KAURI-KEANG-SI.

KAZIMIRZ, a town of Poland, in the government of Lublin, on the right bank of the Vistula, 30 miles east-south-east of Radom. It was founded in 1350, and formerly carried on a flourishing trade in grain, in which a number of English commercial houses established here were engaged. K. now contains only 6700 inhabitants, of whom a great many are Jews.

Count of Rietberg, a great Austrian statesman, born east, and the government of Nijni-Novgorod on the at Vienna in 1711; studied at Vienna, Leipsic, and west. Area, 23,650 square miles, ths of which Leyden; travelled in England, France, and Italy; is cultivated, th in pastures, and th covered and being the head of an ancient and honourable with forests. Pop. in 1864, 1,607,122-mostly Chrisfamily, soon received important political appoint- tians, with a number of Moslems, and some idolments from the Emperor Charles VI. He continued aters. The soil is for the most part fertile; corn is to fill important situations under Maria Theresa. exported; the climate is rather severe, but healthy. He gained great fame as a diplomatist, in 1748, at Cattle-breeding, keeping of bees, and fishing are the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. He was afterwards the chief employments of the people. There is Austrian ambassador at the French court; and in an extensive trade in timber, pitch, and wooden 1753, was appointed court and state chancellor, and dishes. in 1756 chancellor also for the Netherlands and Italy, and continued for almost forty years to have the principal direction of Austrian politics. The project of the partition of Poland originated with him. He had so much to do in the management of the political affairs of Europe, that he was jocularly called the European coach-driver. He was very vain and confident of his own abilities, so that his highest praise for anything which he thought well done was to say with an oath: 'I could not have done it better myself.' He was narrow in his political views, regarding exclusively the supposed interests of Austria, but sincere and upright accord- | ing to his notion of his duty. He took a very active part in the ecclesiastical reforms of Joseph II., so that at Rome he was styled the heretical minister. He was a liberal patron of the arts and sciences. He retired from public life on account of old age, when Francis II. ascended the throne, and died 27th

June 1794.

KAURI, or KOWRIE, or K. PINE (Dammara custralis), a species of Dammar (q. v.', a native of New Zealand. It is a tree of great size and beauty, and is said sometimes to attain a height of 140 feet or more, with whorls of branches, the lower of which die off as it becomes old. The timber is white, close-grained, durable, flexible, and very valuable for masts, yards, and planks. It is much used for masts for the British navy, no other being considered equal to them. The Fiji Islands, New Hebrides, and Australia produce other species, the timber of all of which is sold under the name of K. Pine, although there are differences of quality. All of them are trees of dark dense foliage. All of them also produce a resin called K. RESIN, or K. GUM, and sometimes Australian Copal and Australian Dammar, of which large quantities are imported into Britain and North America, chiefly from New Zealand. It is sometimes found in pieces as large as a child's head, of a dull amber colour, where forests of these trees have formerly grown, and is obtained by digging. It is also collected from the trees from which it has newly exuded, and is then of a whitish colour. It is used for making varnishes, &c.

KAVA. See Ava.

KEAN, EDMUND, was born in London about 1787. His father was a stage-carpenter; his mother, an actress. From his infancy, the glare of the footlights was familiar to him as the light of common day. While but a child, he made his appearance on the boards, and on one occasion gave a recitation before George III. at Windsor Castle. In 1803, he joined a strolling company in Scotland, and for eleven years he performed in country theatres. Hẹ came to London in 1814, in which year he appeared as Shylock in Drury Lane, his immense popularity filling the coffers of the managing committee, and enriching himself. All London flocked to hear him; and Hazlitt, Hunt, and Lamb, who were constantly in the pit, declared that his acting was like teaching Shakspeare by a flash of lightning.' He twice visited America, made meteoric visits to the provinces, and ever in the heyday of his powers the pit rose at him,' to use his own expression. Unhappily, his habits were dissolute, and almost constant intoxication impaired his memory and his physical vigour. In 1833, while his son Charles was playing lago to his Othello, the great actor broke down, and was led off the stage. He never again appeared in public. His death took place at Richmond on the 15th May 1833. His great characters were Othello, Shylock, Richard III., and Sir Giles Overreach. He was amongst actors what Byron is amongst poets, and Napoleon amongst generals.

