KÜSTRIN-KYTHUL. Istria, and the town of Trieste with its territory. It lies between the crown-land of Carniola on the north-east and the Gulf of Venice on the south-west. Area, 3048 square miles; pop. 589,900. Together with the crown-lands of Carinthia and Carniola, it constituted in former times the kingdom of Illyria. The surface is mountainous. The chief rivers are the Isonzo and the Quieto. The soil in general is fruitful; figs ripen without almost any cultivation, and wine is extensively made. In the mountainous districts in the north and north-east the breeding of cattle is the chief branch of industry. Commerce is extensively carried on at the various seaports. KÜSTRI'N, a town of Prussia, and a fortress of the third rank, is situated in the midst of extensive morasses, at the confluence of the Warthe with the Oder, twenty miles north of Frankfurt. Pop. 9202. KUTAIEH, KUTAHIA, or KUTAYA (the ancient Coticum), an important town of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia, capital of the eyalet in which it is situated, stands seventy miles south-east of Brusa, on the Pursuk, a tributary of the Sakaria the ancient Sangarius. It is said to have a good trade, and a population of about 50,000. KUTAI'S. See TRANSCAUCASIA. KUTTENBERG, a mining town of Bohemia, about forty miles east-south-east of Prague. Here, in 1237, silver was found, and the silver-mines were first worked. The first silver groschen were struck here in 1300. The silver-mines have not been worked for about 300 years, the chief mineral products of the district being now copper and lead. Cotton-spinning, cotton-printing, and bleaching, are also carried on. Pop. 10,500. the campaign to its successful termination; but his strength was exhausted, and he died at Bunzlau, 28th April 1813. He owes his name-which literally means 'having a KUVERA, the Hindu Plutus, or god of wealth. wretched (ku) body (vera)'-to the deformities with which he is invested by Hindu mythology. He is represented as having three heads, three legs, and but eight teeth; his eyes are green, and in the place of one he has a yellow mark; he wears an earring. but only in one ear; and though he is properly of a black colour, his belly is whitened by a leprous taint. He is seated in a car (pushpaka), which is drawn by hobgoblins. His residence, Alaká, is situated in the mines of Mount Kailasa, and he is attended by the Yakshas, Mâyus, Kinnaras, and other imps, anxiously guarding the entrance to his garden, Chaitraratha, the abode of all riches. Nine treasures-apparently precious gems-are especially intrusted to his care. His wife is a hobgoblin, Yakshi, or Yakshini, and their children are two sons and a daughter. As one of the divinities that preside over the regions, he is considered also to be the protector of the north. KYANISING, the most efficacious method of preserving ships from Dry Rot (q. v.), by injecting sublimate, was invented by John H. Kyan, who into the pores of the wood a solution of corrosive was born in Dublin, November 27, 1774, and died in 1850. KYLE, a district of Ayrshire (q. v.). KY'RIÉ ELEI'SON (Gr. Kyrie eleëson, Lord have mercy), a form of prayer which occurs in all the ancient Greek liturgies, and is retained in the Roman Catholic mass. It follows immediately after the Introit, and forms the introduction to the hymn of praise, Gloria in excelsis Deo' (Glory to God on high). The retention of the Greek language in this prayer, is one of many evidences of the predominance of the Greek element in the early Roman Church (Milman's Latin Christianity, i. 10). The same peculiarity occurs in a few others of the Roman services, especially those of the Holy Week. KUTUSOW, MICHAEL LAURIONOWITSCH GOLENITSCHEW, Prince of Smolenskoi, a Russian fieldmarshal, born in 1745, early entered the Russian army, and in 1787 was appointed governor-general of the Crimea. He distinguished himself in the Turkish war, and after various other services, was appointed in 1805 to the command of the first corps d'armée against the French. On 18th and 19th November of that year, he was victorious over KYTHU'L, the chief town of the Indian district Marshal Mortier at Dürenstein. He was second in of the same name, about 1000 miles to the northcommand of the allied army, of which the Emperor west of Calcutta, in lat. 29° 49′ N., and long. 76° 28' Alexander himself was commander-in-chief, at Aus- E. It is substantially built of brick, having a lofty terlitz. In 1811-1812, he commanded the Russian palace, which looks down from a beautiful grove army in the war against the Turks, and notwith-on a spacious sheet of water. It was only in 1843 standing his advanced age, he succeeded Barclay de Tolly in 1812, as commander-in-chief of the army against the French, and obtained a great victory over Davout and Ney at Smolensk. He carried on 826 that the territory fell to the English East India Company, having lapsed through the failure of heirs. It then comprised more than 500 villages, with a revenue of £44,000. L LABEL. See DRIPSTONE. LABEL (Fr. lambeau, a strip or shred), the