clubs, but the use of firearms is now prevalent amongst all the South-African tribes; and in the late war, the K. warriors, in skirmishing, excited the admiration of the light companies of some of our most distinguished regiments. The K. language is considered as a dialect of the Sichuana, which is the original stock of the different tribes of the K. race. It is fine, sonorous, and expressive, with a most ingenious and complicated system of grammar. On the Cape frontier, many Hottentot and Dutch words have been introduced; and in the Zulu dialect, the Wesleyan missionaries and Bishop Colenso of Natal have published many excellent works tending to elucidate the philology of SouthAfrican languages.

The Amafengu, or Fingoes, are the remains of various Zulu tribes, refugees from the wars of Chaka, reduced to slavery by the Amaxosa Kaffirs, and rescued by Sir B. Durban in 1835, and settled by him along the frontier of the Cape Colony. They are a saving, careful people, and many of them are converted to Christianity. They have always been our firm allies against their hereditary enemies the Kaffirs, although of the same race and language. The Fingoes are often, from their money-making propensities, called the Jews of the K. race. The Amampondo, Amabaxa, and other tribes living near the Natal frontier, have never been at war with us, although often quarrelling amongst themselves: they are gradually declining in numbers, and are not near so fine a race as the frontier Katfirs.

The number of the K. races has been estimated at three millions, scattered over an area of about a million square miles. Of these, there may be about 300,000 in Kaffraria Proper, 150,000 in British Kaffraria and Cape Colony, and 150,000 in Natal. KAFFIR CORN. See DURRA.

KAFFRA'RIA, PROPER OF INDEPENDENT. The general designation of Kaffraria was formerly applied to the whole of the coast region of South Africa east of the Great Fish River, and extending as far north as Sofala, but it is now limited to a comparatively small region enclosed by the high and almost impassable mountain-chain called Kalambi, or Quathlamba, running parallel to the coast (see CAPE OF GOOD HOPE and AFRICA) at a distance of about 120 miles from it between the east frontier of the Cape Colony and Natal, and comprising an area of about 25,000 square miles, lying between the Great Kei and Unizimculu rivers.

K. is drained by the Great Kei, the Umzimvoobo or St John's River, and its fan-like branches, the Tsetse and Tena, which rise in the Quathlamba, the Umzimeulu, Umtata, Umbashee, and several other streams, with short courses, which rise in a high escarpment or ridge, forming a sort of buttress to an undulating grassy but woodless plateau, which extends along the foot of the mountains at a height of about 2500 feet above the sea. The rivers, especially near the coast, run through deep-wooded kloofs, sunk below the level of the surrounding country, and none of them are navigable. The coast generally is rocky and dangerous, and should not be approached closer than three miles; anchorage may be found in one or two shallow bays east of the St John's River.

K. is inhabited by the remains of the Amaxosa and Amamtembu tribes of Katfirs (who, since the annexation of British Kaffraria, have retired across the Kei River), the once powerful tribes of the Amagaleka, Amampondos, and Amabaxa, besides the remains of many broken Zulu tribes, refugees from the wars of Chaka and Dingaan, who have found shelter in that portion of the country that borders n Natal. The total number of natives may be

roughly estimated at 300,000; but it is probable in a very few years the whole region will be absorbed into the neighbouring colonies of British Kaffraria and Natal, as the population is rapidly decreasing, and the chiefs fast losing their prestige and influence. The paramount chief is Rili, or Creili, of the Amagaleka tribe, who has his principal kraal about 20 miles east of the Great Kei River.

The soil of K. is fertile. The natives raise sufficient crops of Indian and Kaffir corn, pumpkins, &c., for their own use. Cotton has been successfully grown in many localities along the coast. Cattle, horses, and goats thrive well, and a considerable trade with the adjacent colonies is carried on in hides, horns, goat-skins, tallow, and wagon-wood. The Wesleyan Society have established many well organised stations, forming convenient halting-places along the lines of road which traverse Kaffraria between the Cape Colony and Natal, and where travellers will be sure to meet a kind reception.

KAFFRARIA, BRITISH, a country of South Africa, between the Great Kei, the White Kei, the Keiskamma, and Indian Ocean (wrested from the Kaffirs by the Cape colonists in the war of 1846-1847), forms what is now the independent colony of British Kaffraria. It has an area of 4500 square miles, and is bounded on the north by a high and picturesque range of mountains called the Amatola (4000 to 5000 feet), a continuation of the Great Winterberg and Katberg ranges in the Cape Colony. It is well watered by the Keiskamma, Chumie, Buffalo, Gonubi, and other minor streams or torrents, generally running in deep and rugged beds, and by the Great Kei, a considerable stream, dividing it from Independent Kaffraria. None of these rivers are navigable.

