GRAHAM-GRAHAME. instantly scattered and gave way. Mackay lost by death and capture 2000 men; the victors, 900. Dundee fell by a musket-shot while waving on one of his battalions to advance. He was carried off the field to Urrard House, or Blair Castle, and there expired. In the Bodleian Library, Oxford, is preserved the letter-book of Nairne, private secretary to James II., and in this book is the copy of a letter purporting to be written by Dundee after he had received his death-wound, giving James a short account of the victory. The letter was first published in Macpherson's Original Papers, 1775, and has been treated as a forgery; but Nairne could have had no conceivable motive for forging such a document, which remained unprinted above eighty. years. The character and services of Dundee have been greatly exaggerated and blackened by party spirit. calm and impressive delivery, his ripe and gentle wisdom, poured forth in a stream of quiet yet winning and persuasive eloquence, made him the Nestor of the House of Commons. Yet his changes of opinion, from the Whiggism of his youth to the vehement Conservatism of his manhood, and the Radicalism of his old age, exposed him to incessant and well-founded charges of political inconsistency. GRAHAM, JOHN, VISCOUNT DUNDEE, was the eldest son of Sir William Graham of Claverhouse, head of a branch of the noble family of Montrose, in Forfarshire. He was born in 1613, entered St Andrews university in 1665, served in the French army from 1668 till 1672, next entered the Dutch service as cornet in the Prince of Orange's horse guards, and is reported (but on no good authority) to have saved the life of the prince at the battle of Seneffe in 1674. Returning to Scotland, he obtained (February 1678) an appointment as lieutenant in a troop of horse commanded by his cousin, the third Marquis of Montrose. At this time, the government of Charles II. was engaged in its insane attempt to force Episcopacy upon the people of Scotland. A system of fines and military coercion had been carried on for years against all Nonconformists; conventicles and field-preachings were prohibited, penalties were inflicted on all who even harboured the recusants, and the nation lay at the mercy of informers. Maddened by oppression, and fired by a fierce zeal for the Covenant, the people flew to arms; but their efforts were irregular and detached, and each successive failure only aggravated their sufferings. Many were executed, the jails were filled with captives, and those who fled were outlawed, and their property seized. In this miserable service, G. now engaged. He encountered an armed body of Covenanters at Drumclog, June 1, 1679, but was defeated, about forty of his troopers being slain, and himself forced to flee from the field. Three weeks afterwards (June 22), he commanded the cavalry at Bothwell Bridge, where the royal forces, under the Duke of Monmouth, achieved an easy victory over the Covenanters. In this battle, three or four were killed while defending the bridge, but in the pursuit, 400 were cut down (chiefly by G.'s dragoons), and 1200 surrendered unconditionally, to be afterwards treated with atrocious inhumanity. These affairs at Drumclog and Bothwell are the only contests that can even by courtesy be called battles in which G. was engaged in Scotland previous to the abdication of James II. They gave no scope for valour, and displayed no generalship. In his other duties-pursuing, detecting, and hunting down unyielding Covenanters G. evinced the utmost zeal. He rose to the rank of major-general, was sworn a privy councillor, had a gift from the crown of the estate of Dudhope, and was made constable of Dundee. In 1688, on the eve of the Revolution, he was raised to the peerage by James II. as Viscount the bigotry of James had driven him from the throne, Dundee remained faithful to the interests of the fallen monarch. He was joined by the Jacobite Highland clans and by auxiliaries from Ireland, and raised the standard of rebellion against the government of William and Mary. After various movements in the north, he advanced upon Blair in Athol, and General Mackay, commanding the government forces, hastened to meet him. The two armies confronted each other at the Pass of Killicerankie, July 27, 1689. Mackay's force was about 4000 men; Dundee's, 2500 foot, with one troop of horse. A few minutes decided the contest. GRAHAME, JAMES, a Scottish poet, son of After both armies had exchanged fire, the High- a legal practitioner, was born in Glasgow, April landers rushed on with their