atarrh (Gr. katarreo, 'I flow | down'), a disease of great frequency in temperate latitudes, especially in changeable moist climates in the winter season. From its well-known connection with sudden falls of temperature, and other epidemic or atmospheric causes (see INFLUENZA), as also from the chill often experienced at the commencement of the disease, it is popularly called a cold-a term, however, perhaps somewhat less definite in its meaning than catarrh, which word is usually restricted to the case of a cold affecting the chest, and attended with discharge of mucus by coughing. A cold in the head' is termed, in strict scientific language, Coryza; we shall, however, keep both forms in view in the present article. Catarrh, or cold, commonly begins with a feeling of chilliness, which may or may not be attributable to external causes. Sometimes this is absent, there being only a sense of languor and indisposition; not unfrequently there is no sensation of an unusual kind, until a stuffing is experienced in the nostrils, or severe headache, or hoarseness with cough, or oppression of the breathing. It most 'commonly attacks the nostrils first, and afterwards the air-passages leading to the chest. But the mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth are often affected, as well as those of the nose, throat, and lungs; and the disease may begin in any of these situations, and either spread to them all or leave one or more unaffected. When it habitually attacks the chest, without running through its ordinary course as indicated above, there is often some special cause of delicacy in the lungs, or some constitutional tendency towards Consumption (q.v.). The affected mucous membrane is at first abnormally red and swollen, and its secretion diminished. But it soon begins to pour out a discharge, at first watery, but afterwards glairy and of a yellowish colour, or purulent. The early stages of the disease are attended by considerable irritation of the surfaces affected, and probably no one of the little miseries of life is more prostrating and discouraging for the time than a bad cold in the head. The tendency of catarrh to attack the chest, and thus to pass into Bronchitis (q.v.) or Pneumonia (q.v.), or to lay the foundation of tubercular disease, constitutes almost its only danger. The treatment of a cold is commonly a simple matter, so far as the particular attack is concerned. But so many colds disappear in a little time without any special treatment that few persons, unless in delicate health, are willing to subject themselves to the confinement which is necessary to give any form of treatment a chance of success. In the earliest stage a warm hip or foot bath, and a large opiate (Dover's powder especially) at bedtime, if followed by confinement to the house, and, in severe cases, to bed or to the sofa for a day or two, light farinaceous diet, and, if the stomach and bowels are at all loaded, a dose or two of some gentle laxative, will generally cut short the disease. In some persons it yields readily and quickly to spirit of camphor, five drops on a lump of sugar every half-hour; but in others no effect is produced. Free bathing of the nose with hot water may relieve the irritability and discharge. In most cases frequent sipping of warm soothing drinks-gruel, barley-water, black-currant tea, &c.-is grateful to the patient; sometimes ice gives more relief. Some persons cure their colds by entire abstinence from food, and as much as possible from drink; others by spirit of mindererus and paregoric; some even profess to carry out the popular maxim, 'stuff a cold, and starve a fever,' and maintain that a good dinner and a tumbler of whisky or brandy toddy are the best specifics. That colds get well under all these methods need not be denied; but multiplied experience has shown that stuffing a cold' at its commencement is by no means to be commended. In the later stages, however, a more liberal diet than at first, and in some cases even a moderate allowance of stimulants, affords considerable relief from the feeling of depression that remains for a time on the subsidence of a catarrh. The tendency to this disease, when habitual, and when not dependent on any form of constitutional disorder requiring special means for its cure, is best met by the daily use of the cold bath, with frequent exercise in the open air, and proper ventilation of the sleepingapartment; also by friction of the skin, and by clothing which, without being oppressive, is comfortably warm. Exposure to draughts or sudden chills when the surface is perspiring is to be avoided; but a close confined air habitually breathed in a workshop or bedroom is a fruitful predisposing cause of the disease. Catarrh or catarrhal inflammation is also used in modern pathology of an inflammation with the characters above described in any mucous membrane whatever; we have, for example, catarrh of the stomach, intestines, bladder, &c. × Catarrhini, Old-World monkeys, with a narrow partition between the nostrils, with a dental formula, and including two distinct sets of forms, (a) the lower dog-like' apes (Cynomorpha), and (b) the higher man-like' forms (Anthropomorpha). See