ribbon pendent at the sides of a mitre or coronet. THE twelfth letter of our alphabet, of the emperor and his family, and sometimes a was called Lamed, i. e., 'ox-goad,' by figure of Christ woven in gold. the Hebrews, doubtless from its resemblance to that implement-a resemblance still traceable in the Phoenician. L belongs to the order of consonants called Liquids, and LABEL, LAMBEL, or FILE, in Heraldry, the has the closest affinity to R. In some mark of cadency which distinguishes the eldest son languages, there is only one sign for both, in his father's lifetime, familiar to us from its as in Pehlwi; and in others, the one or entering into the composition of the arms of the the other sound is altogether wanting. Hence Prince of Wales and other members of the royal the numerous substitutions of the one sound for family. It consists of a horizontal the other in the Aryan languages. Thus, Eng. stripe or fillet, with three points plum, Ger. pflaume, from Lat. prunus; Eng. pil- depending from it (fig. 1). When grim, Lat. peregrinus; Gr. or Lat. epistola, Fr. the mark of cadency itself is desig épitre; the Swiss peasants pronounce Kirche, nated a file, its points are called labels. It is said that the eldest son's eldest son Kilche; and the Lat. termination -alis becomes, after l, -aris-as, materi-alis, famili-aris. L is also should wear a label of five points in his grandinterchangeable with n-as, Gr. pneumon, Lat. father's lifetime, and, similarly, the great-grandson pulmo; and, rather strangely, with D (q. v.). In a label of seven points, two points being added for The label extended originally certain combinations, the of Latin words has each generation. become i in Italian- —as, planus, piano; Florentia, Firenze. In Eng. I is often mute, as in calm, yolk, should. In the Scottish dialect, it is mostly mute in the end of words-as, fa', fu', a', for fall, full, all. Similar to this is the frequent melting of into u in modern French-thus, à le has become au; chevals, chevaux. LA. See SOLMISATION. LAA'LAND, or LOLLAND (i. e., low land), a Danish island in the Baltic, at the southern entrance to the Great Belt. Area, 452 square miles; population about 56,000. The surface is remarkably flat, and the soil exceedingly fruitful. Forests of beech and oak cover upwards of 50 square miles. The chief town is Nakskov, with a pop. of 3375, a good harbour, and considerable trade. At Aatholm, near the Nysted Fiord, there is the largest, and in exotic plants the richest, private garden in the whole of Denmark. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. quite across the shield, and sometimes occupied the upper, though now it is always placed in the lower part of the chief: the points, at first rectangular, assumed in later times the form called pattée, dovetailed, or wedge-shaped; and more recently, the label ceased to be connected with the edges of the shield. Edward I., in his father's lifetime, bore the arms of England within a label not of three, but of five points azure, joined to the head of the shield, and interlaced with the tail of the uppermost lion (fig. 2); Edward II., when Prince of Wales, used indifferently the label of three or of five points, as also did Edward III.; but from the time of the Black Prince downwards, the eldest son of the king of England has invariably differenced his LA'BARUM (derivation uncertain), the famous arms with a label of three points argent, and the standard of the Roman emperor Constantine, practice has been for the younger sons also to bear designed to commemorate the miraculous vision labels, which are sometimes of other colours and of the cross in the sky, which is said to have more points, and differenced by being charged appeared to him on his way to attack Maxentius, with fleurs-de-lis, castles, torteaux, hearts, crosses, and to have been the moving cause of his conversion &c., as directed by the sovereign by sign-manual The practice to Christianity. It was a long pike or lance, with registered in the College of Arms. a short transverse bar of wood attached near its of differencing by the label which is thus in viridi observantia in our own and other royal families, extremity, so as to form something like a cross. On the point of the lance was a golden crown is less used by subjects. Like other marks of sparkling with gems, and in its centre the myste- cadency, labels are sometimes borne as permanent rious monogram of the cross and the initial letters distinctions by a particular branch of a family. of the name of Christ, with the occasional addition LABIATE (Lamiaceae of Lindley), a natural of the Greek letters A and From the cross-order of exogenous plants, containing almost 2500 beam depended a square purple banner, decorated with precious stones, and surrounded by a rich border of gold embroidery. The cross was substituted for the eagle, which had formerly been depicted on the Roman standards, and there were sometimes other emblems of the Saviour. In the space between the crown and the cross were heads known species, mostly natives of temperate climates. They are herbaceous, or more rarely half-shrubby, and have 4-cornered stems and opposite branches; and opposite leaves, without stipules, abounding in receptacles of volatile oil. The flowers are often in cymes or heads, or in whorls; sometimes solitary. The calyx is inferior, with five or ten teeth, or LABORATORY-LABOURERS. 