HOWE.

great earthquake at Lisbon, urged by motives of engagement. He was made First Lord of the benevolence, as well as of curiosity, he set sail for Admiralty in 1783, and received an English earldom that city. On this voyage his vessel was taken by in 1788. When war with France broke out in 1793, a French privateer, and he was carried into the he took the command of the Channel fleet, and interior, when he suffered imprisonment for some next year gained the victory which will long be time. The hardships which he here underwent, known as that of the glorious first of June.' The combined with the knowledge of prisons and the French fleet consisted of 26 ships of the line, and miseries of prison-life which he acquired as a county the English of 25. H., in his flag-ship, the Queen sheriff in 1773 and afterwards, determined him in Charlotte, engaged in the Bay of Biscay, off Ushant, devoting himself to prison reform. His life here- the French admiral, who in less than an hour after is but a chronicle of his journeys throughout crowded all the sail he could carry, followed by as the United Kingdom and the continent, in which many of his ships as could get away. The English he visited the principal prisons and hospitals. His captured two ships of eighty guns, and four seventychief work is An Account of the Lazarettos in fours; another seventy-four sank immediately after Europe, &c., with Remarks on the Present State of she was taken possession of. London was illuminthe Prisons in Great Britain and Ireland (1789). ated three nights in honour of the victory. He died January 20, 1790, at Kherson, in the south thanks of parliament were voted to Howe. George of Russia, from having caught infection from a III. visited him on board the Queen Charlotte, gave fevered patient for whom he had prescribed. The him a sword, and made him a Knight of the Garter. fame of H. is peculiar. He is remembered not His last service was in bringing back the mutinous so much for his talents as for that devotion to seamen at Portsmouth to their duty in 1797. He his suffering fellow-men, in which he expended his died August 5, 1799, aged 74, leaving a name high fortune and his life. in the role of English naval worthies.

HOWE, EARL (RICHARD HOWE), British admiral, was the second son of Emanuel Scrope, second Viscount Howe of the Irish peerage. He was born in 1725, and educated at Eton. Having a boyish passion for the sea, he left Eton at 14, and went to the South Seas in the squadron under Anson. He was with Admiral Vernon in 1745, and at the time of the Scottish rebellion, being in command of the Baltimore sloop, took part in the siege of Fort William. He also, with another vessel, beat off two French ships conveying troops and ammunition to the Pretender, for which he was made post-captain. In 1755, his ship, the Dunkirk, captured the Alcide, a French 64, off Newfoundland. He next served under Sir E. Hawke in the expedition against

The

HOWE, JOHN, who has been called the Platonic Puritan, was born 17th May 1630, at Loughborough, in Leicestershire, to the living of which parish his father had been presented by Laud. He studied both at Cambridge and Oxford, and after preaching for some time at Winwick, in Lancashire, and Great Torrington, in Devonshire, he was appointed domestic chaplain to Cromwell in 1656, in which difficult situation his conduct was such as to win praise even from the enemies of his party. At the Restoration, he returned to Torrington, where the position he had held during the Commonwealth made him Act of Uniformity, however, ejected him from his an object of close suspicion to the government. The parish, 24th August 1662, and he wandered about preaching in secret till 1671, when he was invited by Lord Massarene, of Antrim Castle, in Ireland, to become his domestic chaplain. Enjoying there the friendship of the bishop of that diocese, and liberty to preach in all the churches under his jurisdiction, he wrote his Vanity of Man as Mortal, and began his greatest work, The Good Man the Living Temple of God (1676-1702), which occupies one of the highest places in Puritan theology. In 1675, he was called to be pastor of the dissenting congregation in Silver Street, London, and went thither in the beginning of 1676. In 1677 he published, at the request of Mr Boyle, The Reconcilableness of God's Prescience of the Sins of Men with the Wisdom of His Counsels and Exhortations; in 1681, Thoughtfulness for the Morrow; in 1682, Self-dedication; in 1683, Union among Protestants; and in 1684, The Redeemer's Tears wept over Lost Souls. In 1685, he was invited by Lord Wharton to travel with him on the continent; and after visiting the principal cities, he resolved, owing to the state of England, to settle for a time at Utrecht, where he was admitted to several interviews with the Prince of Orange. In 1687, the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience induced him to return to England, and at the Revolution next year he headed the deputation of dissenting clergymen when they brought their address to the throne. Besides smaller works, he published, in 1693, Carnality of Religious Contention; in 1694-1695, several treatises on the Trinity; in 1699, The Redeemer's Dominion over the Invisible World; and he continued writing till 1705, when he published Patience in Expectation

Rochefort. He was ordered to attack the fort on the isle of Aix with his ship the Magnanime, compelled it to surrender after an hour's cannonade, and achieved the only material success which attended the expedition. He was commodore of the squadron which sailed in 1758 for St Malo. The troops were landed and re-embarked without loss, after destroying all the magazines and shipping in the port, to the number of 120 sail. In the same year he took Cherbourg. Nearly 200 pieces of iron cannon and mortars were here rendered unserviceable; the brass cannon were brought to England; the celebrated basin was destroyed, and 27 ships and vessels were burned or sunk. A second attack upon St Malo was less successful. The French troops assembled in force at the Bay of St Cas, and it was only by the intrepidity of H., who went in his own barge into the centre of the enemy's fire, that the re-embarkation of the rear-guard was effected, with great loss of life. In 1758, he suc ceeded to the Irish title of viscount on the death of his brother, the brigadier-general, who was killed before Ticonderago. He took part in the defeat of the fleet under the Marquis de Conflans, and captured the Hero, 74 guns. In 1760, he was made colonel of the Chatham division of marines, and aiterwards a Lord of the Admiralty, and Treasurer of the Navy. In 1776, he commanded a fleet on the American coast, when the conquest of New York, Rhode Island, Philadelphia, and every settlement within the reach of a naval force, testified to his skill and energy. In 1778, he defended the American coast against a superior naval force under D'Estaing. He was made a viscount of Great Britain in 1782, and sent out with a fleet to relieve Gibraltar. Hef Future Blessedness. He died 2d April 1706.-See succeeded in disembarking troops, ammunition, and with an Analysis of his Writings. Henry Rogers's Life and Character of John Howe, supplies, and then offered battle to the con.bined fleets of France and Spain, which declined an

HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY, M.D., an American

HOWITT-HOY.

physician, was born at Boston, November 10, 1801, and educated at the Boston Latin School, and Brown University, where he graduated in 1821. He then studied medicine. Being an admirer of Lord Byron, he wished to join him in aiding the Greek revolution, and embarked from Boston for Greece in 1824; volunteered as a surgeon; served two years as a guerrilla; organised the medical staff of the Greek army, and was appointed its chief. The Greeks were suffering for supplies, and even for food; and he went to America, and raised large contributions. Returning with food, clothing, and supplies, he formed the colony of Corinth, in which he filled all offices, from governor to constable. Taken down with the swamp-fever in 1830, he went to Paris, where he attended medical lectures, and in 1832 returned to the United States. Having become interested in the education of the blind, he was sent to Europe, to examine the best institutions, but volunteered in the Polish insurrection,

and spent six weeks in a Prussian prison. On his return, the Massachusetts Institution for the Blind was established, and placed under his management, which he has ever since retained. He has also established a school for idiots, and in 1828 published a Historical Sketch of the Greek

Revolution.

HOW'ITZERS are guns which came into use early in the history of field-artillery, as portable instruments for discharging shell into a hostile force. As, for this purpose, no great range was necessary, a small charge of powder sufficed; and the howitzer could be made, in proportion to its large bore, extremely light. It combines in some degree the accuracy of a cannon with the calibre of a mortar; and while equally effective at short ranges, is far more portable than either. That the powder, on its expansion, may act with full force on the shell, it is confined in a hemispherical chamber of smaller diameter than the rest of the bore, the mouth of which is completely closed by the shell when rammed home. The Coehorn howitzer, much used in India for mountain-service, is a small gun, light enough to be borne by a horse up hilly defiles, &c.

HOWLER, HOWLING MONKEY, or

STENTOR (Mycetes), Alouatte of the French, a genus of American monkeys, remarkable for the dilatation of the Hyoid (q. v.) bone into a hollow drum, which communicates with the larynx, makes a conspicuous external swelling of the throat, and gives prodigious power to the voice, enabling these animals to emit hideous sounds, which are heard miles away, and to which all their names refer. They live chiefly among the branches of trees, and take extraordinary leaps from one to another, taking hold by the tail as readily as by the hands, and often swinging by it alone. They are gregarious, and unite their voices in concert, so as to produce a most deafening noise. The monkeys of this genus fierceness of disposition American representatives are regarded as in their low intelligence and their of the baboons, whilst in many of their habits they more nearly accord with the gibbons of the

HOWITT, WILLIAM AND MARY, two English authors that may most properly be treated together. William H. was born in 1795 at Heanor, in Derbyshire, and was educated at various schools in connection with the Society of Friends, to which persuasion his family belonged. In his youth, he was fond of outdoor sports, and he celebrated in verse the scenery with which he was familiar. In 1823, he married Miss Mary Botham, a lady of literary taste and acquirements, and whose family, like his own, was attached to the principles of Quakerism. The Forest Minstrel, with their joint names on the title-page, was published during the year in which they were married. For three or four years thereafter, they employed themselves in contributions to annuals and magazines, and in 1827 a selection from these fugitive pieces appeared under the title of The Desolation of Eyam. From this date up till 1837, William H. wrote The Book of the Seasons, Popular History of Priesteraft, and Tales of the Pantika. During the same period, Mary H. produced The Seven Temptations, and a country novel entitled Wood-Leighton. In 1837, William and Mary H. removed to Esher, in Surrey, and at that place William H. wrote Rural Life in England, Colonisation and Christianity, Boy's Country Book, and Visits to Remarkable Places, first series. Mary H. at the same time employed herself in writing Tales for Children, many of which are popular. In 1840, William H., with his wife and family, removed to Heidelberg, where they resided two years. influence of this residence has been visible on both. Attracted by the richness of Scandinavian literature, Mary H. made herself mistress of the northern languages, and translated the works of Miss Bremer Old World. They and Hans C. Andersen. These translations appeared of South America. between 1844 and 1852. William H. was also busy in the New World. during the same period. He wrote and translated novels; he published a political work, entitled The Aristocracy of England; and gave to the world, in two volumes, The Homes and Haunts of the British Poets. In 1852, he went to Australia, where he remained two years, and wrote A Boy's Adventures in the Wilds of Australia; and since his return, Law, Labour, and Gold, or Two Years in Victoria, with Visits to Sydney and Van Diemen's Land; Illustrated History of England, 6 vols. (1861); The Ruined Castles and Abbeys of England (1861); Discovery of Austra lia,de. (1865), and Northern Heights of London (1869).

The

inhabit the north-eastern parts They are the largest monkeys There are not many species. HOWTH, a small peninsula on the east coast of Ireland, forms the north shore of the Bay of Dublin, and is two and a half miles long by about two miles broad, with an area of about 2600 acres. H. is connected with the mainland by a low and narrow isthmus, and its insular appearance greatly enhances the picturesque effect of Dublin Bay.

HOY, a small vessel differing little, if at all, from the sloop or smack. Its ordinary employment is in carrying goods or passengers coastwise from one place to another, and particularly in inlets, &,

HOY-HUC.