APE, ANTHROPOID APES, MONKEY. Catawba, a name of wines, both still and sparkling, produced in various parts of the United States from the Catawba grape, the fruit of a variety of the Vitis Labrusca, a North American and Asiatic species, from which have been derived most of the cultivated North American varieties of the vine. It is often said that it was first found growing on the banks of the Catawba River' (in North and South Carolina); but it is on record that it was named by Major Adlum, who found it growing wild near Washington, D.C., about 1825. Catawba wines are of various grades, the best being of very decided value. The vine is extremely prolific, the fruit being large, of a deep coppery red, and very sweet. The Catawba grape does best on southern slopes, and on limestone soils. Its slight musky aroma pervades the wines made from it, and causes some connoisseurs to reject all but the very choicest of the vintage from the catalogue of first-class wines. Cat-bird (Turdus or Galeoscoptes carolinensis), an American thrush, of the same group as the mocking-bird, which it resembles in its vocal powers. Its name refers to its mew-like cry when disturbed. It feeds on many kinds of fruit and berries, also on worms and insects; builds a large nest of dry twigs, weeds, &c., without any attempt at concealment, in a bush or tree, often in the immediate vicinity of human habitations, and shows extraordinary boldness in the defence of its young. It is a bird of passage, making its way northward in spring through Georgia and Carolina as far as Massachusetts. In winter it migrates southwards, and strayed specimens have been seen as great rarities on the continental coast of the North Sea. Catch, a species of musical composition peculiar to England, written generally in three or four parts, and in the canon form. It was originally synonymous with the Round (q.v.), but the name has been appropriated to a species of it to which an absurd or humorous effect is given by the successive entries of the parts, interrupting or distorting the sense of the words into a new and unexpected meaning. They abounded in the Restoration period, when, as may be surmised, they often had a more than questionable coarseness. Hayes, Webbe, and Callcott, towards the end of last century, were fertile composers in this form. The Catch Club' was founded in 1761. CATECHISM Catchfly, the name of the genus Silene, of which many species produce a sticky secretion on the calyx, the joints of the stem, &c., which prevents the access of ants and other creeping insects to the honey, so preserving it for the bees or other flying insects by which alone cross fertilisation is effected. Other Caryophyllaceae, notably Lychnis Viscaria, possess the same means of defence. The Nottingham Catchfly is Silene nutans. The unrelated Dionaea muscipula is also sometimes called the Carolina Catchfly. See DIONÆA. Catchpoll, a sheriff's officer or bailiff, who had power to arrest. From catch and poll, the head; ' not as is suggested by the spelling catchpole from pole; though in various places a long pole was in having at the end of it an iron collar with a use for catching or holding criminals by the neck, V-shaped opening, occasionally armed with spikes on the inside. Cateau, LE, or CATEAU-CAMBRESIS, a town in the French department of Nord, on the Selle, 14 miles ESE. of Cambrai. Pop. (1891) 10,529. Here in 1559 the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was concluded between Henry II. of France and Philip II. of Spain. Catechism, any compendious system of teaching drawn up in the form of question and answer. It is derived, through low Latin, from a Greek word katecheō, which means to resound, or sound into one's ears; to instruct by word of mouth. Christianity were hence called Catechumens (q.v.). Persons undergoing instruction in the principles of Catechisms have long formed one of the principal truths and duties of the Christian religion. The means employed for popular instruction in the composition of the first catechisms was, in all probability, suggested by the ordinary oral instruction of catechumens, and was intended for the help both of teachers and pupils. It appears to have been in the 8th and 9th centuries that the first regular catechisms were compiled, of which that by Kero, a monk of St Gall, that of Notker Labeo of St Gall, and that ascribed to Otfried of Weissenburg in Alsace, are among the most noted. At later periods the use of catechisms prevailed chiefly among the opponents of the hierarchy, as among the Waldenses, the Albigenses, the Wyclifites, and, above all, among the Bohemian Brethren. The term catechism appears to have been first employed in its present sense among the latter. At an early period in the history of the Reformation the Reformers began to avail themselves of this method of popular instruction, and their catechisms became important instruments in that great religious movement. After Luther published in 1520 his primer of religion, entitled A Short Form of the Ten Commandments, the Creed, and the Lord's Prayer, several catechisms were prepared by leading Protestant theologians, that of Brenz (1527-28) being the most notable. In 