The physical aspect of British K. is similar to that of Lower Albany, or the east-coast region of the Cape Colony. Many fertile, well-watered valleys are found amongst the spurs of the Amatola Moun tains. Behind these mountains are high grassy plateaux, extending to the Kei River, and well adapted both for grazing and agriculture.

In 1859, British K. was divided into farms of from 1000 to 3000 acres, which were granted free on certain terms of settlement and defence; and it now contains a population of from 8000 to 10,000 souls of British and German descent, and probably 100,000 of the native races, Amaxosa and Amafengu Kaffirs.

The principal town is King William's Town, the head-quarters of the military and seat of govern ment, and containing a population of about 2500 souls. The port of British K. is East London, at the mouth of the Buffalo River, where there is good anchorage. There are numerous military postą and German villages extending along the line of the Buffalo from the sea to the mountains, and also several mission-stations, Episcopal, Wesleyan, Presbyterian, and German; and the natives are in numerous cases reclaimed from heathenism, and becoming an orderly and civilised population. In 1861, by her Majesty's letters-patent, British K. was declared an independent colony, under a lieutenantgovernor, the governor of the Cape being styled High Commissioner. Its revenues are derived from quit-rents of the farms granted, and the revenue duties collected at the port of East London, and are at present about sufficient to pay the expenses of the limited executive.

The larger feræ naturæ have nearly disappeared, although a few years back the high plains north of the Amatola, called the Bontebok Flat, were the favourite hunting-grounds of South African sportsmen. A considerable number of the German Legion, sent here after the Crimean war, have received grants of land, and make excellent settlers. Two

English, and one or two German newspapers are published in King William's Town. British Kaffraria, formerly a separate government, was incorporated with Cape Colony in 1866.

KAFIRISTA'N (i. e., country of the Kafirs or infidels), a country of Central Asia, on the south declivity of the Hindu Kush, forming part of the northern basin of the Cabul, in 35°--36 N. lat., and 69° 20-71° 20' E. long.; area, 7000 square miles. The country is divided into narrow valleys by spurs of the Hindu Kush. The inhabitants, whose number is unknown, differ, as the name of the country implies, in creed and origin from the great body of the neighbouring tribes; in features and complexion, they claim kindred with Europeans. Their language, too, is said to be wholly independent of the other dialects of Central Asia. This state of isolation is mainly owing to the natural strength of the region, which, though repeatedly invaded, has never yet been subdued. The soil is fertile enough to render external intercourse comparatively unnecessary, yielding, as it does, fruits, wheat, and millet, and feeding large herds of cattle, sheep, and goats. Metals and timber likewise abound, the people working in the same with considerable skill. KAFTAN, an article of Turkish dress, resembling a dressing-gown, which is in use also amongst other

oriental nations.

KAIN, an old term in Scotch Law, used to denote rent paid in kind, as in the shape of poultry or animals, to a landlord. The word is said to be derived from canum, a Latinised form of the Gaelic ceann, the head.'

KAIRWA'N, a decayed town of Northern Africa, in the state of Tunis, is situated 80 miles south of the town of that name, in a treeless, marshy plaiu. It is surrounded by a brick wall, surmounted by four towers. It contains about 50 ecclesiastical structures, of which the Okbah Mosque, one of the most sacred of Islam, is compassed by a quadrangular wall, and contains numerous ancient pillars of marble, granite, and porphyry. The trade is chiefly in furs; saddlery and sandals are manufactured. Pop. 12,000.

KAISARIYEH. See CESAREA. KAISERSLAUTERN, or LAUTERN, a small town of Rhenish Bavaria, is pleasantly situated on the Lauter, 25 miles north-west of Landau. Pop.

12,029.

KAKODYLE. See CACODYLE.

KALAMAZOO', a city of Michigan, United States, is situated in the south-west portion of the state, on the west bank of the river of the same name, 65 miles from its mouth, and 143 miles west of Detroit, on the Michigan Central Railway. It has a state lunatic asylum, a college for both sexes, ten churches, two newspapers, and several manufactories. Pop. in 1860, 6070.

KA'LBÉ, or CALBE, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Magdeburg, is situated 18 miles south of the town of that name, on the left bank of the Saale. Spinning and weaving, with manufactures of paper, tobacco, and sugar, are here carried on. Pop. 6863.

