenty-five.

Allow this to be the period of marriage, which is much earlier than the average period of those who are brought up to the learned professions: it is probable, that by similar habits the wife may contribute such a share of capital as will supply the cottage with its humble furniture. At all events, they live without difficulty, even if without farther saving, for four or five years; the interest of former savings paying the rent, and thus removing the necessity of those extraordinary exertions, which in the way of task-work sometimes undermine the constitutions of the industrious poor. If the family increases after this time, difficulties will increase. This is the period of a labourer's life which it is hardest to encounter, from his thirtieth to his fortieth year: it is the inclement season, which ought to be expected and looked forward to. Before that period, he has only occasion to be frugal; after it, his children will begin to support themselves: but at. present, an infant family will prevent the wife from contributing much towards the weekly outgoings; and the children themselves can gain nothing towards them. Former savings, therefore, the harvest of the productive season, must now be drawn upon but they were laid up for this very purpose, and we can afford it. Let 5s, a week be taken from

the four dead months of the year; those who are conversant with the labourer's cottage, will know that 5s. in addition to his usual wages will place him in comparative opulence; and suppose this draft to be continued during ten years, the capital has only lost 401. From that time the children contribute their share; the family ceases to be a growing burden; and there remains a stock towards setting forward the children in life, or to supply some of the numerous wants of increasing years.

"Were these habits general, how little comparative distress would the appearance of society exhibit! Marriage, by being a short time delayed, would be more prudent and happier; population would more equally adapt itself to the demand for labour; labour, therefore, would be paid in more exact proportion to the real value of money; fewer would be necessarily idle; and that great embitterer of domestic life, irremediable poverty, or indigence, would be seldom known. Only those distresses would meet our view, which are the common lot of all ranks and conditions; and there are many, no doubt, which neither prudence can prevent nor fortune cure." Sumner, vol. II. pp. 313–317.

The economy, then, of human society is plainly such as might, even if the world were not under a curse, nor its inhabitants chargeable with rebellion, clear the goodness of the Deity from all imputation result. ing from the existence of those numerous evils,natural, moral,and civil, which we experience. How much more, then, is that goodness exalted and magnified, when our real relation sideration; when, though we have to the Deity is taken into the conourselves introduced evil into his perfect system, it appears that his overruling Providence in the government of society is continually employed in turning it into good!

The contemplation of a Being thus perfect in wisdom and goodness, is a privilege and a pleasure which none, who have tasted it, would be content to lose. Besides, there are some qualities which have a tendency to produce their like in all who contemplate them frequently. The very company of a wise man is likely to improve us in wisdom; and not even the worst of men can regard and appreciate goodness in others, without feeling the charm, and catching some portion of the love of it. What, then, must be the natural result of making our hourly meditations upon a Being who is absolute in both perfections? Surely, if there be any one

for the use of families, 2 vols. 8vo. by John Fawcett, A. M. Rector of Scaleby, and Curate of St. Cuthbert's, Carlisle ;An Appeal to Men of Wisdom and Candour, in Four Discourses, preached before the University of Cambridge, in November, 1815, by the Rev. Charles Simeon, M. A. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; also, a new edition in octavo, of his Four Discourses on the Excellency of the Liturgy, to which is added, Christ Crucified, a Sermon preached before the University of Cambridge;-A Key to the Old Testament, or a summary View of its several Books, by the Rev. Henry Rutter ;-A new edition of the Rev. J. Scott's Inquiry into the Effects of Baptism, with an Appendix, which may be had separate, and a Defence of the Principles of his Inquiry, in Reply to the Rev. Dr. Laurence.

We are happy to perceive, that while the advocates of sedition and irreligion are assiduously circulating their pestilent and poisonous productions among the lower classes of the community, the friends of truth and good order are not idle. The revered author of the Cheap Repository Tracts has resumed the pen which rendered such signal service to the community at a former period of "rebuke and blasphemy," and has produced several pieces admirably adapted to counteract the noxious influence of the efforts to which we have alluded. These pieces have been printed in a very cheap form, and may be obtained for distribution in any numbers, either of the publisher of this work, or of Mr. Evans, Long-lane, Smithfield. We recommend this object to the attention of those whom God has blessed with the means of doing good. Several small tracts of a beneficial tendency have also been published by Mr. Seeley, 169, Fleet-street, expressly with a view to counteract the mischievous attempts that are made to delude the poor at the present season of distress, and in the hope that the loyal throughout the kingdom will endeavour to promote their circulation.

view of connecting the trigonometrical surveys of the two countries, and thus not only attaining a greater degree of geographical accuracy, but obtaining, perhaps, a more satisfactory solution of the problem respecting the true figure of the earth. The French gentlemen appointed to attend Colonel Mudge are M. Biot and M. Arago.