1525 Justus Jonas and John Agricola had been intrusted with the preparation of a catechism, and Luther's visitation of the Saxon churches in 1528 led to his preparing his Larger and Smaller Catechisms (1529), which found a place among the standards of the Lutheran churches. The Larger he meant to be for teachers, the Smaller for the people. The latter has been constantly reprinted, and is very extensively used at the present day. A number of catechisms were published also by the theologians of the Reformed churches. The most noteworthy are the Geneva and Heidelberg catechisms, and those of Ecolampadius (Basel, 1526), Leo Judæ (Zurich, 1534), and Bullinger (Zurich, 1555). The Geneva catechisms, Larger and Smaller, were the work of Calvin. The latter was published in French in 1536 (Lat. ed. 1538); the former CATECHISM appeared in French in 1541 or 1542 (Lat. ed. 1545), was speedily translated into various languages, and became an acknowledged standard of the Reformed churches, not only in Switzerland but in the Low Countries, in France, and in Hungary. The First Book of Discipline of the Scottish Church (1560) directs that the children be taught this catechism -which catechism is the most perfect that ever yet was used in the kirk'-every 'Sonday' afternoon in the presence of the people. The Church of Geneva has set aside the authority of Calvin's catechisms. The Heidelberg or Palatinate Catechism is of greater importance, however, than any other as a standard of the Swiss Reformed churches. It was compiled by the Heidelberg theologians, Caspar Olevianus and Zacharias Ursinus, at the request of the Elector Frederic III. of the Palatinate; it was published in 1563, was approved by several synods, and recognised as a symbolical book by the Synod of Dort in 1619, and has been translated into all the languages of Europe. It is the standard of the Dutch and German Reformed churches of America. A tercentenary edition of this catechism published in German, Latin, and English at New York in 1863.-King James said at the Hampton Court Conference that in Scotland 'every one who was the son of a good man' thought himself competent to write a catechism. the Scottish Reformation must have been numerous. The catechisms of The most popular, until it was superseded by the Westminster Catechism, was John Craig's Smaller Catechism (Edin. 1581; edited by T. G Law, 1883). -The doctrines of the Socinians are embodied in the greater and smaller Racovian Catechisms (Polish ed. Racow, 1605; Latin ed. 1609). Besides a catechism of 1660, in the form of a conversation between father and son, said to have been written by George Fox, the Quakers have that of Robert Barclay (1673), in which the answers are in the language of the Bible, the distinctive peculiarities of the sect being involved in the questions. was A In the Church of Rome there were several catechisms published in Germany and elsewhere before the Tridentine settlement of doctrine. Scottish catechism, known as Archbishop Hamilton's, was issued by authority of a provincial council in 1552, and was ordered to be read in church by the parish priests. Council of Trent in its twenty-fourth session But in 1563 the determined to compose and prescribe for the whole church an authorised form of catechism, which the bishops were to have translated into the vulgar tongue, and expounded to the people by the curates. The work was, however, not carried through by the council itself, and Pius IV. intrusted its completion to a commission of four theologians. Eminent scholars were also appointed to perfect its latinity, and when finished in 1564 it was once again submitted to a new commission under Cardinal Sirletus. 1566 under the title Catechismus Romanus ex decreto It finally appeared in Concilii Tridentini Pii V. Pont. Max. jussu editus. In form it is not catechetical, and it is addressed, not to the people, but to the curates as a guide to them in their instructions. authority, but is ill adapted for popular use. It possesses very high lay teaching it has fallen into desuetude, and has been superseded by various catechisms of more For private origin. The most popular of these were prepared by the Jesuit Peter Canisius. His larger work, entitled Summa Doctrina et Institutionis Christiana, was published in 1554, and the shorter (1556) reached more than 400 editions, and was used in the schools of all countries. present day, as a general rule, each diocese possesses a catechism of its own approved by the In the bishop. In England the short Penny Catechism' is used by authority of all the bishops in concert. 3 of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church, The catechism called the Orthodox Confession metropolitan of Kief, and received symbolical authority from a synod at Jerusalem in 1672. was prepared about 1640 by Peter Mogilas, pared by order of Peter the Great in 1723. These It is often called the Larger Russian Catechism, to distinguish it from the Smaller Catechism prePlaton, metropolitan of Moscow (first published in were practically superseded by the catechisms of schools and churches of Russia.