riage upon wheels of a singular construction, in which was erected a mast, surmounted by a silver cross, and under that were suspended three banners, dedicated to St. Peter, St. John of Beverley, and St. Wilfred of Ripon. This was a signal displayed only upon the most extraordinary occasions, when the very kingdom itself was in danger, and so great confidence had the English in this Standard, that, fighting under it, they thought themselves invincible.

The following account is given of this remarkable battle. " "David, King of Scotland, passed the Tyne with twentysix thousand men, and was advancing toward Yorkshire, proposing to subdue and desolate the whole north of England. Stephen, having full employment for his forces in the southern parts of the kingdom, committed the defence of the north to the northern barons, who were assembled at York to consult on the best means of obviating the danger. The Archbishop of York, though very old and infirm, displayed on the occasion a most heroic fortitude. By his speeches and example he excited the most enthusiastic zeal in the cause, and agreeably to the religious custom of those times, enjoined a fast of three days; at the end of which, after hearing their private confessions, he gave them a public absolution and his episcopal benediction. He had a strong inclination to accompany them to the field of battle; but upon account of his great age and infirmities, they prevailed upon him to stay at home and offer up his prayers for their success: however he sent all his vassals with them, together with his Archdeacon and one of his suffragans, Ralph, Bishop of the Orkneys; for at that time these islands were not subject to Scotland. Thus prepared, and assisted by a body of cavalry sent by Stephen, the army of the Barons, consisting of many Knights and Gentlemen, with about eight thousand of their vassals, marched to meet the enemy, who had now passed the Tees, and with the most horrid bare

barities were ravaging the borders of Yorkshire. The forces of the Barons were commanded by WILLIAM LE GROS, founder of Scarborough-Castle, who led them to Caton-Moor, where they arrived at the break of day, on the 22d August, 1138. Being secured on their flanks by morasses and entrenchments, they disposed their foot in close compact order round their standard. The cavalry were ordered to serve on foot, except some few, who were posted in the rear to guard the horses of those who were dismounted, which were removed to some distance behind the army, that they might not be affrighted with the shouts of the enemy. In the foremost ranks of the English army were all the bravest of the Barons and Knights, intermingled with the heavy armed soldiers, and under their protection were placed a great number of archers and pikemen. By the time they were completely formed. the Scottish army appeared in sight, and was disposed for the attack in three lines. The first consisted chiefly of Galwegians, the most ferocious and daring, but the worst armed and worst disciplined corps in the field. The second line was commanded by the gallant young Prince of Scotland, and the third by King David himself,

"As soon as the vanguard of the Scots began to advance, Ralph, Bishop of the Orkneys, exhorted the English to fight valiantly; then calling upon GOD to assist them, he first gave them a general absolution, and then his blessing. The Galwegians came on with terrible shouts or rather yells, and charged with such fury as compelled the English pikemen in the first ranks to give ground; but they were repulsed by the men at arms. The Galwegian spears being long and slender, and of little use against helmets and breast-plates of iron, they threw them away, and boldly maintained the fight with swords. In the conflict, however, another disadvantage attended them; their targets covered with hides, were no defence against

