HALIBURTON-HALICZ.

navy a recognised condition for all officers not immediately wanted afloat.

In the British army, the case is wholly different; there, an officer on joining, is posted to a particular regiment, with which, in theory, he is supposed to serve, until removed from it on attaining the rank of general. Consequently, no fund, like the naval half-pay list, is in any degree admitted: superannuated officers attain, by long service, retired full-pay, and half-pay is only granted temporarily, either to officers thrown out of employment by the reduction of the corps with which they are serving, or to those compelled to quit active duties by sickness. No officer can obtain a removal to the half-pay list from any other than these causes, unless he succeed in doing so by inducing some officer to exchange with him; but this exchange is only allowed when the probabilities of life of each officer are about equal. On going to half-pay, it is customary to receive from the officer returning to fullpay the difference of value between a full and halfpay commission. Notwithstanding, however, these precautions on the part of the military authorities, the charge for half-pay for the army, though every year reduced, is still enormous, the sum of upwards of £360,000 being required for 1862. Half-pay officers appear to live long, for a large proportion of the recipients are officers who were placed upon the list on the great reductions after the peace of 1815. The first grant of army half-pay was made in 1698 by William III. On receiving a superior appointment on the staff, a regimental officer is placed upon temporary half-pay.

smooth, and covered with small soft oval scales, the
colour brown, of different shades, the under surface
perfectly smooth and white.
The H., although
esteemed for the table, is not to be compared in
quality with turbot; its flesh is white and firm, but
dry, and has little flavour. It is common on the
British coasts, but more abundant in the north than
in the south; and great numbers are taken by the
Orkney fishermen. It is not found in the Baltic,
but is plentiful on the coasts of Norway, Iceland,
and Greenland, and large quantities are taken on
the northern parts of the American Atlantic coast.
It is a fish of great value to the Greenlanders, who
preserve it for winter use by cutting it into long
slips and drying it in the air. Oil is obtained from
it in considerable abundance. It attains a great
size; specimens have been caught weighing nearly
five hundred pounds. Other species of the same
genus occur in the seas of other parts of the
world.

HALICARNA'SSUS (originally called Zephyria) was one of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, situated on the Ceramic Gulf. It was founded by a colony from Trozene, and was one of the cities of the so-called Doric Hexapolis, from which confederacy, however, it was eventually excluded. H. was the largest and most powerful of the cities of Caria, and by its situation and the inaccessible position of its citadel, was reputed a place of great strength; but the people, owing to the enervating influence of the climate, were of a weak and effeminate character; and during the Persian conquests, readily yielded to the dominion of the conquerors. During this HALIBURTON, THOMAS CHANDLER, ex-colonial period (about 500 B. C.), however, a domestic tyrant, judge, author, and politician, was born at Windsor, Lygdamis, rose to supreme power, as a vassal of in Nova Scotia, in 1796. His father, the Hon. Persia; and under his descendants the city, without Mr Justice Haliburton, of Nova Scotia, was forfeiting the Greek character, or ceasing to culti descended from an ancient Scottish family. H. vate the Greek literature and arts, remained faithful received his education at King's College in Nova to the Persian interest. Artemisia, the daughter Scotia, afterwards practised as a barrister, and and successor of Lygdamis, actually commanded a became a member of the House of Assembly. He naval squadron in the fleet of Xerxes, at the battle was raised to the bench of the Common Pleas of of Salamis. Alexander the Great, provoked by the the colony in 1829, and in 1840 became judge of obstinacy with which the city held out against him, the Supreme Court. In 1850, he retired from the commanded that it should be destroyed by fire; but bench, and took up his residence in England, which the inhabitants took refuge in the citadel, which he had always regarded as his mother-country. successfully resisted his arms. The city was afterIn 1858, he received the degree of D.C.L. from the wards rebuilt, but it never recovered its ancient university of Oxford, and in 1859 took his seat on importance or prosperity. In the days of the Roman the Conservative benches of the House of Com-empire, it had sunk into comparative political mons as M. P. for Launceston, which he represented insignificance, its only title to consideration at that for several years. H. is best known as the author of Sam Slick, the name of a Yankee clockmaker and pedler, a sort of American Sam Weller, whose quaint drollery, unsophisticated wit, knowledge of human nature, and aptitude in the use of what he calls 'soft sawder,' have given him a fair chance of immortality. In a subsequent series, the author brings Sam Slick to England as an attaché of the United States legation, and is thus enabled to offer many shrewd and humorous observations on the aspects of British society, especially in regard to the upper classes and their pampered servants. Sam Slick has been almost universally read in the United States, where its extravagances are keenly relished. It has enjoyed a wide popularity in England, and has also been translated into many continental languages. H. was also the author of the Letter-bag munity of Jews of the sect of the Carites, distinof the Great Western, Wise Saws and Modern Inguished for their industry and uprightness; and on stances, Nature and Human Nature, Bubbles of Can- the ridge of a hill in the vicinity, the ruins of the ada, Rule and Misrule of the English in America, frequently been the witness of bloody encounters. once strongly fortified castle of Halicz, which has