-Besides these cate1762), and of Philaret, also metropolitan of Moscow, chisms, which have a historic interest, or are of which has since 1839 been in general use in the importance from their symbolical character, there have appeared at all periods, since the ReformaCatholic, some doctrinal, some controversial, some devoted to particular subjects, as the sacraments, tion, many others, both Protestant and Roman didates for admission to the Lord's Supper, some or to particular purposes, as the preparation of canprevalent, that doctrinal abstracts are not the adapted to the mental capacity of very young best form in which religion can be presented to children, &c. The opinion, however, has become the young, and the use of catechisms has accordof other methods of instruction. ingly been in some measure relinquished in favour It which we are most familiar is the smaller one published in the Book of Common Prayer. It is The catechism of the Church of England with Baptismal Covenant, the Creed, the Ten Commandments, and the Lord's Prayer; the second in two parts: the first contains and explains the explains the two sacraments, Baptism and the certainty who was the author of the first part; probably Cranmer and Ridley had the principal Lord's Supper. hand in framing the questions and answers. It is not known with absolute was originally put forth in the reign of Edward VI., and condemned as heretical in the reign of Mary, and underwent several modifications from 1549 to 1661. It must not be confounded with Cranmer's Catechism (1548), which was a larger work, differently arranged, and probably translated chiefly from the Latin catechism of Justus Jonas. This first part the Shorter Catechism. There was a larger church of the church catechism was formerly spoken of as lished, together with the 42 Articles, in 1553, and it catechism compiled also in the reign of Edward corresponds in some degree with the smaller work VI. by Poynet, Bishop of Winchester, and pubabove described. · enlarged by Dean Nowell, and published in 1570; The Larger and Shorter Catechisms, which, with the Westminster Confession of Faith, constitute the standards or symbolical books of the Presbyterian churches throughout the British empire and the United States of America, were compiled by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster (q.v.): the Shorter Catechism to be a directory for catechising such as are of weaker capacity; the Larger, for catechising such as have made some proficiency in the knowledge of the Christian religion.' The Larger Catechism was presented to the English House of Commons on 22d October 1647; the Shorter on the 25th November 1647and both, with proofs added, on or before the 14th April 1648; and in July 1648 both received the sanction of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland-the General Assembly, in the act approving of the Larger Catechismi, declaring it to be a rich treasure for increasing knowledge among the people of God,' and that they bless the Lord that so excellent a catechism has been prepared.' The Shorter Catechism has, however, been far more generally used for the purpose of instruction than the Larger, which has been generally felt to be too minute in its statements, and too burdensome to the memory to be employed as a catechism. Even the Shorter Catechism is regarded by many, who substantially adhere to its doctrine, as carrying the statement of dogmatic theology beyond what is proper for elementary instruction, whilst it has been long felt to be unsuitable for the very young and the very ignorant, and its use is now almost always preceded by that of catechisms more adapted to their capacity. Its influence, however, has been very great in forming the religious opinions, and in exercising and training the intellectual faculties, wherever Presbyterianism has prevailed; for it has been, and still is, in almost universal use among Presbyterians speaking the English language, and to a considerable extent among Independents or Congregationalists both in Britain and America. In Holland also, a translation of it has been much used. It is very generally regarded, by those whose doctrinal views are in accordance with it, as an admirable compend of Christian doctrine and duty. The older I grow,' said Carlyle and I now stand upon the brink of eternity-the more comes back to me the first sentence in the catechism which I learned when a child, and the fuller and deeper its meaning becomes : What is the chief end of man?