swords, and the enemy 22, 1765, and was educated at the University of Dundee and Lord Graham of Claverhouse. When 6 GRAHAM, THOMAS, a celebrated British chemist, was born in Glasgow in 1805. Having studied at fessor of Chemistry at the Andersonian University, Glasgow and Edinburgh, he became, in 1830, Proand continued in that office till 1837, when he suc ceeded Dr Turner in the chemical chair of University College, London. In 1855, he was appointed Master of the Mint, and resigned his professorship. From the year 1831, in which his memoir, On the Formation of Alcoates, Definite Compounds of Salts and Alcohol,' appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, to the time of his death he to chemistry. Amongst the most important of was constantly publishing important contributions his memoirs we may mention the following: On the Law of Diffusion of Gases' (Tr. R. Soc. Edin. 1834); Researches on the Arseniates, Phosphates, and Modifications of Phosphoric Acid' (Phil. Tr. 1833); On the Motion of Gases, their Effusion the Diffusion of Liquids' (Ibid. 1850 and 1851); and Transpiration' (Ibid. 1846 and 1849); 'On On Osmotic Force' (Ibid. 1854); ‘Liquid Diffusion tion in Relation to Chemical Composition' (Ibid. Applied to Analysis,' and 'On Liquid Transpira1861). In addition to these memoirs he also brought out an excellent treatise on Chemistry, which has passed through two editions. G. was one of the the Cavendish Societies, a Fellow of the Royal founders and first president of the Chemical and Society, and has more than once been appointed one of its vice-presidents. He was likewise frequently missions. He died at London, Sept. 17, 1869. placed by government on important scientific com GRAHAME'S ISLAND-GRAKLE, that city. He removed to Edinburgh in 1784, where he commenced the study of law under the tuition of a relative, and was admitted a member of the Society of Writers to the Signet in 1791, and in 1795, of the Faculty of Advocates. Finding the legal profession unsuited to his tastes, and having a sufficiency of worldly means, he withdrew from professional practice, and devoted himself to the cultivation of his muse. He had long regarded the life and duties of a country clergyman with a wistful eye, and an opportunity offering, he took orders in the Church of England, being ordained by the Bishop of Norwich on Trinity Sunday, the 25th May 1809. He was successively curate of Shipton in Gloucestershire, and of Sedgefield in the county of Durham. Ill health compelled him to abandon his sacred duties, and he returned to Scotland; spending a few days in Edinburgh, he proceeded to Glasgow, and died at his brother's residence, near that city, on the 14th September 1811, in the forty-seventh year of his age. G. has left behind several poetical works, the chief of which are- -Mary Queen of Scots, a dramatic poem; The Sabbath; The Birds of Scotland; and The British Georgics. It is on The Sabbath that his fame rests. He was a retiring, amiable, and affectionate man, and possessed a deep love for nature, and those passages in his poems are the best that give utterance to that love. There was nothing bold or mounting in his genius, but he had a plenteous command of musical verse and rural imagery. GRAHAME'S or HOTHAM'S ISLAND. A mass of dust, sand, and scoria thrown out of a submarine volcano in the Mediterranean, and which remained for some time above the surface of the water, received these names. It made its appearance about thirty miles off the coast of Sicily, opposite to Sciacca, in July 1831. In the beginning of August, when the action of the volcano had ceased, it had a circumference of about a mile and a quarter, the highest point was estimated at 170 feet above the sea, and the inner diameter of the crater about 400 yards. As soon as the eruption ceased, the action of the waves began to reduce the island, and before many months transpired, the whole mass of scoriæ and sand disappeared, being scattered as a stratum of volcanic cinder in that portion of the bed of the Mediterranean. GRAHAM'S LAND, an island of the Antarctic Ocean, discovered by Biscoe in February 1832, lies in lat. 64 45' S., and long. 63° 51' W., being nearly on the meridian of the east extremity of Tierra del Fuego, and within a comparatively short distance of the polar circle. The position, as above defined, is precisely that of Mount William, the highest spot In front, towards the north, are a number of islets, called Biscoe's Range. No living thing, excepting a few birds, appears to exist. seen. GRAHAM'S TOWN, the capital