1811, and educated at Eton.
KEAN, CHARLES, son of Edmund, was born in
When his father fell
into ill health, he adopted the stage as a profession.
He was popular in the provinces and in America be-
fore he achieved reputation in London. He married,
in 1842, Miss Ellen Tree, and after that period they
acted together. He became the lessee of the Prin-
cess's Theatre in 1850, and the director of the royal
theatricals. His management at the Princess's The-

in which certain plays were produced. The utmost
pains was expended on scenery and dress, and as
much care was taken to avoid anachronisms as to se-
cure good acting. Sardanapalus, produced in 1853,
was perhaps the most striking of these 'restorations,
as they were called. K. attempted the parts in which
his father shone, but did not succeed in being more than
a comparative to the superlative which the elder gene-
ration of play-goers yet remember. In a lower line of
character, and in such pieces as The Corsican Brothers
and The Wife's Secret, he was more at home than in
the world of Shakespeare. He made several visits to
America, the last of which was in 1866, and died in
1868.

KAZA'N, a town of Russia, capital of the govern-atre was distinguished chiefly by the splendid manner ment, and ancient capital of the kingdom of the same name, is situated on the river Kazanka, four miles from the north bank of the Volga, and 200 miles east-south-east of Nijni-Novgorod. It was founded in 1257 by a Tartar tribe, and after various vicissitudes, was made the capital of an independent kingdom, by the Khan of the Golden Horde, which flourished in the 15th century. In 1552, the Russians, under Iwan the Terrible, carried the town after a bloody siege, and put an end to the existence of the kingdom. Pop. in 1866, 71,806. K. contains 70 churches and 9 mosques; a university, theological academy, and other educational establishments. The manufactures are leather, soap, cloth, and silk.

KEANG-SI, an inland province of China, lies imKAZAN (in Tartar, a gold-bottomed kettle), mediately north-west of the maritime province of Foa government of Russia, between Astrakhan on the kien. See CHINESE EMPIRE.

KEANG-SU-KEITH.

KELAT-KELLS.

The family enters the page of history in the beginning of the 14th century. In 1305, Sir Robert of Keith, hereditary marischal of Scotland, is found high in the confidence of King Edward I. of England, holding under him the office of joint justiciar of Scotland from the Forth to the Mounth, and sitting in the English council at Westminster as one of the representatives of Scotland. He kept his allegiance to England for some years after Bruce was crowned king of the Scots, but joined that prince before Bannockburn, where he commanded the cavalry, and by a well-timed charge upon the English archers, contributed not a little to the fortune of the day. His services were rewarded by a large grant of land in Aberdeenshire; and the possessions of the family were still further increased, before the close of the century, by a marriage with one of the co-heiresses of Sir Alexander Fraser, chamberlain of Scotland, Bruce's brother-in-law. Through this alliance, the Keiths acquired great estates in Kincardineshire, and having added to them the remarkable sea-girt rock of Dunnottar, they built or restored a castle upon it, which was henceforth their chief seat.

had risen in the Prussian service to the rank of field-marshal, fell at Hochkirch in 1758.

Lords Keith.-Neither having any issue, the direct male line of the House came to an end. His sister, Lady Mary, by her marriage, in 1711, with John, sixth Earl of Wigton, had a daughter, Lady Clementina, who married Charles, tenth Lord Elphinstone, by whom, besides other children, she had Sir George Keith Elphinstone, who, in 1797, was created Lord Keith of Stonehaven Marischal in the Irish peerage, and in 1803, Lord Keith of Banheath in the peerage of the United Kingdom. His daughter, the Baroness Keith, is the wife of the Count de Flahault.

Earls of Kintore.-Sir John Keith, third son of the sixth Earl Marischal, was, for his services in saving the Scottish Regalia during the Commonwealth, raised to the peerage by the titles of Earl of Kintore, and Lord Keith of Inverury and Keithhall. On the death of his grandson, the fourth earl, in 1761, the estates devolved on the last Earl Marischal; and on his death in 1778, the estates and titles passed to Alexander, sixth Lord Falconer of Halkertoun, the grandson of the eldest daughter of the second earl. Her descendant is now the ninth Earl of Kintore and eleventh Lord Falconer of Halkertoun.