-To glorify God, and to enjoy Him for ever. "-Catechisms without number had been issued by Puritan divines in England between 1600 and 1645. A large proportion of the members of the Westminster Assembly had previously published catechisms of their own. The authorship of the Assembly's Catechisms has been the subject of much debate, or at least the authorship of the first drafts of them; it being admitted that they were prepared with great care by committees of the Assembly. Probably their authorship is to be ascribed entirely to these committees; and, like the Westminster Confession of Faith, they are thus the result of the joint labours of many. See Ehrenfeuchter, Geschichte des Katechismus (1857); Niemeyer, Collectio Confessionum (1840); Schaff's History of the Creeds of Christendom (3 vols. New York, 1876; Lond. 1877); and Prof. Mitchell's Catechisms of the Second Reformation (1887). CATECHUMENS Ca'techu, a substance employed in tanning and dyeing and medicinally as an astringent. The catechu of commerce is obtained chiefly from two East Indian trees (Acacia Catechu and A. Suma). The former is common in most parts of India, and also in tropical East Africa, and the latter grows in Southern India, Bengal, and Gujerat. Catechu is known in India by the name kát or kut. Cutch is another form of one or other of these names, and is a common commercial name. The trees are cut down when they are about a foot in diameter, and according to some accounts only the heartwood is used, but other reports say that the whole of the woody part of the trunk is utilised, The catechu is obtained by cutting it into small chips, and boiling it in water, straining the liquid from time to time, and adding fresh supplies of chips, till the extract is of sufficient consistence to be poured into clay moulds; or when of the thickness of tar, it is allowed to harden for two days, so that it will not run, and is formed into balls about the size of oranges, which are placed on husks of rice or on leaves, and appear in commerce enveloped in them. Catechu is of a dark-brown colour, hard and brittle, and when broken has a shining surface. It possesses an astringent taste, but no odour. It is a very permanent colour, and is employed in the dyeing of blacks, browns, fawns, drabs, &c. Ordinary commercial catechu or cutch is composed of catechu-tannic acid, which is soluble in cold water, and catechin or catechuic acid, which is nearly insoluble in cold but soluble in boiling water. The latter can be separated in the state of minute, acicular, colourless crystals. It is often adulterated with earthy substances, but its ready solubility in water and alcohol should at once show the presence of such by leaving them behind in an insoluble state. Areca or Palm Catechu, sometimes called Ceylon Catechu, differs wholly from the above. It is got from the ripe nuts of the Betel palm, which yield, by boiling, a black, very astringent extract, resembling true catechu, but of inferior quality. This substance is rarely exported from India (see ARECA, BETEL).-Gambir (q.v.) may be regarded as a kind of catechu. Terra Japonica, or Japan Earth, is an old name for catechu, not quite disused, given in mistake as to its nature and origin. About 6000 tons of catechu or cutch are annually imported into Great Britain from India. Catechu'mens (Gr. katechoumenoi, persons undergoing a course of instruction; see CATECHISM), the appellation given, in the early Christian church, to those converted Jews and heathens who had not yet received baptism, but were undergoing a course of training and instruction preparatory to it. They had a place assigned them in the congregation, but were not permitted to be present at the dispensation of the Lord's Supper, which from the end of the 2d century was regarded as a sacred mystery. The name Catechumens first occurs as the designation of a separate body in the time of Tertullian, and their distribution into different classes or grades according to their proficiency, is first referred to by Origen. The most famous catechetical school of the early church was that of Alexandria, which had Pantanus, Clement, Origen, Dionysius and others among its teachers. The only extant specimens of the ancient catechetical teaching (which was not necessarily by question and answer) are twenty-three lectures by Cyril of Jerusalem (348), and Augustine's De catechizandis Rudibus.—The term Catechumens was afterwards employed to designate young members of the Christian church who were receiving instruction to prepare them for confirmation or for the Lord's Supper, and it is still often used in this sense. See DISCIPLINA ARCANI. CATEGORIES Categories, in philosophy, the highest classes under which objects of knowledge can be systematically arranged, understood as an attempt at a comprehensive classification of all that exists. The name has come down to us from Aristotle, in whose system the categories are ten in number: Substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, situation, possession, action, and suffering. From the point of view of logic, these may be reduced to two: substance and attribute; of metaphysics, to being and accident. The Cartesians had the three categories-substance, attribute, and mode; Leibnitzsubstance, quantity, quality, action or passion, and relation; and Locke substance, mode, and relaable things as follows: (1) Feelings, or states of consciousness, the most comprehensive experience that the human mind can attain to, since even the external world is only known as conceived by our minds; (2) the minds which experience those feelings; (3) the bodies, or external objects, which are supposed to excite all that class of feelings that we denominate sensations; (4) the successions and coexistences, the likenesses and unlikenesses, between feelings or states of consciousness. Although those relations are considered by us to subsist between the bodies, or things, external to our minds, we are driven in the