Four new and hitherto non-descript species of deer, are now exhibiting in the King's Mews Riding-house. They have been brought from the Upper Missouri country in North America.

A stone is said to have been lately found at Pompeii, on which the linear measures of the Romans are engraved,

Chimney Sweeping.

The

The Committee of the Society for preventing the necessity of employing climbing boys in sweeping chimneys, congratulate the public on the satisfactory results of the meeting held in June last at the Mansion-house. attention of the public and of parliament has thereby been called to the subject. In the mean time, the Com mittee are using every effort in their power to diffuse the knowledge, and induce the adoption, of the method of cleansing chimneys by mechanical means, which they think may in every case be safely and effectually substituted for infantine labour, the total abolition of which is the prime object of the Society. The practice itself they justly consider as abhorrent to the best feelings of human nature, especially when it is recollected, that children of four years old and upwards, who are its victims, can have no option as to embarking "in this horrid trade," Many of the persons engaged in this trade have agreed to use the mechanical means pointed out by the Society, the Society on that engagement furnishing each of them with a complete machine at half its cost. It is a remarkable fact, that the practice itself, which is now sought to be abolished, is not more than a century old even in this country. It has only been introduced within the last twenty or thirty years in Edinburgh, and during the same period has been gaining ground in the United States. But with the exception of Paris, where it has been partially adopted, it is said to be wholly unknown on the Continent of Europe. The existing act of parliament imposes penalties on masters for employing servants or apprentices under eight years of age; for not causing

them to wear a cap with the name and abode of the master engraved on a brass plate; for suffering them to call in the streets before seven in the winter or five in the summer, or after noon at any time of the year; for not allowing them sufficient food, washing, lodging, apparel, &c.; for not causing them to wear clean dresses and attend worship on the Sabbath; or for forcing them to climb a chimney actually on fire. Not only every constable, but every humane person, should interfere when they witness the violation of any of these enactments, and carry the boys before a magistrate. The tract circulated by the Society details a great variety of cases of severe suffering sustained by climbing boys.

Major-General Pates, an officer in the East-India Company's service, has presented to the Company a commodious chapel, at Masulipatam, built at his sole expense, which is said to have cost 40,000 pagodas.

East-India College.

Several debates have lately taken place in the East-India Court of Proprietors, on the subject of their college in Hertfordshire. Many charges have been advanced, of which the tendency is to bring that seminary into disrepute, and to prepare the way, either for a great change in the system, or for the entire subversion of the institution. The proposition founded upon these charges was rejected by the Court: and on a review of the case, we have no difficulty in saying that it was properly rejected. Under the present circumstances of our Indian empire, it seems to be generally admitted, that the civil servants of the Company ought to be qualified, both by knowledge and good principles, for the various offices of the state. This object cannot be attained without an appropriate institution: and the establishments at Hertford and Calcutta, if placed under proper regulations, are well suited to the purpose.

The great argument against the college in this country, is derived from the alleged irregularities of the students. We much fear, that, after every precaution, irregularities will still be found at all places of public education: and however desirable it may be to introduce a system of absolute perfection, no system has yet been devised which is calculated to realize the hope. Some of the reasons which have been advanced in

condemnation of the East-India College, would be quite as conclusive against all our public schools, and both of our universities.

We find, however, that the plan upon which the college was founded was, in' one material point, liable to great objection. We cordially approve of the institution; we highly commend the system of instruction adopted in it; and we give full credit to the Court of Directors for their judicious selection of a principal and professors: but there was, in respect to the discipline, an original and radical error, which could hardly fail to be productive of very serious mischief. In all other seminaries of education, the paramount authority is vested in the persons who immediately superintend them: these persons have power to punish delinquents even by expulsion and it is obvious, to every welleducated man, that without this power regularity and order cannot be maintained. Inferior punishments, unless rendered effective by the fear of expulsion, are childish and contemptible. In the East-India College, the Directors alone were till lately the dominant body. However flagrant might be the outrages of the young men, and however systematic their violations of order, in no case could the offender be removed except by the determination of the Court; -of that Court, which often consisted of the near relatives or guardians of the delinquents themselves, and always of their patrons; and which, in more instances than one, restored and sent out to India the very persons whom its own sentence had formally expelled. Hence arose, of necessity, a spirit of insubordination. It was created and cherished by the system; and although the power of enforcing discipline has at length been conceded to the gentlemen of the institution, so tardy has been the concession, so violent is the animosity against the college which seems to exist among some members of the East-India Company, and of course so prevalent among the students will be the opinion of its instability, that the effects of the old system will probably long be felt. The recent debates are, on some accounts, very likely to increase the evil : and we shall never look upon the institution as permanently established, till the students shall possess the entire conviction that no interest in Leadenhall-street will shield them from the punishment of their demerits. To those

who wish for a full and luminous statement of the whole question, we strongly recommend the pamphlet recently published by Mr. Malthus: it is written with the characteristic good sense and moderation of that gentleman; and un

less we hear of much better arguments against it than those which have been produced in the Court of Proprietors, we shall continue to esteem it conclusive upon the subject.