and A History of Nova Scotia. He died in 1865.

time being the celebrated Mausoleum, erected in memory of one of the rulers, named Mausolus, by his sister (who had also been his wife and successor) Artemisia. H. was the birthplace of two of the most eminent of the Greek historians, Herodotus and Dionysius. The site of the city is occupied by the modern Boudroum. For an account of the discovery of the ancient remains of the city, and of the disentombment of the Mausoleum, see MAUSOLEUM. HALICORE. See DUGONG,

HA'LICZ, a town of Austria, in the crownland of

Galicia, is situated on the Dniester, in a fruitful district in the administrative division of Stanislawow, about 14 miles north of the town of that name.

There are here a convent of the Minorites; a com

H., from which Galicia has derived its name, is the HA'LIBUT or HOLIBUT (Hippoglossus vulgaris) oldest town in that crownland. It was built in one of the largest kinds of flat-fish (Pleuronectide), the 12th c., and its castle was the residence of the in form more elongated than the flounder or the rulers of what was formerly the grand principality turbot, the eyes on the right side, the upper surface and kingdom of Halicz. Pop. 2600.

HALIDON HILL-HALIFAX.

the port engrosses nearly the whole of the foreign trade of the colony. The population, exclusive of army and navy, in 1860, was 21,980.

Its situation

HAʼLIDON HILL, situated about a mile to the Truro. In connection with its various advantages, north-west of the town of Berwick, in the fork formed by the Whitadder and the Tweed, was the scene of a bloody conflict between the English and Scots, 19th July, 1333. Edward III., having determined to support the claims of Edward Baliol to the crown of Scotland, advanced to the borders with a large army, and laid siege to Berwick, the governor of which promised to surrender on the 20th of July, if not previously relieved. On the 19th, the acting regent of Scotland, Archibald Douglas, Lord of Galloway, surnamed the Tyneman,' with a large force, came in sight of Berwick, and found the English drawn up on the north side of Halidon Hill. Regardless of fatigue, the Scots immediately advanced to the attack, but while crossing the morass which skirts the base of the hill, suffered severely from the English archers. They nevertheless struggled onwards, and mounted the hill, when the English, charging in a compact body, threw them into irretrievable confusion. A total rout was the immediate result, and the English cavalry and Irish auxiliaries committed a prodigious slaughter among the fugitives; upwards of 10,000 Scots (according to some authorities, 14,000) being left on the field, among whom were Douglas the regent, three of the Stuart family, the Earls of Ross, Sutherland, Menteith, Lennox, and Athole, and many others of the nobility. The English loss was comparatively small. The town of Berwick immediately surrendered, and Edward Baliol again for a short time kept possession of the

throne.

HALIFAX, the capital of Nova Scotia, stands on the south-east or outer coast of the peninsula, in lat. 44° 39′ N., and long. 63° 37 W. Though it was founded only in 1749, yet so favourably was it situated, that in 1750 it supplanted Annapolis as the seat of government. The harbour of H. is one of the finest in the world. It is entered from the south, extends northwards about 16 miles, and terminates in a magnificent sheet of water called Bedford Basin, is spacious enough for the entire navy of England, and offers all the year round easy access and safe anchorage to vessels of any magnitude. The harbour has two entrances, made