KALE, or BORECOLE (Ger. Kohl), a cultivated variety of Brassica oleracea, differing from CABBAGE in the open heads of leaves, which are used for culinary purposes as greens, and also as food for cattle. There are many sub-varieties, of which some are of a green, and others of a reddish-brown or purplish colour; some have the leaves comparatively plain, and others have them very much waved or curled, some also fringed or laciniated. Most of the kinds are biennial, like the cabbage, but some may

be reckoned perennial, as the Milan Kale (Chou de Milan), and are frequently propagated by cuttings. The kind called German Greens is one of the most delicate, and is very much cultivated in Britain, chiefly as a winter vegetable. The more the leaves are curled the more is it esteemed. The mode of its cultivation nearly agrees with that of cabbage. KALE, SEA. See SEA KAle.

KALEIDOSCOPE (from Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, image, and skopeo, I see), an optical instrument invented by Sir David Brewster in 1817. It consists of a tube, through whose whole length pass two mirrors or reflecting planes, which are hinged together along one edge, and make with each other an angle which is an aliquot part of 180°, whilst the one end is fitted up with an eyeglass, and the other each other, between which are placed little fragis closed by two glasses, at a small distance from ments of glass or other variously coloured objects. The eye looking into the tube now perceives these objects multiplied as many times as the angle which tained in the whole circumference of a circle, and the reflecting planes make with each other is conalways symmetrically disposed; and the slightest shaking of the instrument produces new figures. There are various modifications of the kaleidoscope, by some of which its power is much increased; and it is not only a pleasing toy, but of great use to pattern-drawers and others, to whom it supplies endless varieties of figures.

KALENDAR. See CALENDAR.
KALENDS. See CALENDS.

KALEWALA. See FINNISH LITERATURE.

KALGUE F, or KOLGUEV, an island of Russia, in the Arctic Ocean, 240 miles in circumference, belongs to the government of Archangel, and is situated 115 miles east of the northern extremity of the peninsula of Kanin. It is the resort of innumerable flocks of wild-fowl, especially eider-ducks, geese, and swans, which are caught in great numbers by the fowlers who visit the island every summer.

KALIDASA, the greatest dramatist, and one of the most celebrated poets of India. He is known to the literary public of Europe especially through his drama S'akuntala, which, first introduced to the notice of the western world by Sir William Jones (1789), created so great a sensation throughout Europe, that the early success obtained by Sanscrit studies in England and Germany may be considered due to this master-piece of Sanscrit literature. Another drama of the same poet, and next in renown to S'akuntala, is the l'ikramorvasi, or the Hero and the Nymph. Besides these works, Hindu tradition ascribes to his authorship a third drama and several Poems, which no European critic will believe could ever have sprung from a mind like that of Kalidasa. Professor Lassen, in the Indische Alterthumskunde, passes the following judgment on this poet: Kalidasa may be considered as the brightest star in the firmament of Hindu artificial poetry. He deserves this praise on account of the mastery with which he wields the language, and on account of the consummate tact with which he imparts to it a more simple or more artificial form, according to the requirements of the subject treated by him, without falling into the artificial diction of later poets, or overstepping the limits of good taste; on account of the variety of his creations, his ingenious conceptions, and his happy choice of subjects; and not less on account of the complete manner in which he attains his poetical ends, the beauty of his narrative, the delicacy of his sentiment, and the fertility of his imagination.' But although we are enabled by his works to appreciate the merits of this poet,

we know little of his personal history. That he lived at Ujjayinf or Oujein, and that he was one of the nine gems of the court of Vikramaditya,' is all that is related in regard to him. But as there have been several Vikramadityas at Ujjayini, his date is as uncertain as that of any personage of the ancient history of India. Dr Bhão Dâjî, in a learned and ingenious essay On the Sanscrit Poet, Kalidasa' (Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal As. Soc., October 1860), has endeavoured to identify Vikramaditya, the contemporary of K., with Harsha Vikramaditya, and that the great poet would therefore have lived in the middle of the 6th c. of the Christian era.

KALIHA'RI DESERT. The Kalihari is a vast central and nearly uninhabited tract of country lying between Great Namaqualand and the Betjouana country, in South Africa, extending from the northern banks of the Gariep or Orange River to the latitude of 21° south, or the verge of the Ngami region, a distance of nearly 600 miles, with an average breadth of about 350 miles, and presenting some curious physical features quite distinct from other desert regions of the globe. It is a nearly waterless, sandy, but in many places well wooded region, on which rain seldom falls, intersected by dry watercourses, with a substratum of a tufaceous limestone, and to all appearance formerly the bed of an immense lake. Livingstone considers it remarkable for little water and considerable vegetation, and therefore very different from the karroos of the Cape Colony, which have neither water nor vegetation except after heavy rains, and from the bare and sandy deserts of North Africa and Arabia. No mountains or elevations of any considerable height are found in the Kalihari, the general level of which may be considered as 3000 feet above the sea. The few springs or sucking-places' which here and there are found are generally carefully concealed by the Bakillhari, a miserable wandering race of Betjouana Bushmen, who roam through the desert in quest of game, of the skins of which they make the fur-robes called 'carosses.' The Kalihari has been crossed by C. J. Andersson and others, near its outskirts; but of its central parts very little is known. After heavy rains, immense herds of elephants, rhinoceroses, and giraffes are found in its dense thickets, and feed on the succulent wild melons called Kengwe,' which then abound there. In the north part, are immense forests of thorn

trees.