KELA'T, the capital of Beloochistan, stands at an elevation of more than 7000 feet, in lat. 28° 52′ N., and long. 66° 33′ E. The district round about is fruitful, and thickly peopled. K. contains about 12,000 inhabitants. Seated on the summit of a hill, K. is a place of military importance. In the Afghan wars, it was twice taken by the British.

Earls Marischal.-About 1458, the family was ennobled in the person of Sir William Keith, who was created Earl Marischal and Lord Keith. His House reached its highest pitch of power in the person of his great-great-grandson, the fourth earl, nicknamed, from the seclusion in which he lived at Dunnottar, William who kept the Tower.' By marriage with his kinswoman, the co-heiress of Inverugie, he nearly doubled the family domains, which now included lands in seven shires, Haddington, Linlithgow, Kincardine, Aberdeen, Banff, Elgin, KELLERMANN, FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE, Duke and Caithness. He was reputed the wealthiest of Valmy, born 28th May 1735, at Wolfsbuchpeer in Scotland, having a rental of 270,000 marks weiler, in Alsace, entered the French army, and a year, and being able, it was boasted, to travel had risen to the rank of a maréchal-de-camp before the Revolution broke out. from the Tweed to the Pentland Firth, eating He warmly every meal and sleeping every night on his own espoused its cause, and contributed much to its lands. These vast possessions passed to his grand-progress in Alsace. In 1792, he received the comson, George, the fifth earl, who, in 1593, founded mand of the Army of the Centre on the Moselle, the Marischal College and University of Aberdeen. repelled the Duke of Brunswick, and delivered Its walls were inscribed with the words: THAY France by the famous cannonade of Valmy. Yet, on HAIF SAID: QUHAT SAY THAY LAT THAME SAY;' allegation of treason against the republic, he was in allusion, it would seem, to the popular reproach imprisoned for ten months, and only liberated on which the earl had brought upon himself by adding the fall of Robespierre. He afterwards rendered the lands of the ancient abbey of Deer (q. v.) to his important services in Italy, and on the erection already overgrown estates. The story ran, that his of the Empire he was made a marshal and a duke, wife earnestly entreated him to forego the spoil. In the campaigns of 1809 and 1812, he commanded the reserves on the Rhine. At the Restoration, he attached himself to the Bourbons. He was moderate and constitutional in his views. September 1820.

'But fourteen score chalders of meal and bear was a

sore temptation,' says Patrick Gordon of Cluny, and the earl was deaf to her entreaties. Hereupon, it is said, she dreamed a dream, which was thought to portend the downfall of the House of Keith. She saw the monks of Deer set themselves to work to hew down the crag of Dunnottar with their penknives, and while she was laughing them to scorn, behold the whole crag, with all its strong and stately buildings, was undermined and fallen in the sea.' This was written before 1660. Within little more than half a century, Duunottar was in ruins, and its lord a landless exile. At the age of 22, George, the tenth and last Earl Marischal, took part with his younger brother James in the rising of 1715. He was attainted, and his estates (yielding £1676 a year) were forfeited; but he himself escaped abroad, where he rose to distinction in the Prussian service. His communication to the British government of a political secret which he learned when Prussian ambassador at Madrid, procured his pardon in 1759. A year or two afterwards, he revisited Scotland, and bought back part of the family estates, but refused the proffered restoration of the family titles. He speedily returned to Prussia, and died there in 1778 at the age of 86. His brother, who

He died 12th

KELLS (originally, Kenlis), an ancient corporate town of the county of Meath, Leinster, Ireland, is situated on the Blackwater, 13 miles north-northwest of Trim, and has been associated, from a very early period, with the most important events of Irish history, sacred and profane. The town originated in a monastery, which was founded in the middle of the 6th c. by St Columba, and among its antiquities, which are most numerous and interesting, are shewn a stone-roofed cell or chapel, evidently of very great antiquity, and popularly regarded as built by St Columba. K. was frequently plundered in the wars of the Danes, and after the Conquest, it became an important stronghold of the Pale. It was a bishop's see, and before the act of union, it returned two members to the Irish parliament. Its oldest charter is of 11 and 12 Richard II. This was modified by several succeeding charters, under which the municipal body was maintained until the Irish Municipal Reform Act, which created a body of town commissioners. The population in 1851 was 3997; in 1861, it had fallen to 3225, of whom

KELP-KEMBLE

2988 were Roman Catholics, and 331 members of at Selkirk in the year 1113, by King David L., the Established Church.