of the eastern province of the Cape Colony, stands near the centre of the maritime division of Albany. It is about 25 miles from the sea, in lat. 33° 19 S., and long. 26° 31 E.; and it contains about 5000 inhabitants, chiefly English. G. T. is the see of two bishops -one of the Church of England, and another of the Church of Rome. It has also several Wesleyan ministers, besides the pastors of the Dutch Reformed Church. Among the other institutions of the place are its banks, insurance offices, a botanic garden, a public library, a general hospital, and some weekly newspapers. GRAIN (Lat. granum, any small hard seed or particle), a term often used as equivalent to corn, denoting the seeds of the Cerealia. found it in the Mersey. It occurs in a few Engl sh streams, and in some of the lakes of Switzerland. It is rather more slender than the dace. In its habits and food it resembles the trout, rises readily at the artificial fly, and affords good sport to the angler. GRAINS OF PARADISE, or MELEGUETTA PEPPER, an aromatic and extremely hot and pungent seed, imported from Guinea. It is the produce of Amomum Meleguetta, or A. Grana Paradisi, a plant of the natural order Scitamineæ or Zingiberaceae, with lanceolate leaves, one-flowered scapes (leafless stems), about three feet high, and ovate or ellipticoblong capsules containing many seeds. By the natives of Africa, these seeds are used as a spice or condiment to season their food; in Europe, they are chiefly employed as a medicine in veterinary practice, and fraudulently to increase the pungency of fermented and spirituous liquors. By 56 Geo. III. c. 58, brewers and dealers in beer in England are prohibited, under a heavy penalty, from even having grains of paradise in their possession. This drug is much used to give apparent strength to bad gin. The name Meleguetta Pepper, or Guinea Pepper (q. v.), is also given to other pungent seeds from the west of Africa. GRAKLE, the common name of many birds of the Starling family (Sturnida), all tropical or subtropical. They have very much the habits of starlings, and some of them even excel starlings in their imitative powers, and particularly in the imitation of human speech. This is remarkably the case with the Mina Birds (q. v.) of the East Indies, which may be regarded as grakles. Numerous species inhabit Africa. Some of them are birds of splendid plumage. The PARADISE G. (Gracula gryllivora) of India has acquired a peculiar celebrity as a destroyer of locusts and caterpillars. It is about the size of a blackbird. Buffon tells us, that in order to stop the devastations of locusts in the island of Bourbon, this bird was introduced from India by the government. The grakles, however, beginning to examine the newly-sown fields, excited the alarm of the planters, and were exterminated; but it was found necessary, after a few years, again to introduce them, and they are now very numerous, although they do not confine themselves to insect food, but in default of it are ready to betake themselves to seeds and fruits. They sometimes enter pigeon-houses and feed on the eggs, or even on the newly-hatched young. When tamed, they become very pert and familiar, and exhibit a great aptitude for imitating the voices of animals. A G. of GRALLE GRAMMONT. this species, kept in a farmyard, has been known to imitate most of its ordinary sounds, as those of dogs, sheep, pigs, and poultry.-Some of the grakles are known as summer birds of passage in the northern parts of America. GRA'LLÆ, or GRALLATORES (Lat. stiltwalkers), an order of birds, generally characterised by very long legs, the tarsus (shank) in particular being much elongated, and by the nakedness of the lower part of the tibia, adapting them for wading in water without wetting their feathers. They have also generally long necks and long bills. The form of the bill, however, is various; and in its size, strength, and hardness, it is adapted to the kind of food; some, as snipes, which feed chiefly on worms and other soft animals, having a very soft weak bill, whilst others, which feed on larger and stronger animals, have the bill proportionately large and strong. The form of the body is generally slender. The greater number of the G. are inhabitants of the sea-coast or of marshy districts. Many are birds of passage. Even those which are not aquatic are generally driven from the districts which they frequent either by frost or drought. Cuvier divided this order into Brevipennes (q. v.), (Ostrich, Cassowary, Emu, &c.); Pressirostres (Bustards, Plovers, Lapwings, &c.); Cultrirostres (Cranes, Herons, Storks, Adjutants, Spoonbills, &c.); Longirostres (Snipes, Curlews, Godwits, Sandpipers, &c.); and Macrodactyli (Rails, Crakes, Coots, &c.). The Brevipennes are constituted by some into a distinct order, Cursores, and differ very widely in many respects from the true Grallæ. GRAMMAR, in its usual sense, and as applied to a particular language, investigates and systematises the facts of that language, as exhibited in the most approved writers and speakers; the main divisions or heads being: (1) the way in which the sounds or spoken words are represented by letters (Orthography); (2) the division of words into classes, or parts of speech,' the changes or inflections they undergo, their derivation and composition (Etymology); and (3) the way in which they are joined together to form sentences (Syntax). A book embodying the results of such investigations, with a view to enable learners to understand a language, and to use it properly, is a grammar of that language. Languages were not originally constructed according to rules of grammar previously laid down; but grammar rules were deduced from languages already in existence. In the days of Plato, perhaps the greatest master of language that ever wrote, the division of words into classes or parts of speech had not yet been made. Plato himself, according to Max Muller, took the first step in formal grammar by making the distinction of noun and verb, or rather of subject and predicate; for it was a distinction in the ideas or elements of a proposition he was making, rather than in the words themselves. Aristotle and the Stoic philosophers made further advances in the analysis of language, but they attended little to the forms of words, their object being logical rather than grammatical (see GENITIVE). It was the Alexandrian scholars, engaged in preparing critical editions of Homer and the other Greek classics, who first analysed, classified, and named the phenomena of language as language; and it was one Dionysius Thrax, who had been trained in the Alexandrian school, and became a teacher of Greek (Grammaticus, from Gr. gramma, a letter; as those who taught boys their Roman letters were called Literatores) at Rome, that published the first practical systematic Greek grammar for the use of his Roman pupils (about 80 B. C.). This work, which still exists, though much interpolated, became the basis of all subsequent grammars, both Greek and tongues came to be written, they naturally followed Latin; and when grammars of the modern European the classical models. The chief matters treated of in grammar are considered under such heads as ADJECTIVE, CONJUNCTION, DECLENSION, &c. In quite recent times, the study of language has advanced beyond this empirical stage, in which its object was confined to the explaining and teaching individual languages; and, under the name of Comparative Grammar,' has brought to light the resemblances and differences of the various languages of the world, so as to classify them, after the manner of natural history, into families and minor groups, according to their greater or less affinities. Still higher questions, entering into the origin and growth of speech, and seeking to give a scientific account of its phenomena, now occupy the more advanced students of this subject. See LANGUAGE, INFLECTION. GRAMMAR SCHOOLS received their name at a time when the grammar of the English language was not written, and when all knowledge of the principles of language could be obtained only through a study of the grammar of the ancient tongues, particularly Latin. The idea which lay at the basis of these institutions still pervades them, and the ancient languages are the principal subjects of instruction. History, geography, and modern languages have of late years been admitted into the curriculum of the great majority of these schools; but these subjects still hold a subordinate place, and distinction in Latin and Greek gives preeminence, and is the great object of ambition both to masters and pupils. Nor can it be otherwise so long as the universities recognise the ancient tongues as the only sound basis of education. For a further notice of the grammar a liberal schools of Great Britain, see PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NATIONAL EDUCATION. GRAMME is the standard unit of French measures of weight, and is the weight of a cubic centimètre of distilled water at 0° Centigrade (corresponding to 32° Fah.); the other weights have received names corresponding to the number of grammes they contain, or