by M Nab's Island, of which the western only is navigable for vessels of large tonnage. H., with its suburbs, extends along the slope of a hill, and is over two miles in length and barely half a mile in width. The streets are well laid out, and at right angles; the houses, which formerly were built of wood, are being gradually superseded by elegant stone and brick structures. The dock-yard, covering 14 acres, is among the finest in the British colonies. The principal edifices are the Province Building (which contains the government offices), Dalhousie College, military hospital, lunatic asylum, provincial penitentiary, &c. H. also contains 16 places of worship, of which 4 belong to Episcopalians, 2 to the Church of Scotland, 2 to the Roman Catholics, 3 to the Wesleyan Methodists, &c. H. is an important military post, being the head-quarters of the Lower Provinces and the principal naval station for British North America, and, in consequence, is defended by strong forts and batteries, one of which, called the Citadel, stands on the summit of the hill on which H. is built, and is said to be, after Quebec, the strongest fortification in America. H., besides presenting to the Cunard packets a halting-place between Boston and Liverpool, promises, in the event of the construction of an intercolonial railway, to supersede Portland in Maine as the outpost during winter of the vast regions of the west. Railway communication has now been opened between H. and Windsor and

HALIFAX, a thriving market-town, municipal and parliamentary borough of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated principally on the right bank of the river Hebble, a feeder of the Calder, on the slope of an eminence rising above the river, and is almost wholly surrounded by hills. It is 43 miles south-west of York, and 217 miles north-north-west of London. is pleasing, and its general appearance handsome; while its ample supply of water-power and of coal, its facilities for transport both by water and by leading lines of railway, and its position in proximity to many of the great towns of the north of England, contribute materially to its manu facturing and commercial importance. Among its most notable buildings are the parish and Trinity churches; the magnificent Gothic church by Scott, erected by Edward Akroyd; the Piece Hall, a large quadrangular stone building, erected in 1779, at a cost of £12,000, and comprising 315 apartments or warehouses for the reception and sale of manufactured goods; and the assembly rooms, Mechanics' Institute, and theatre. Among the numerous public and private educational institutions of H. are the Heath Grammar School-founded in 1585, with an endowment of £270 a year-and the Blue Coat School. In 1857, Mr F. Crossley, M.P. for the West Riding, presented a magnificent park to the town. A town-hall is now (August 1862) nearly completed, late Sir C. Barry, R.A. at a cost of about £40,000, from designs by the scientific institutions, with libraries and readingH. has also literary and rooms. As a seat of the woollen and worsted manu

factures, H. may be said to rank next to Leeds and

Bradford.

in the world-those of Messrs John Crossley & Sons. It contains the largest carpet-works The manufactured goods, besides carpets, are chiefly ings, moreens, shags, serges, merinoes, as well as shalloons, tammies, calamancoes, duroys, everlastbaises, narrow and broad cloths, kerseymeres, and bombasins. Cotton fabrics, wool-cards, and paper in the construction of mill-machinery, and in raising are manufactured. There is also some trade in corn, coal, slate, and freestone. Pop. (1861) 57,015.

Gibbet Law, was enacted here at an early period of A strange old local law, known as the Halifax the woollen manufacture, for the protection of the manufacturers against the thievish propensities of their hands, who were in the habit of robbing their the material which ought to have gone into the employers, by keeping to themselves a portion of cloth, so that when manufactured, the fabric was discovered to be of inferior weight and body. The Gibbet Law provided that all persons within a certain circuit, who had stolen property of or above the value of 13 d., were to be tried by the frithburghers within the liberty, and if found guilty, were handed over to the magistrates for punishment, and were executed on the first market-day following by means of an instrument similar to the guillotine. The stage or platform on which the executions took place is still to be seen, and the axe is preserved in the old jail in Jail Lane.

HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF, poet and statesman, grandson of Henry, first Earl of Manchester, and nephew of the famous Parliamen tary general, was born at Horton, in Northamptonshire, 16th April, 1661. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. A laudatory poem on Charles II. first brought Montague into public notice. Two years later, appeared

HALIOTIS-HALL

the parody on Dryden's Hind and Panther, entitled southern European coasts, and is found on those of The Town and Country Mouse, of which he was the Channel Islands. It is used for food; the shell joint author with Matthew Prior; but his poetry is also sought after for an ornament, and for the would hardly have made his name remembered in

sake of the Nacre (q. v.) in which it abounds, and which is much used for mother-of-pearl ornaments, articles. The shells of this genus are called Earand particularly for ornamenting papier-maché shells or Sea Ears. They are the Ormers of the French. The species are very numerous; the most splendid are natives of warm climates.