It

The more

when Prince of Cumbria, and transplanted, after his accession to the Scottish throne in 1124, 'to KELP (Fr. varec) is the crude alkaline matter the church of the blessed Virgin Mary, on the produced by the combustion of sea-weeds, of which bank of the Tweed beside Roxburgh, in the place the most valued for this purpose are, Fucus vesicu-called Calkou.' The abbey was ruined by the losus, F. nodosus, F. serratus, Laminaria digitata, English under the Earl of Hertford in 1545, and ali L. bulbosa, Himanthalia lorea, and Chorda filum. that now remains of it is part of the Abbey Church. These are dried in the sun, and then burned in It is in the later Norman or Romanesque style, and shallow excavations at a low heat. About 20 or had a nave of two bays, north and south transepts 24 tons of sea-weed yield one ton of kelp, which, each of two bays, a central tower still 91 feet high, as met with in commerce, consists of hard, dark- and a choir of unascertained length. gray or bluish masses, which have an acrid, caustic modern parts of the town are well built. A handtaste, and are composed of chloride of sodium, of carbonate of soda (formed by the decomposition with its suburb of Maxwellheugh, and commands a some bridge, designed by Rennie, connects Kelso of the organic salts of soda), sulphates of soda and noble view. On the north-west of the town, in the potash, chloride of potassium, iodide of potassium midst of a beautiful park, is Floors Castle, the seat or sodium, insoluble salts, and colouring matter. used to be the great source of soda (the crude from the design of Sir John Vanbrugh, and was of the Duke of Roxburgh: it was built in 1718, carbonate); but as this salt can now be obtained enlarged and improved by the present duke from at a lower price and a better quality from the the designs of the late Mr Playfair of Edinburgh. decomposition of sea-salt, it is prepared in far less On the opposite bank of the Tweed are the ruins of quantity than formerly. A ton of good kelp will Roxburgh Castle, once the strongest fortress on the yield about eight pounds of iodine (which is eastern border. The town of Roxburgh, which rose solely obtained from this source), large quantities of under the shelter of its walls to be one of the four chloride of potassium, and additionally, by destruc- chief towns in Scotland, has so completely disap tive distillation, a large quantity (from four to ten peared, that scarcely a vestige of it remains. gallons) of volatile oil, from four to fifteen gallons was made a burgh of barony in 1634. It has no of paraffine oil, three or four gallons of naphtha, manufactures, and little trade, although three newsand from one and a half to four hundred-weight of papers are published in it. Its population in 1861 sulphate of ammonia.'--Ansted's Channel Islands, p. 515. Except the iodine and chloride of potassium, none of these substances are obtained under the present treatment.

In Brittany, the total annual production of kelp has amounted to 24,000 tons, but in all the British Islands the total manufacture to only 10,000 tons. Professor Ansted, in the work already quoted, shews that the manufacture of kelp might be made a source of great wealth to the Channel Isles. The Guernsey sea-weed is stated by Professor Graham to be the richest known source of iodine, and the increasing demand for that substance for photographic purposes renders the subject highly important. From the numerical data given in pp. 514, 515, of the Channel Islands, it appears that they might yield annually about 10,000 tons of kelp, worth about £4 per ton. The British supply would thus be exactly doubled.

Before the remission of the duty on salt and on Spanish barilla, the kelp manufacture was carried on to a very large extent, and the value of many estates in the Scottish Highlands and Hebrides greatly increased in consequence of it. The rent of some farms in the Orkneys rose from £40 to £300 a year. Many thousand tons were made annually on the shores of Great Britain, which sold for £7 to £10 per ton, and employment was given to a great number of people. The manufacture is now almost extinct, and shores formerly worth £500 a year are now almost valueless, the ready production of soda from salt, and the repeal of the high salt duty, having ruined the kelp manufacture.

KELP, in point of law, if found beyond high-water mark, belongs to the owner of the adjacent land. The right to kelp is often let by the owner separately from the lands in the Highlands of Scotland.

