XI. Final breaking away of the Theological Theory in Medicine.

Changes incorporated in the American Book of Common Prayer

Effect on the theological view of the growing knowledge of the relation

between imagination and medicine

Effect of the discoveries in hypnotism

PAGE

58,59

59

60, 61

61

61, 62

62, 63

64

In bacteriology.

Relation between ascertained truth and the "

ages of faith"

CHAPTER XIV.

FROM FETICH TO HYGIENE.

I. The Theological View of Epidemics and Sanitation.

The recurrence of great pestilences.

Their early ascription to the wrath or malice of unseen powers

Their real cause want of hygienic precaution

67

69

Great.

Sanction given to the sacred theory of pestilence by Pope Gregory the

Modes of propitiating the higher powers

70

71

New developments of fetichism.-The blood of St. Januarius at Naples 78-80

Appearance of better methods in Italy.-In Spain

II. Gradual Decay of Theological Views regarding Sanitation.

Comparative freedom of England from persecutions for plague-bringing,

in spite of her wretched sanitary condition

Aid sought mainly through church services

Effects of the great fire in London

Difficulty of reconciling the theological theory of pestilences with accu-

The law governing the relation of theology to disease

Recent victories of hygiene in all countries

In England.-Chadwick and his fellows.

In France.

IV. The Relation of Sanitary Science to Religion.

The progress of sanitary science not at the cost of religion

Illustration from the policy of Napoleon III in France

Effect of proper sanitation on epidemics in the United States.

Change in the attitude of the Church toward the cause and cure of pes.

tilence

94, 95

CHAPTER XV.

FROM "DEMONIACAL POSSESSION

TO INSANITY.

I. Theological Ideas of Lunacy and its Treatment.

The struggle for the scientific treatment of the insane

The primitive ascription of insanity to evil spirits.

Better Greek and Roman theories-madness a disease

The Christian Church accepts the demoniacal theory of insanity

Yet for a time uses mild methods for the insane

Growth of the practice of punishing the indwelling demon

97

97, 98

98,99
99-101

IOI, 102

Two sources whence better things might have been hoped.-The reasons

of their futility.

The growth of exorcism

Use of whipping and torture

103, 104

104, 105

106-109

109, 110

The part of art and literature in making vivid to the common mind the

idea of diabolic activity

The effects of religious processions as a cure for mental disease

Exorcism of animals possessed of demons

Belief in the transformation of human beings into animals

The doctrine of demoniacal possession in the Reformed Church

II. The Beginnings of a Healthful Scepticism.

Rivalry between Catholics and Protestants in the casting out of devils

Increased belief in witchcraft during the period following the Reforma-

tion.

Increase of insanity during the witch persecutions

Theories as to the modes of diabolic entrance into the possessed

Influence of monastic life on the development of insanity

Protests against the theological view of insanity-Wier, Montaigne,

III. The Final Struggle and Victory of Science.-Pinel and Tuke.

Influence of French philosophy on the belief in demoniacal possession 124, 125

Reactionary influence of John Wesley

132, 133

134

General indifference toward the sufferings of madmen

The beginnings of a more humane treatment

Jean Baptiste Pinel .

Improvement in the treatment of the insane in England.-William

Tuke.

The place of Pinel and Tuke in history

CHAPTER XVI.

FROM DIABOLISM TO HYSTERIA.

I. The Epidemics of "Possession."

Survival of the belief in diabolic activity as the cause of such epidemics 135

Epidemics of hysteria in classical times

136

In the Middle Ages.

136, 137

The dancing mania.

137, 138

Inability of science during the fifteenth century to cope with such dis-

eases

Dying-out of this form of mental disease in northern Europe.

Cases of possession brought within the scope of medical research during

the sixteenth century.

139

The Ursulines of Loudun and Urbain Grandier

Possession among the Huguenots

In New England.-The Salem witch persecution

At Paris.-Alleged miracles at the grave of Archdeacon Paris

In Germany.-Case of Maria Renata Sänger

More recent outbreaks

II. Beginnings of Helpful Scepticism.

Outbreaks of hysteria in factories and hospitals

In places of religious excitement

The case at Morzine

159-162

Similar cases among Protestants and in Africa

163

III. Theological Suggestions of Compromise.-Final Triumph of the Sci-

entific View and Methods.

Successful dealings of medical science with mental diseases

163

Attempts to give a scientific turn to the theory of diabolic agency in dis-

ease

164

Last great demonstration of the old belief in England

165

Final triumph of science in the latter half of the present century

Last echoes of the old belief.

165, 166

167

CHAPTER XVII.

FROM BABEL TO COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY.

I. The Sacred Theory in its First Form.

Difference of the history of Comparative Philology from that of other sci-

ences as regards the attitude of theologians

Curiosity of early man regarding the origin, the primitive form, and the

PAGE

168

The real reason for the building of towers by the Chaldeans and the
causes of their ruin

Other legends of a confusion of tongues

172

Influence upon Christendom of the Hebrew legends
Lucretius's theory of the origin of language

172, 173

The teachings of the Church fathers on this subject

The controversy as to the divine origin of the Hebrew vowel points
Attitude of the reformers toward this question

Of Catholic scholars.-Marini.

Capellus and his adversaries

The treatise of Danzius

II. The Sacred Theory of Language in its Second Form.

Theological theory that Hebrew was the primitive tongue, divinely re-

vealed

179, 180

This theory supported by all Christian scholars until the beginning of the
eighteenth century

180-187

III. Breaking down of the Theological View.

Reason for the Church's ready acceptance of the conclusions of compara-

tive philology

189

The collections of Catharine the Great, of Hervas, and of Adelung 190, 191

Chaotic period in philology between Leibnitz and the beginning of the

study of Sanskrit

191

Illustration from the successive editions of the Encyclopædia Britan

Destruction of the belief that all created things were first named by

Adam

Of the belief in the divine origin of letters

Attempts in England to support the old theory of language

193, 194

194

194, 195

195, 196

197

198, 199

Gradual disappearance of the old theories regarding the origin of speech

Full acceptance of the new theories by all Christian scholars

The result to religion, and to the Bible

204, 205

206, 207

208

CHAPTER XVIII.

FROM THE DEAD SEA LEGENDS TO COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY.

I. The Growth of Explanatory Transformation Myths.

Growth of myths to account for remarkable appearances in Nature-

mountains, rocks, curiously marked stones, fossils, products of vol-

canic action

Myths of the transformation of living beings into natural objects
Development of the science of Comparative Mythology.

II. Medieval Growth of the Dead Sea Legends.

Description of the Dead Sea

209-214

215-219

219, 220

221, 222

Impression made by its peculiar features on the early dwellers in Pales-
tine.

Reasons for selecting the Dead Sea myths for study

Naturalness of the growth of legend regarding the salt region of

223

224

224, 225

226

Concurrent testimony of early and medieval writers, Jewish and Christian,

respecting the existence of Lot's wife as a "pillar of salt," and of the

other wonders of the Dead Sea.

Discrepancies in the various accounts and theological explanations of

them.

Theological arguments respecting the statue of Lot's wife

Growth of the legend in the sixteenth century.

233

234

234, 235

III. Post-Reformation Culmination of the Dead Sea Legends.-Beginnings

Signs of scepticism among travellers near the end of the sixteenth century 238

Effort of Quaresmio to check this tendency

Of Eugène Roger

of Wedelius

Influence of these teachings

Renewed scepticism-the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Efforts of Briemle and Masius in support of the old myths

Their influence.

239

240

240

241

242, 243

243, 244

245