the 19th century. He almost disappeared from the field of literature after the appearance of his satire, save as the patron of Addison and other men of letters. He had intended to enter the church, as it afforded a regular income, but tempted by the offer of a seat in the House of Commons, he became member for Malden in the Convention Parliament, where he voted for the declaration that James II. had abdicated, and that the throne was thereby vacant. He retained his seat in William III.'s first parliament, and was appointed in 1692 a Commissioner of the Treasury. On the 15th December of this year he proposed, in the House of Commons, to raise a million sterling by way of loan. William required money for his wars-the moneyed classes were tired of bubble companies, and knew not where to invest safely, and the landowners were weary of heavy taxation; so the National Debt was established. In the spring of 1694, money was again wanted, and Montague was ready to supply it. This time, he did so by originating a national bank, a scheme for which had been laid before government by William Paterson three years before. The capital was to be £1,200,000, and the shareholders were to be called the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The bill for this was ultimately passed; the result was immensely successful, and Montague became chancellor of the exchequer. His next work was the recoinage of 1695, which he carried out successfully, appointing Newton warden of the Mint, and raising a tax on windows to pay HALL, BASIL, CAPTAIN, R.N., a distinguished the expense, instead of the obnoxious impost called traveller, a younger son of Sir James Hall of hearth-money. The interval between the last day Dunglass, was born in Edinburgh in 1788, and died on which the old money was receivable in payment at Portsmouth in 1844. He entered the navy in of taxes, and the issue of the new coin, was, owing 1802, and became post-captain in 1817. When to the absence of a circulating medium, likely to Lord Amherst was sent on a mission to the court cause much distress; but he obviated this by of Pekin in 1816, H. commanded the Lyra, a small establishing exchequer bills bearing interest daily, gun-brig, which accompanied the expedition, and and ranging in amount from £5 to £500. On Godol- took the opportunity of visiting some of the places phin's resignation in 1697, he became premier, but along the coast of the Corea, which were little known soon becoming unpopular, was obliged to bestow to Europeans. The chief results of this exploration upon himself the auditorship of the exchequer, were published in a book, entitled A Voyage of Dis and resign his higher offices. Harley insisted on covery to the Western Coast of Corea and the Great his withdrawal from the Commons, and he became Loo-Choo Island in the Japan Sea (Lond. 1818), Baron Halifax, adopting a title which had just which excited much interest, and passed through become extinct. He was impeached before the at least three editions. Amongst his other works, House of Lords for breach of trust in 1701, and we may mention Extracts from a Journal written again in 1703, but the proceedings fell to the on the Coast of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, in 1820 ground. During the whole of Anne's reign, H.-1822 (which forms two of the earlier volumes of remained out of office, but was active in promoting Constable's Miscellany); Travels in North America, the union with Scotland and the Hanoverian succession. On the queen's death, he was naturally appointed a member of the council of regency, and on George I.'s arrival, became an earl and prime minister. His rule lasted only nine months, being terminated by death on the 19th May 1715. H., though an arrogant and mean man, and fond of display, was a consistent politician, and one of the greatest financiers of his time.

in three volumes (a work that was violently assailed by the American press); Fragments of Voyages and Travels, in three series, each consisting of three volumes (a work of great interest, and still very popular); and Patchwork, in three volumes, published in 1841. He was a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and a member of the Astronomical Society of London. He was

the author of various articles in the scientific

journals of the day, and in the Encyclopædia Britannica. During the last two or three years of his life he suffered from mental alienation, induced probably by excessive literary work, and was placed in the Royal Hospital, Haslar, where he remained

till his death.

HALIOTIS, a genus of gasteropodous molluscs, the type of a family, Haliotide, belonging to the order Scutibranchiata, and having a widely open ear-shaped shell, with a very low spire, and a row of holes not far from the opposite margin over the fissure of the mantle, through which the water gains access to the gill-cavity. The holes are closed HALL, JOSEPH, an English bishop, remarkable as the animal grows, and new ones formed, which for his learning, piety, and misfortunes, was born first appear as notches along the margin of the in 1574 at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. He shell. The animal, in a living state, exhibits great was educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, of beauty of colours. It adheres to rocks by a large which he became a Fellow. Entering the church, muscular foot, after the manner of limpets. One he became, in 1617, Dean of Worcester, was one species, II. tuberculata, is not uncommon on the of the English deputies to the synod of Dort,

HALL.