KELSO, a town in Scotland, finely placed on the north bank of the Tweed, opposite to the point where that stream receives the waters of the Teviot. The name was anciently written Kalchu or Calchou, and is supposed to have had its origin in a precipitous bank abounding in gypsum, still called the Chalkheugh. The town derived its importance, if not its existence, from a richly endowed abbey of Tironensian monks, planted

was 4309.

K.

KEMBLE, JOHN PHILIP, son of Roger Kemble, an actor, was born at Prescot, in Lancashire, on the 1st February 1757. He received his education at a school in Worcester, afterwards at a Roman Catholic seminary in Staffordshire, and finally at the English College of Douai, in France. On his return to England, he adopted the stage as his profession, making his first appearance at Wolverhampton on January 8, 1776. On the 30th September 1783, he made his first appearance at Drury Lane in Hamlet-always a favourite character of his-and in 1790, he succeeded to the management of that theatre. In 1803, he purchased a share in Covent Garden Theatre, of which he also became manager. On the destruction of the building by fire, K. raised a new theatre, which was opened in 1809, the management of which he retained till the close of his theatrical career. In June 1817, he took leave of his patrons in London; and a few days thereafter a public dinner was given to him, under the presidency of Lord Holland. Thomas Campbell made his retirement from the stage the subject of a spirited set of verses. He finally took up his residence in Switzerland, where he died, on the 26th February 1823, aged sixty-six years.

K. was a great actor, and he loved to personate the loftier characters of the drama-kings, prelates, heroes. His figure was commanding, his voice sonorous and well modulated. He was especially successful in Brutus and Coriolanus; and the ancient playgoers, who remember his intonation and his Roman look, find the stage of the present day comparatively unworthy of regard.

KEMBLE, CHARLES, brother of the foregoing, was born at Brecknock, in South Wales, on the 25th November 1775. He received his education, like his brother, at Douai, and like him also, he, on his return to England, devoted himself to the stage. In April 1794, he made his first appearance at Drury Lane in the character of Malcolm. In July 1806, he married Miss De Camp, a lady who had distinguished herself in the walk of high-comedy. K., on being appointed Examiner of Plays, relinquished the stage on the 10th April 1840. He

KEMBLE KENDAL.

died on the 12th November 1854, having almost completed his 79th year.

for his researches in Anglo-Saxon literature and the KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHEL, chiefly distinguished early history of England, was the son of Charles Kemble, and was born in London, 1807. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1830, and afterwards that of M.A. While an undergraduate, he spent some time at Göttingen, under Jacob Grimm, which perhaps determined the bent of his mind towards AngloSaxon studies. The first fruits of these studies was en edition (1833) of the poem of Beowulf (q. v.), to a second edition of which he added a translation, with a glossary and notes. Not to mention several minor publications, he edited for the English Historical Society a valuable collection of charters of the Anglo-Saxon period, entitled Codex Diplomaticus Evi Saxonici, 2 vols. (1839-1840). But his most import ant work, which contains the chief results of all his researches, is The Saxons in England, 2 vols. (1849). This work is unfinished. The author had been making preparations for two more volumes, when he died suddenly, March 26, 1857. K. was for a good many years editor of the British and Foreign Review; he also held the office of Censor of Plays,

under the Lord Chamberlain.

in which it is attributed to the abbot, John Gersen, or Gesen, whom he regarded as clearly a distinct the voices of the learned-not alone individuals, person from the Chancellor Gerson. From the time of this discovery, three competitors have divided but public bodies, universities, religious orders, the Congregation of the Index, the parliament of Paris, and even the French Academy; and the assertors of these respective claims have carried into the conThe most recent and best account of the details of troversy no trifling amount of polemical acrimony. the discussion, as well as its history, will be found in Malou's Recherches historiques et critiques sur le véritable Auteur du Livre de l'Imitation de Jésus Christ (Louvain, 1849). We shall only state that M. Malou gives his verdict in favour of the claim of Thomas à K., an opinion in which the learned have now generally acquiesced. The first edition of the Imitation was printed at Augsburg, in 1486, and before the end of that century, it was reprinted upwards of 20 times in Germany. The most remarkable modern edition is a Heptaglot, printed at Sulzbach (1837), containing, besides the original, later versions in Italian, Spanish, French, German, English, and Greek. The theology of the Imitation is almost purely ascetical, and (except in the 4th book, which regards the Eucharist, and is based on the doctrine of the real presence) the work has been used indiscriminately by Christians of all denominations.

tained in 1867, 10,998 inhabitants, and is divided into the abbatial town (Stifts-Stadt) and the city proper, which lies in the plain at the foot of the considerable trade, and carries on manufactures of hill on which the abbey stands. It is a place of cotton and linen.