KA'LISZ, a town of Poland, on the Prosna, in the government of Warsaw, 136 miles west-southwest of the city of that name. It is one of the oldest Polish towns, and was formerly the capital of a palatinate. Population 12,253, who carry on an extensive trade. The adjoining county is the best cultivated in the kingdom. Two famous battles were fought here-the first between the Poles and Russians and the Swedes in 1706; the other between the Russians and Saxons in 1813.

KALIYUGA, in Hindu chronology, the fourth or last of the periods contained in a Mahayuga or great Yuga (q. v.). It may be compared to the Iron Age of classical mythology. It consists, according to native imagination, of 432,000 solar-sidereal years, and begins 3102 years before the Christian era. The relation of the four Yugas being marked by a successive physical and moral decrement of created beings, the Kaliyuga is the worst of all. In the Krita (or first) age,' Manu says, 'the (genius of) Truth and Right (in the form of a bull) stands firm on his four feet, nor does any advantage accrue to men from iniquity. But in the following ages, by reason of unjust gains, he is deprived successively

of one foot; and even just emoluments, through the prevalence of theft, falsehood, and fraud, are gradually diminished by one foot (i. e., by a fourth part).' The estimate in which this Kaliyuga, our present age, is held by the modern Hindus may be gathered from one of their most celebrated Puranas, the Padma-Purân'a. In the last chapter of the Kriyayogasara of this Purana, the following account is given of it: In the Kaliyuga, (the genius of) Right will have but one foot; every one will delight in evil. The four castes will be devoted to wickedness, and deprived of the nourishment which is fit for them. The Brahmans will neglect the Vedas, hanker after presents, be lustful and cruel. They will despise the scriptures, gamble, steal, and desire intercourse with widows. For the sake of a

livelihood, some Brahmans will become arrant rogues.

The Sûdras will endeavour to lead the life of

of season.

the Brahmans; and out of friendship, people will of others, and their speech will be that of falsehood. bear false witness. . they will injure the wives Greedy of the wealth of others, they will entertain a guest according to the behest of the scriptures, but afterwards kill him out of covetousness; they The twice-born (i. e., are indeed worthy of hell. the first three castes) will live upon debts, sell the produce of cows, and even their daughters. In this Yuga, men will be under the sway of women, and In the women will be excessively fickle. Kaliyuga, the earth will bear but little corn; the clouds will shed but little rain, and that, too, out The cows will feed on ordure, and give little milk, and the milk will yield no butter; Trees, even, will wither in twelve years, and the age of mankind will not exceed sixteen years; people, moreover, will become gray-haired in their youth; women will bear children in their fifth or sixth year, and men will become troubled with a great number of children. In the Kaliyuga, the foreigners will become kings, bent upon evil; and those living in foreign countries will be all of one caste, and out of lust take to themselves many wives. In the first twilight of the Kaliyuga, people will disregard Vishnu; and in the middle of it, no one will even mention his name.'

there is no doubt of that.

KA'LMAR, a town and seaport on the south-east coast of Sweden, capital of a lan of the same name, is situated on the Kalmar Sound, opposite the island of Oland, and about 200 miles south-south-west of Stockholm. It has a good harbour, a handsome cathedral, and a large and beautiful castle, in which, on the 12th July 1397, the treaty called the Union of Kalmar,' which settled the succession to the three northern kingdoms upon Queen Margaret of Denmark and her heirs for ever, was agreed to by the deputies of the three kingdoms. The union, nevertheless, lasted only till the death of Margaret (see DENMARK, HISTORY OF). The commerce of the town is considerable, and manufactures of sugar and tobacco are carried on. Pop. 7554.

KA'LMIA, a genus of plants of the natural order Ericea, consisting of evergreen shrubs, mostly about two or three feet high, natives of North America, with red, pink, or white flowers, generally in corymbs. The flowers are very delicate and beautiful, and the corolla is in the shape of a wide and shallow bell. Some of the species are frequent ornaments of gardens in Britain. They delight in a peatsoil. K. latifolia, the MOUNTAIN LAUREL, or CALICO BUSH of North America, occupies large tracts on the Alleghany Mountains. It grows to the height of ten feet, and the wood is very hard. It is narcotic and dangerous; the leaves are poisonous to many animals, and the honey of the flowers possesses noxious