the number of times they are contained in a gramme: in the former case, the Greek numerals deca, hecto, kilo, miria, expressing weights of 10 grammes, 100 grammes, 1000 grammes, 10,000 grammes; in the latter case, the Roman numerals deci, centi, are prefixed, to express tenths, hundredths of a gramme. Starting from the relation between the English yard and the French mètre, we are enabled to compare the units of weight, and it is found that a gramme 15-43248 grains Troy, from which the equivalents in English measure for the other weights can easily be found: thus — GRAMMONT-GRANADA. dyeing, bleaching, tanning, distilling, and brewing. Pop. about 7500. GRAMMONT, or GRAMONT, PHILLIBERT, COUNT OF, a celebrated French courtier, son of Anthony, Duke of Grammont, was born about 1621. While still very young, he served as a volunteer under Condé and Turenne, and distinguished himself by the most chivalric bravery. At the court of Louis XIV., with this reputation added to his youth, noble birth, a handsome person, fine talents and accomplishments, a lively wit, and strangely good-fortune at play, at which he won such amounts as to support even his extravagant expenditures, it is no wonder that he became a favourite. He was distinguished for his gallantries, and even had the audacity to aspire to be the rival of the king in the affections of one of his favourites. This caused him to be banished from France; and he found a pleasant refuge and congenial society in the gay and licentious court of Charles II. of England. Here, after many adventures, he engaged to marry Eliza Hamilton, sister of Anthony, Count Hamilton, but slipped out of London without fulfilling his promise. Two of the lady's brothers set off in pursuit of the forgetful Frenchman, and coming up with him at Dover, asked him 'if he had not forgotten something.' 'Oh, to be sure,' replied G., I have forgotten to marry your sister;' and returned to London to complete his engagement. He then went to France, where his wife became one of the ladies of the court of Maria Theresa of Austria. By this marriage he had two daughters, one of whom was married to Henry Howard, Marquis of Stratford, and the other became Abbess of Poussay, in Lorraine. He died in 1707. See Memoirs of the Comte de Grammont by his brother-in-law, Anthony, Count Hamilton (edited by Sir Walter Scott in 1811; reprinted in Bohn's 'extra volumes'). average GRAMPIANS, the name of the principal mountain system in Scotland. The system runs from north-east to south-west, forming the wellknown high grounds of Aberdeenshire, Kincardineshire, Forfarshire, and Perthshire. The elevation of the summits of this main range is from 2000 to 3000 feet, and the highest elevation reached is that of Ben Nevis (4406 feet) at its western extremity. An outlying branch of the G. extends northward from near the head of the valley of the Dee, and comprises among its chief summits Ben Muicdhui (4296 feet) and Cairngorm (4095 feet). Southward of the western extremity of the G. are situated numerous groups and chains of greater or less extent. Among these the chief summits are Ben Cruachan (3390 feet), Ben Lomond (3191 feet), Ben More (3818 feet), Ben Lawers (3945 feet), and Schiehallion (3514 feet). GRAMPIANS, mountains in Australia, run north and south in the west part of Victoria, stretching in S. lat. from 36° 52′ to 37° 38', and in E. long. from 142° 25' to 142° 47'. From their eastern slope flow the Glenelg and its affluents. The loftiest peak of the range, Mount William, is 4500 feet high above the sea. GRAMPUS (probably from the French, Grand poisson, great fish), a name applied to several species of cetaceous animals, found in all seas. One of these is the Grampus griseus, but most of them belong to the genus Orca. Orca gladiator, of the Atlantic, is also called the Killer. O. eschrichtii is from the Atlantic, and O. destructor, O. rectipinna, and O. ater from the Pacific. Pseudorca is a related genus, having some resemblance to the Black-fish. The Killer occurs on the American and European coasts. It is the largest of the Delphinidae often more than its dorsal fin, in the upper jaw projecting a little over the lower, and in the smaller number of teeth, which are about eleven on each side in each jaw. The tail is powerful; in a specimen twenty-one feet long, it was found to be seven feet broad. The G. is generally seen in small herds. It is very voracious, and pursues salmon up the mouths of rivers as far as the tide reaches. Marvellous stories are told of attacks which it makes on the whale, and of