KEMPIS, THOMAS À, so called from his native place, Kempen, a village in the diocese of Cologne, KEMPTEN (anciently, Campodunum, Campiwas born probably in 1379. His family name was dona), a city of Bavaria, situated on the river Iller, Hämerken (Latinised, Malleolus, Little-hammer'). He was educated at Deventer, and in 1400 entered 64 miles south-south-west of Augsburg, with which Like most of the the Augustinian convent of Agnetenberg, near Zwoll, Swabian cities, K. grew up around a monastery, it is connected by railway. in the diocese of Utrecht, of which his brother John which was founded by the disciples of the great was prior, and in which he took the vows in 1406. Irish missionary monk, St Gall, about the end of the He entered into priest's orders in 1413, and was 7th century. Partly by the favour of the emperors, chosen sub-prior in 1429, to which office he was re-elected in 1448. His whole life appears to have of the period, the abbots of the monastery were partly through the natural sequence of the events been spent in the seclusion of this convent, where the suzerains of the town and its environs, and he lived to an extreme old age. His death took place in 1471, at which time he certainly had attained of the empire (1348). In the secularisation of the eventually the abbot of K. became a prince-abbot his 90th year, and most probably his 92d. The character of K., for sanctity and ascetic learning, the common fate; the abbey, as well as the city ecclesiastical principalities in 1803-1804, it shared stood very high among his contemporaries, but his and territory-comprising at that time 7 markethistorical reputation rests almost entirely on his writ- towns, 85 villages, and above 40,000 inhabitants ings, which consist of sermons, ascetical treatises, being assigned to Bavaria. The present city conpious biographies, letters, and hymns. Of these, however, the only one which deserves special notice is the celebrated ascetical treatise On the Following (or Imitation) of Christ, the authorship of which is popularly ascribed to him. This celebrated book has had, next to the sacred Scripture itself, the largest umber of readers of which sacred literature, ancient or modern, can furnish an example. In its pages, according to Dean Milman (Latin Christianity, vi. 482), is gathered and concentred all that is elevating, passionate, profoundly pious in all the older mystics. No book, after the Holy Scripture, has been so often reprinted; none translated into so many languages, ancient and modern,' extending even to Greek and Hebrew, or so often retranslated. Sixty distinct versions are enumerated in French alone, and a single collection, formed at Cologne within the present century, comprised, although confessedly incomplete, no fewer than 500 distinct editions. It is strange that the authorship of a book so popular, and of a date comparatively so recent, should still be the subject of one of the most curious controversies in literary history. The book, up to the beginning of the 17th c., had been ascribed either to Thomas à K. or to the celebrated John Gerson (q. v.), chancellor of the university of Paris, except in one MS., which, by a palpable anachronism, attributes it to St Bernard; but in the year 1604, the Spanish Jesuit, Mauriquez, found a MS.

KE'NDAL, or KIRKBY KENDAL, a municipal and parliamentary borough of England, in the county of Westmoreland, is situated on the right bank of the Kent, 22 miles south-south-west of Appleby. Here, in the reign of Edward III., a settlement of Flemings, under a certain John Kemp, was formed, and afterwards the town became well known for its manufactures of woollen cloths, called, from the name of the town, Kendals. The letter of protec tion, dated 1331, and granted by King Edward III., on behalf of John Kempe of Flanders, cloth weaver, concerning the exercise of his craft,' may be found in Rymer's Fadera, vol. ii. p. 283. The name, Kendals,' is still applied to the cloths produced here, which, with carpets, worsted stockings, cottons, linsey-woolseys, doeskins, tweeds, and coat-linings, are the staple manufactures of the town. in the immediate vicinity are also several mills, dye, marble, and paper works. The weekly market is the chief one for corn and provisions in the county. K. returns one member to the imperial parliament. Pop. (1861) 12,020.