the first to shew their independence of sensation, to bring them together under one generalisation, to establish with precision the laws of their production, to assign them their just rank in physiology, and to apply the doctrine to the elucidation of disease. His more strictly professional writings are many and valuable; they appeared partly as independent publications, and partly in the medical journals. His last bequest to the science of medicine and the cause of humanity, was the description of a simple and easily applied method of restoring suspended respiration, which has already been the means of saving many from untimely death, and is known as THE MARSHALL HALL METHOD. It is briefly described in the article ASPHYXIA. His memoirs, with a large collection of his letters, have been published by his widow.

was consecrated Bishop of Exeter in 1627, and in 1641 was translated to Norwich. The latter years of his life were saddened by persecution. He was accused of Puritanism, though he zealously defended the Episcopacy. By attacking the Arminianism of Archbishop Laud, he is said to have exposed himself to the malignant and wanton attacks of that primate and his crew.' In 1641, having joined the prelates who protested against the validity of all laws passed during their forced absence from parliament, he was committed to the Tower, and threatened with a prosecution for high treason, but was set at liberty, at the end of seven months, on finding bail for £5000. On his return to Norwich, he found his revenues sequestrated and his property pillaged. He rented a small farm at Higham, near Norwich, to which he retired, 1647, and died in 1656, aged 82 years. His works, mostly of a controversial character, have been published in folio, quarto, and octavo. A new edition, with autobio-senting preacher and writer, was born at Arnsby, graphy, notes, &c., was published by the Rev. Josiah Pratt (Lond. 10 vols. 1808); a later edition by the Rev. Peter Hall, a descendant of Joseph (Oxford, 12 vols. 1837-1839). His writings most interesting at the present time are poetical Satires, written at college, which Pope, no mean judge of that species of composition, affirms to be 'the best poetry and the truest satire in the English language. Hallam, however (Lit. Hist. of Europe), accuses him of being harsh and rugged,' and asserts that 'his lines frequently bear no visible connection in sense or grammar with their neighbours.' Among his other works are Contemplations, Art of Divine Meditation, and Enochismus, or Treatise on the Mode of Walking with God.

HALL, REV. ROBERT, a celebrated English dis

soon

near Leicester, May 2, 1764. He was the son of a Baptist minister of some note as a preacher and of fourteen children. He was feeble in body and author of religious works, and was the youngest precocious in intellect, learning to read almost as as he could speak, from the tombstones of the churchyard, his playground. At the age of 15, he was sent to a Baptist academy at Bristol, when he gave promise of his future fame as an orator, but, from his nervous organisation, broke down in his first public efforts. In 1781, he entered King's College, Aberdeen, where he remained four years. An intimate companionship with Mackintosh, in which they read and discussed together philosophy and theology, was of great service to him. Graduating in 1785, he became, at the age of 21, assistant Baptist minister and tutor in the academy at Bristol. He was a fluent, rapid, and impressive speaker, and was liberal, but not heterodox in his religious views. In consequence of a disagreement with his colleague, he went in 1790 to Cambridge, where, by his elaborate composition and vivid eloquence, he rose to the highest rank of British orators. He is not less distinguished for his writings and published discourses, than as a pulpit orator. His Apology for the Freedom of the Press, 1793, and sermon on Modern Infidelity, extended his reputation. In 1806, he settled in Leicester; married in 1808, after a whimsical courtship; returned to Bristol in 1825, and died February 21, 1831. He was an indefatigable student, learning Italian at 60, that he might enjoy Dante, and full of wit, fun, and a spontaneous eloquence, so that the style of his improvisations was superior to that of his writings. Nearly all his life he suffered the tortures of an obscure disease of the spine; he had at times attacks of insanity, and his death was preceded by great agony, caused by a large calculus in one of his kidneys; yet few men have per. formed more intellectual labour. A complete edition of his works, with a memoir by Dr O. Gregory, and Observations on his Character as a Preacher by John Forster, was published at London, in 6 vols., 1831-1833; 11th edition, 1853.