its tearing out and devouring the whale's tongue, and all the species of Orca are noted for their ferocity. The G. possesses great strength and activity. GRAN (Mag. Esztergam), a town of Hungary, is finely situated on an elevation on the right bank of the Danube, 25 miles north-west of Pesth. It is a royal free-town, is the see of the primate of Hungary, and is rich in fine buildings. Pop., including the suburbs, 12,700. G., which is one of the oldest towns of Hungary, was the residence of the Hungarian prince, Gejza; and here his son, St Stephen, the first king of Hungary, was born in 979, and converted to Christianity in 1000. It was formerly fortified, and has undergone assaults and sieges almost without number. GRAN SASSO D'ITALIA (Great Rock of Italy'), also called MONTE CORNO, from the resem. blance to a horn which it presents on the east, is the highest summit of the Apennines, having an elevation of 10,206 feet. It is situated on the borders of the Abruzzi, between Teramo and Aquila. It owes its name partly to its height, and partly to its being formed of a single mass of calcareous earth from its middle to its summit. It is seen to great advantage from the side of Teramo, where it is broken into tremendous precipices. The summit is covered with perpetual snow. Wolves, bears, and chamois abound on the mountain-the last of these animals being found character of the scenery is more Alpine than in no other part of the Apennines. The general Apennine, and in wild grandeur and variety it the painter, geologist, and botanist it affords a rich is not surpassed by any landscape in Italy. To field for their respective pursuits. See Itinerary of F. Caldane. GRANA'DA, an ancient kingdom, and one of the old provinces in the south of Spain, was bounded on the W. by Andalusia, on the E. by Murcia, and on the S. and S.E. by the Mediterranean. Its GRANADA-GRANBY. greatest length from north-east to south-west was attained the highest pitch of its prosperity. Toward about 210 miles, and its greatest breadth about 80 the close of the 15th c., it is said to have had miles. It is now divided into the three modern 400,000 inhabitants, and to have been surrounded provinces of Granada, Almeria, and Malaga, the by a wall fortified with 1030 towers. The Vega united areas of which amount to 11,063 square miles, of G., in front of the city, was celebrated for two and the united population, in 1864, to 1,279,798. The hundred years as the scene of contest between the surface of this ancient province is mountainous and Moors and the chivalry of Christendom - a contest picturesque in a high degree. The mountain-ranges which was brought to a termination only by the the chief of which are the Sierra Nevada, the capture and complete subjection of G. by Ferdinand Sierra de Ronda, and the Alpujarras-as a general and Isabella in 1492, after a siege of twelve months. rule, run parallel with the coast. The principal | rivers are the Almanzora, Almeria, Jenil, Guadalhorce, and Guadiaro, all of which, save the Jenil, an affluent of the Guadalquiver, flow into the MediterThe province of G. is, on the whole, fruitful and highly cultivated. The mountains are rich in silver, copper, lead, and iron; and many of the inhabitants are engaged in mining and smelting. Saline and mineral springs abound. ranean. In the time of the Romans, G. was a portion of the province of Boetica; but after the Arab invasion it formed an independent Moorish kingdom. For a time it was exceedingly wealthy, having developed great agricultural and commercial resources. From the year 1248 the Moorish kings of G. were obliged to recognise the supremacy of the kings of Castile, A quarrel, however, which arose between the vassal king of G. and Ferdinand and Isabella in the 15th c., resulted in a war of eleven years' duration, the consequence of which was the complete conquest of G. by the Spaniards in 1492, and the total destruction of Moorish authority in Spain. GRANA'DA (Spanish, Granata, Arab. Garnathah, said to be a corruption of Karnáttah, the ancient fortress of Phoenician origin), a famous city of Spain, formerly capital of the kingdom of Granada, and now chief town of the modern province of the same name, is built on a northern branch of the Sierra Nevada, at an elevation of 2445 feet above sea-level, in lat. 37° 15' N., long, 3° 45′ W., and is about 140 miles east-south-east of Seville. It stands on the right bank of the Jenil, overlooking the fertile and extensive Vega or plain of G., and is watered also by the Darro, a rapid mountain-stream, which joins