2-lipped. The corolla is hypogynous, 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed. The stamens are four, two long and two short, or by abortion only two, inserted into the corolla. The ovary is deeply 4-lobed, seated in a fleshy disk, each lobe containing a single ovule; there is a single style with a bifid stigma. The fruit consists of 1-4 achenia, enclosed within the persistent calyx.-A general characteristic of this order is an aromatic fragrance, which in many species is very agreeable, and makes them favourites in our gardens. Some are weeds with an unpleasant odour. Many are natives of Britain. Some are used in medicine, and others in cookery for flavouring. Mint, Marjoram, Rosemary, Lavender, Sage, Basil, Savory, Thyme, Horehound, Balm, Patchouli, Germander, and Dead Nettle, are examples of this order. LABORATORY, ROYAL, an extensive military manufacturing department in Woolwich Arsenal. Although it has existed for many years, it was only in 1855 that the present very large establishment was organised. Here are foundries for the casting of shot, shell, grape, &c.; apparatus for the manufacture of percussion-caps, which are formed -hundreds at a time-out of the copper sheet; presses where rifle-bullets are squeezed into shape; fuses in all stages of manufacture; and a thousand other instances of combined ingenuity and power. Conspicuous among the mechanism may be mentioned the making of paper for cartridges, and subsequently the making and filling of the cartridges themselves. Government liberally grants permission (through the War Office) to inspect the factory. The cost of the Laboratory varies according to the accumulation of stores, from £503,935 in 1861-1862 to £195,743 in 1863-1864. There are laboratories -though on a comparatively small scale-at Portsmouth and Devonport. LABOUR, in Political Economy, a term so dependent for its meaning on the circumstances in which it is used, that any scientific definition of it would lead to misunderstanding. The best service, in fact, towards rendering it intelligible, is to clear away some attempts that have been made to subject it to scientific analysis and definition. It has been separated into productive and unproductive, but no such division can be fixed. A turner who puts a piece of wood on his lathe and makes a top is of 828 course a productive labourer. The same quality cannot be denied to the man who beams a web for the loom; but if he shares in the production of the cloth, so does the overseer who walks about and adjusts the industrial arrangements of the manufactory. Having included him, we cannot well say that the policeman, who keeps order in the district, and enables its manufactures to go on, should be excluded. Again, the man who contributes to make a book, of course appears as a productive labourer; but what the author contributes is not matter, but intellect; and it would be difficult to maintain that he ceases to be productive if he deliver such matter in an oration or a sermon. We can hardly count the distiller, who makes a glass of whisky, a productive labourer, and exclude the musician, who produces another and less dangerous excitement. line between bodily and intellectual labour, since It is equally impossible to draw the there is scarcely a work to which man can put his hand which does not require some amount of thought. A distinction between capital and labour has often been attempted to be established with very fallacious and dangerous results. active operation infers that its owner labours. If Capital in the capital is not laboured, the owner must be content to let it lie at ordinary interest. If he want profit from it, he must labour, and often severely. In a large manufactory, where the prodrawing his fortune from the sweat of the brow of prietor is supposed to be a gentleman at large, his fellow-men, he is often the most anxious and the hardest-worked man in the whole establishment. LABOURERS. The only peculiar laws affecting labourers are where they come within the description of servants in husbandry, artificers, calico-printers, handicraftsmen, miners, colliers, keelmen, pitmen, glassmen, potters, labourers, or other persons'-the word 'labourer' applying to a description of employ. ment which, though comprehensive, is difficult to be defined. There must be a contract of service of some kind. The peculiarity consists in a summary remedy being provided for and against them before justices of the peace, who may compel them to serve out the time they contracted for, under a penalty of fine or imprisonment, and on the other hand, may order the masters to pay the wages. See SERVANTS. Labourers' wages are prohibited from being paid in kind or with goods, by the Truck Act (q. v.). END OF VOL. V. |