HALL, MARSHALL, an eminent physiologist and physician, was born at Basford, Nottinghamshire, in 1790, and died at Brighton in 1857. At the age of 20 (having been previously apprenticed to a chemist) he entered on the study of medicine at the university of Edinburgh, where, in 1812, he took his degree of M.D. After three years' subsequent attendance at the leading schools of medicine on the continent, he commenced practice in Nottingham in 1815, and rapidly obtained a high provincial repu tation. In 1826, he removed to London, where his career as a physician was so successful, that he was enabled at the age of 60 to release himself from strictly professional labour. Among his contributions to physiology must be mentioned his Essay on the Circulation of the Blood, published in 1831, in which he made known his discovery of the remarkable caudal heart' connected with the vessels in the tail of the eel; his paper On the Inverse Ratio which subsists between the Respiration and Irritability in the Animal Kingdom,' in the Philosophical Transactions for 1832; and the articles Hybernation' and 'Irritability' in Todd's Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology. But his name is best known in connection with the doctrine of the Reflex Function of the Nervous System, which was his most engrossing subject of pursuit for the last twenty-five years of his life. In the Philosophical Transactions for 1833 appeared his Memoir on the Reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Medulla Spinalis.' His HALL, MRS ANNA MARIA, an eminent novelist, views on the subject of this memoir were extended the daughter of a gentleman named Fielding, who and corrected in various publications, amongst which died when she was very young, was born in Dublin may be especially mentioned his Lectures on the in 1802. In her 15th year she left Ireland with her Nervous System and its Diseases (1836), Memoirs mother, and went to reside in London, where her on the Nervous System (1837), New Memoir on the education was completed. In 1824 she married Mr Nervous System (1843), and Synopsis of the Diastaltic | S. C. Hall, a gentleman well known for his works Nervous System (1850). There has been much discus- connected with the fine arts, and was thus led to sion as to H.'s claims to be considered the discoverer become an authoress. Her first work, Sketches of of Reflex Action. He admitted that the pheno-Irish Character, published in 1828, at once estabmena of which he treated had been long known to lished her reputation. In 1832 she brought out physiologists, but he believed himself to have been her first novel, The Bucaneer, a story of the

HALL.

palaces of the kings, and these seem to have consisted of one large hall, in which the king, his courtiers or hearth-men,' and all his retainers dwelt together, eating at the same table, and sitting round the same fire; and one other chamber, in which the king and his hearth-men slept, while his retainers slept in the hall. The Normans built their houses on the same plan-with the hall and one Solar (q. v.) or sleeping apartment. The same arrangement prevailed, with slight modifications, during the 12th and 13th centuries. In the 14th and 15th centuries, when the country was more settled and prosperous, and manners more refined, more numerous apartments became necessary. The hall, however, still retained its place as the chief apartment. In it the king or the lord of the manor gave audience, administered justice, received and entertained his retainers and guests, and performed all the public acts of feudal life.

time of the Commonwealth, in which Cromwell's Saxon buildings we have any record of are the character is vindicated. Her other works rapidly followed-Tales of Woman's Trials, in 1834; The Outlaw, a novel of the reign of James II., in 1835; The French Refugee, a drama, which in 1836 was acted for about fifty nights at the St James's Theatre, London; Uncle Horace, 3 vols. 1837; Lights and Shadows of Irish Character, 1838; Marian, or a Young Maid's Trials, 1839; The Whiteboy, 1845, &c. Her Stories of the Irish Peasantry appeared originally in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, and were afterwards published in a collected form. She is also the authoress of a graceful fairy tale of love, Midsummer Eve, originally contributed to the Art Journal, and of a pleasant illustrated series of descriptive sketches, inserted in the same publication, and subsequently published separately under the title of Pilgrimages to English Shrines. The last two, with some others of her writings, have been translated into German. Besides assisting her husband in his illustrated work on Ireland, she has furnished numerous contributions to the periodicals of the day, and written various books for the young. Of these, Uncle Sam's Money-box is one of the best.

HALL, the large principal apartment of the castles and dwelling-houses of the middle ages. The hall is of very ancient origin. The earliest

At one end of the hall was a raised platform or dais, on which the table of the lord of the manor was placed, and where his more honoured guests sat along with him. The retainers sat at a table which ran along the lower part of the hall. This part was not always in the cleanest and sweetest condition, and hence it received the name of the marsh.'

The hall partook of the style of architecture finest example in England, being 300 feet long and prevailing at the time when it was built, and being 100 feet broad. The great hall at Eltham, as shewn a large and important apartment, was generally in the above cut, is another fine example. ornamental in its character. The roofs especially The hall was essentially a part of feudal were very carefully and elegantly constructed, as architecture. When that system gave way, the many still remaining show. The hall of the king's large common halls were abandoned. Many old palace, now called 'Westminster Hall,' built by ones, however, still remain, but their use is William Rufus, and restored by Richard II., is the changed.