An

the English archers, whose first ranks, intermixed with the men at arms, levelled their arrows so well at the breasts and faces of the enemy, while the rear ranks sent their rovers into the air with such a well-directed range, that they incessantly fell in mortal showers upon the Galwegians, and together made so dreadful a carnage, that the fields were soon covered with the dead and dying. The flanks gave way and began to quit their posts. The Prince of Scotland seeing this, advanced to their succour at the head of his cavalry, and made so fierce an attack upon the English, that, in one part, he broke through them, then attacked the English cavalry in the rear, drove them before him, and rashly went in pursuit of them. The terror and confusion in the English army was at this period so great, that some of them were beginning to quit the ground; but an old soldier having cut off the head of one of the enemy, fixed it upon his spear, and called out, "THE HEAD OF THE SCOTTISH KING." object so interesting instantly stopped the flight. Thę English, closing their ranks with redoubled alacrity, charged the remaining Galwegians, who could no longer sustain the English arrows, nor the swords of the Knights. Their two chiefs being slain, they fled out of the field. The victorious English then attacked the third division of the Scots, who dismayed by the destruction of their first, and the total disappearance of their second line, hardly stood the first onset. David himself refused to flee, and it was with extreme difficulty that the Knights of his guard forced him away from captivity or death. Thus the King returned to Carlisle in great anxiety for the loss of the battle, and the fate-of his son, who did not arrive there till the third day after his father, with part of his cavalry, the rest of the division having been dispersed or destroyed. The Scottish infantry left upwards of ten thousand dead upon the field, and many were

slaughtered in the flight by the soldiers who pursued, and the enraged country people. Many Knights were made prisoners, many banners and most of the Scottish baggage taken. The English lost only one gentleman of distinction, and but a small number of soldiers."

The government of Scarborough-Castle, after the dispossession of William Le Gros, was esteemed an office of such distinction, that the honour of the appointment was solicited by the first nobility.

Roger*, the celebrated Archbishop of York, was appointed governor in the year 1174, 20th Henry II. He was the firm friend and adherent of Henry, in his memorable contest with Thomas à Becket. This was a violent struggle between the throne and the hierarchy; but the King boldly resisted the clerical usurpations, and rescued the regal authority and the legislature from being indignantly trampled under the foot of pontifical arrogance.

It may appear strange to some, that one of the first dignitaries of the Church should have been invested with the office of governor of the Castle; but it was not uncommon in those days for the episcopal order to engage both in civil and military affairs; and Bishops sometimes had the command of armies.

The Archbishop of York continued in the government of Scarborough-Castle until his death, A. D. 1181`; and was succeeded by Hugh Bardolph, a younger son of Lord Bardolph. This young nobleman was in so great estimation with Richard I. that he was appointed one of the

* A contention arose in his time, between the Sees of York and Canterbury, respecting the supremacy, which was not finally determined until the year 1534, when Pope Innocent the Sixth, desirous to gratify both parties, invented the nice distinction of Primate of England, which was given to the Archbishop of York, and that of Primate of All England to the Archbishop of Canterbury.,

four commissioners to assist the Bishops of Ely and Durham* in the exercise of the government of the realm, during the King's absence on a Crusade to the Holy Land.

The infatuation of the human mind, under the influence of superstition, is astonishing, Richard I. was accompanied by the flower of the English Nobility. The whole of Christendom was agitated with a spirit of enthusiasm. Princes, Prelates, Nobles, and even Ladies of the first distinction, embarked to share in the glory of the Holy War; and the frenzy did not terminate, until more than two millions perished in the different Crusades.

Richard, on account of his personal courage, surnamed Cœur de Lion, obtained distinguished honour in the fields of Palestine, particularly at the memorable siege of Acre †, which, after a long and obstinate defence, by the Saracens, surrendered to the Christians, 12th of July, 1192. But while he was gathering laurels in a foreign land, the unwelcome tidings of the dissensions which prevailed in his own country, hastened his return: and, on his arrival in England, he degraded Bardolph for various misdemeanors, and dispossessed him of the government of ScarboroughCastle:

* William Longchamp wa consecrated Bishop of Ely, 31st of December, 1189; and deceased at Poictiers in France, 31st of January,

1197.

Hugh Pudsey was consecrated Bishop of Durham, 20th of December, 1153; and died 3d of March, 1194.

+ It is a singular occurrence that Acre, in the present times, should have been a theatre for the display of British valour. The gallant Sir Sidney Smith, in his late noble defence of this place, emulating the heroic deeds of Richard I., has rendered his own name illustrious, and added to his Country's renown. The addition of D'Acre to the name of Smith would have been appropriate.