THEOLOGY.

Scripture and Reason the only Test of Christian Truth; a Sermon delivered at Lewin's Mead Meeting, in Bristol, Dec. 22, 1816; and published at the request of the Congregation; by John Rowe. 12mo. 1s.

Sermons preached in the Church of Kelmallic; by the Rev. John Ross, A.M. 5s.

A Familiar Exposition and Application of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Colossians. 12mo. 5s.

Prayers and Meditations, extracted from the Journal of the late Mrs Trimmer. 12mo. 3s. or 17. 5s. a dozen. MISCELLANIES.

A Catalogue of Books in different departments of Literature, on sale by J. Noble, Boston. 6d.

A Catalogue of Books, chiefly secondhand, which upon inspection will be found to contain as large a Collection as any out of London; now on sale by Ebenezer Thomson, bookseller, Manchester. 3s.

A Catalogue of second-hand Books, published by W. Lowndes, 38, Bedfordstreet. 1s.

The Life and Studies of Benjamin West, Esq. by John Galt. 8vo. 7s.

Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the late Dr. Lettsom, with a Selection from his Correspondence with the principal Literati and foreign Countries; by T. J. Pettigrew, F. L. S. 3 vols. 8vo. 17. 16s.

Illustrations to the Battles of Waterloo and Quatre Bras. 17. 1s. in a portfolio, or 4to. 17. 11s. 6d. Elementary Fortification; by Lieut. Col. Pasley. 3 vols. 8vo. containing 1190 engravings. 31.

A complete Set of Maps, composing a New General Atlas, ancient and modern, of imperial folio size; by Dr. Playfair. 51. 5s.

Considerations on the Moral Management of Insane Persons; by J. Haslam, M. D. 3s.

A Cursory Inquiry into some of the Principal Causes of Mortality among Children. 2s. 6d.

Suggestions for the Prevention and Mitigation of Epidemic and Pestilential Diseases; by Charles Maclean, M.D. 3s.

Account of the Examination of the Elgin Box at the Foreign Office, Down

ing-street, in a Letter to James Losh, Esq. by R. Tweddell. 2s.

A View of the Agricultural, Commercial, and Financial Interests of Ceylon; by Anthony Bertolacci, Esq. late Comptroller-General of Customs, and acting Auditor General of Civil Accounts in that Colony. 8vo. 18s.

The Author of Junius ascertained from a Concatenation of Circumstances amounting to Moral Demonstration; by George Chalmers, Esq. F. R. S. 3s.

Academic Errors, or Reflections of Youth; by a Member of the University of Cambridge. 5s. 6d.

The Oxford University Calendar, 1817, corrected to December 31st, 1818. 5s. 6d.

The Fall and Death of Joachim Murat; by T. Macirone, his A. D. C.

The Art of Talking with the Fingers, for the Use of the Deaf, or Deaf and Dumb, with corrections, improvements, and additions. Very neatly engraved on a Card. 1s.

Ethical Questions; or, Speculations on the Principal Subjects in Moral Philosophy; by T. Cogan, M.D.8vo.10s. 6d.

An Examination of the Objections made in Britain against the Doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim; by J. G. Spurzheim, M. D. 8vo. 2s.

Village System, being a Scheme for the gradual Abolition of Pauperism; by Robert Gaurley.

Plan of Reform on the Election of the House of Commons; by Sir P. Francis, K. B.

An Account of the Island of Jersey; containing a Compendium of its Ecclesiastical, Civil, and Military History; a Statement of its Policy, Laws, Privileges, Commerce, Population, and Produce; a Survey of the Publie Buildings, Antiquities, and Natural History; together with some detail respecting the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants; by W. Plees, many years resident in Jersey. 17. 1s.

Memoirs of the Ionian Islands. 8vo. 15s. with a large and original Map.

Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan, D. D. late Vice-Provost of the College of Fort William in Bengal. By the Rev. Hugh Pearson, of St. John's College, Oxford. 2 vols. 8vo. 11. 1s.