GREAT BRITAIN. The remainder of the professors of Christianity in Great Britain and Ireland are divided among upwards of fifty other sects, some of which are numerous. The Greek Catholics have churches in London, Manchester, and Liverpool. A few Mohammedans are also found, but without a mosque, and a Bengalee, Keshub Chunder Sen, a leader of the Indian Church of the One God,' propounds his religious views before large and respectable audiences. According to the census of 1851, there were 14,077 places of worship belonging to the Established Church in England and Wales, provided with sittings for 5,317,915, while the estimated number in attendance was but 3,773,474. The number of churches belonging to all other denominations in the same year was 20,390, with sittings for 4,894,720 persons, but accommodating a probable attendance of but 3,487,558. The last census of religious statistics (1851) thus shows a grand total for England and Wales of 34,467 places of worship, with sittings for 10,212,635 persons. In Scotland, according to the census of 1851, there were 1183 places of worship belonging to the Established Church (Presbyterian), and 2212 to all other denominations. In the former, 767,088 sittings provided for an estimated attendance of 713,567, and in the latter, 1,067,717 sittings for a probable attendance of 975,482, making a grand total in Scotland of 3395 churches, provided with sittings for 1,834,805 worshippers. 1867. £1,552,542 was expended on these schools, of which £484,010 was provided by the government. Scotland.-Scotland possesses four universities for the higher branches of education, viz., those of Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrews, and Aberdeen, besides a variety of minor colleges connected with the Episcopalian, Free Church, and other non-established churches; a complete system of parish schools (see NATIONAL EDUCATION); grammar schools or academies in the chief towns, which serve as preparatory gymnasia for the universities, and a large number of denominational schools.' By report of Commission of Council of Education for 1868-69, the number of schools receiving annual grants was 2130, showing an increase of 148 over 1867. The number of pupils present at inspection was 197,308, an increase of 18,301 over those of 1867. Many deficiencies exist in the schools of Scotland, one of which is the frequent ineffciency of the teachers, arising from their intemperate habits. In 1861, 441,166 out of a pop. of 3,061,251, or 1 pupil to 6 8-9 inhabitants, were attending school. History. On the 1st of May, 1707, during the reign of Queen Anne, the union of England and Scotland was formally accomplished. In the latter of these countries, the terms at first excited the utmost dissatisfaction, and even indignation; but the progress of time has shewn it to be one of the greatest blessings that either nation could have experienced. The last years of Queen Anne's reign The Roman Catholic population in England has were marked by the triumph of the Tory party, increased, chiefly through the immigration of Irish headed by Harley and St John (Oxford and Bolinglabourers, from 60,000 at the accession of George III. broke), who kept up a constant intrigue with the to about 2,000,000 in 1870. Foremost among the Pretender, for the purpose of procuring his restoradissenters from the Churches of England and Scotland tion. This treachery was defeated by the sudden are the (1) Wesleyan body, or Methodists, (2) the In- death of her majesty in 1713. According to the Act dependents, (3) the Baptists, and (4) the Society of of Settlement, she was succeeded by the Elector of Friends. The Wesleyan body has divided into the Hanover, who took the title of George I. The Whigs New Connexion, the Primitive, Bible Christians, and now regained their ascendency, and, under the guidMethodist Free Church. Among the Independents, ance of Walpole (q. v.), now rising to eminence, at or Congregationalists, are numbered the Countess of once proceeded to impeach the more important of Huntingdon's Connexion and the Welsh Calvinistic the Tory leaders. Other severities drove the more Methodists, who hold Congregational doctrines, and impatient of that party to attempt bringing in the have 700 ministers and 95,000 members. Among the Pretender by force of arms. In 1715, the Earl of minor sects there is none more remarkable than the Mar in Scotland, and the Earl of Derwentwater Society of Friends, who, from a despised people,' in England, raised the standard of rebellion; both have, through their practical exhibition of a Christian efforts, however, proved abortive, and were speedily life, superior culture, and commercial sagacity, risen crushed. Five years later, occurred the frightful to the front rank of the untitled aristocracy of Great catastrophe known as the South Sea Bubble, when Britain and Ireland, while they have pioneered the the nation was saved from anarchy mainly by moral progress of nearly two centuries. See FRIENDS, the exertions of Walpole. The latter now became SOCIETY OF. premier and chancellor of the exchequer, and under Education.-England.—In England, the chief insti-him the commerce and manufactures of England tutions for education are the ancient national univer- continued steadily to advance, though little improvesities of Oxford and Cambridge; the more recent ment was as yet perceptible either in Scotland or institutions of London, Durham, and Lampeter in Ireland. George I. died in 1727, and was succeeded Wales; the classical schools of Eton, Westminster, by his son, George II. An attempt was again made Winchester, Harrow, Charter-house, and Rugby; the by the Tories to oust the Whigs from power, but various military schools; the colleges of the dissent- was frustrated by Walpole, who still continued ing denominations; schools by individual teachers; the schools of design, etc. No system of public instruction has been established by authority of the legislature, but schools are sustained in most parishes, which, aided by the very large sums left for this purpose by private individuals, supply gratuitous instruction. The income from these funds would amount, if properly managed, to about £400,000 per The grammar and endowed schools have been principally intended for the middle classes, and until recently no attempt was made to educate the children of the poor, but during the present century many schools have been founded having this object in view. These consist principally of the National, British and Foreign, and Sunday Schools. In 1868 1869 there were in England and Wales 12,798 schools receiving annual grants, and 1,284,778 pupils in attendance, being an increase of 114,378 over that of annum. the prime mover of public affairs. In 1739, after a peace of extraordinary duration, he was forced by popular clamour into a war with Spain, on account of some efforts made by that country to check an illicit trade carried on by British merchants in its American colonies. This war was feebly carried on, and ingloriously terminated; but the attention of England was speedily drawn towards the Austrian War of Succession, in which it was involved through the anxiety of the king for his Hanoverian possessions, and the strong antipathy of the people to the French. Walpole, disapproving of the war, was driven from office in 1743. George II. appeared on the field of battle himself, and at Dettingen proved himself a man of courage and spirit. But the success of the French at Fontenoy in 1745 paralysed the efforts of England during the rest of the campaign; and in 1748, after nine years' |