the Jenil about a mile below the town. Though now sadly decayed, it is still one of the greatest towns of Spain, is the seat of an archbishop, and has a university, attended, it is said, by about 800 students. One of the two hills on which the town is mainly built is surmounted by the Alhambra (q. v.); the other hill is occupied by the suburb called the Albayzin, the oldest part of the town, and now inhabited almost entirely by gipsies. The city of G. proper, namely, that portion of it that contains the Alhambra, is surrounded by high but ruinous walls, and by strong towers. The streets are narrow, crooked, and uneven; the houses, which for the most part are well built, are heavy and gloomy in outward appearance, having the flat roofs and projecting balconies of the Moorish style of architecture; the interiors, however, are convenient and suitable to the climate. G. has several charming public squares. The cathedral, a splendid structure, profusely decorated with jaspers and coloured marbles, and having a high-altar placed under a dome, supported by 22 pillars, contains the monuments of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of Philip I. and his consort Juana. The industry and trade of the town are quite inconsiderable. Pop. 67,326. The modern city of G. was founded by the Moors in the 8th c., and for some time remained subject to the califs of Cordova; but in 1235 it became capital of the kingdom of Granala, and rapidly rose to distinction as a wealthy trading city and as the seat of arts and architecture. Under the Moors, it America, stands on the north-west side of the lake including the suburbs and municipality of Jaltava, it had a population of from 12,000 to 15,000, contained seven churches, an hospital, and nominally a university, and was the thriving seat of many commercial establishments. It suffered greatly, however, from the civil war that broke out in the republic during that year, and was under siege from May 1854 to February 1855; but was bravely and successfully defended by Don Fruto Chamorro, the leader of the conservative party. In 1856, Chamorro having in the meantime died, G. was surprised and taken by the democrats, but was retaken and almost wholly destroyed in the following year. After the conclusion of peace, efforts were made toward the restoration of the city. It has not yet, however, regained its former prosperity and importance. GRANADI'LLA, the edible fruit of certain species of Passion-flower (q. v.). The name, originally bestowed by Spanish settlers in the West Indies and warm parts of America, is a diminutive of granada, a pomegranate. The COMMON G. over these regions, and much cultivated. The plant (Passiflora quadrangularis) is extensively diffused employed to form arbours and covered walks; it is a luxuriant and very ornamental climber, often has large, beautiful, and fragrant flowers; oblong fruit, often six inches in diameter, of an agreeable fragrance, and a sweet and slightly acid pulp, very gratefully cooling. It is often eaten with wine and sugar.-The APPLE-FRUITED G., or SWEET CALABASH (P. maliformis), is plentiful in the woods of Jamaica, where it forms a principal part of the food fruit, about two inches in diameter, its pulp gelaIt is, however, a very agreeable tinous, the rind so hard as to be sometimes made into snuff-boxes and toys. The LAUREL-LEAVED G. (P. laurifolia), sometimes called water-lemon in the West Indies, is a fruit about the size of a hen's egg; the plant has red and violet fragrant flowers, and very long tendrils. The fruit has a whitish pulp, is watery, and of delicious flavour, with a slight acidity. P. lutea is found from Pennsylvania to Illinois southwards, and P. incarnata on the dry soils of The fruit of the latter, known as Maypops, is of the Virginia and Kentucky, and the more southern states. size and shape of a hen's egg. of wild swine. GRANARY WEEVIL, another name of the CORN WEEVIL (q. v.). GRANBY, JOHN MANNERS, MARQUIS OF, an English general, the eldest son of the third Duke of Rutland, was born January 2, 1721. Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he was at an early age elected M.P. for Grantham. In the rebellion of 1745, he raised a regiment of infantry, and accompanied the Duke of Cumberland into Scotland. Appointed colonel of the Horse Guards in 1755, in February 1759, he received the rank of lieutenantgeneral, and soon after was sent to Germany, as second in command, under Lord George Sack. ville, of the British troops, co-operating with the king of Prussia. After the battle of Minden, for |