last resort to consider them as really subsisting between the states of each one's own individual mind. tion. J. S. Mill classifies all existences or describ The categories of Kant are conceived under a totally different point of view. The Root-notions of the understanding (Stammbegriffe des Verstandes), they are the specific forms of the a priori or formal element in rational cognition-forms inherent in the understanding, under which the mind embraces the objects of actual experience. The Kantian philosophy supposes that human knowledge is partly made up of the sensations of outward thingscolour, sound, touch-and partly of mental elements or functions existing prior to all experience of the actual world. (This is the point of difference between the school of Locke, who rejected all innate ideas, conceptions, or forms, and the school of Kant. No such question was raised under the Aristotelian categories.) Kant's categories are as follows: (1) Quantity, including unity, multitude, totality; (2) Quality, including reality, negation, limitation; (3) Relation, including substance and accident, cause and effect, action and reaction; (4) Modality, which includes possibility, existence, necessity. These indicate the elements of our knowledge a priori; and though they are the necessary conditions under which alone experiences can be realised to the mind, are merely subjective forms of its own activity, distinct from and inapplicable to the world of noumena-the thing in itself-that lies outside and beyond. Fichte based the whole system of the categories of reality on the affirmation of itself by the Ego-the primitive function of self-consciousness. Hegel carried this further, and showed that this primitive function supplied the principle needed to harmonise and unify the objective and subjective elements in thought. Thought and being are ultimately identical, and the categories are thus merely definite aspects or determinations (Bestimmungen) of the universal of thought, which is identical with reality or actual existence. Ca'tenary. The catenary is the curve formed by a flexible homogeneous cord hanging freely be tween two points of support, and acted on by no other force than gravity, the name being suggested by Lat. catena, a chain. The catenary possesses several remarkable properties, one of which is, that its centre of Gravity (q.v.) is lower than that of any curve of equal perimeter, and with the same fixed points for its extremities. It is of importance for the theory of suspension bridges. See BRIDGE. CATERPILLAR Cateni'pora, a genus of fossil tabulate corals peculiar to Paleozoic strata, confined in Britain to the Silurian measures. See CORAL. Cateran (Gaelic, ceatharnach, a soldier'), originally an Irish or Highland soldier, a kern; usually, however, a Highland reiver or freebooter. See CLAN, BLACKMAIL, ROB ROY. Caterpillar, the larval stage of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), and the representative in this special order of the grub, maggot, or larva phase in the life-history of many insects. General Structure. The caterpillar, so familiar in its external appearance, has usually 12 bodyrings, not including the head, is provided with strong biting jaws, strikingly contrasted with the mouth organs of the adult, has three pairs of fivejointed clawed legs on the region corresponding to the thorax, and usually five rudimentary stumps or pro-legs on the abdomen. These unjointed appendages are borne on the sixth to the ninth, and on the twelfth segments of the body; some of them may be absent; in the majority of cases they are adapted for clambering. The body may be naked or covered with hairs, bristles, and spines, which, in caterpillars રામ રામ રા b Fig. 1. a, Chocrocampa tersa, showing eye-like spots; b, young cater. pillar of Deilephila Euphorbide (after Weismann). Cf. fig. 5. living an exposed life, are usually brightly coloured. The large head is divided by a median line, and bears six eye-spots on each side, a pair of short threejointed feelers, strong upper jaws or mandibles, besides jointed palps on the two successive pairs of mouth appendages. Two well-developed spinning organs open on the second pair of maxillæ forming the lower lip or labium. On each side, on the first ring, and on the fourth to the eleventh, there are nine pairs of stigmata or openings into the respiratory air-tubes. Hatschek has observed the appearance of three pairs of stigmata on the jaw-segments of the head. The colours are familiarly bright in many instances, and may have their seat in the cuticle or in the skin below, or very frequently in deeper regions of the body. A metallic sheen is sometimes superadded. The surface is often beautifully marked longitudinally, or transversely, or with ring-spots and eye-spots. Odoriferous and other glands frequently occur on the skin, and are in some cases (Dicranura, Orgyia) eversible. The internal anatomy of the caterpillar, though essentially resembling that of the adult, differs in some striking features. Thus while the larva has 11 to 12 separate nerve ganglia in the ventral chain, the adult insect has usually only two separate ganglia in the thorax, and five in the abdomen. The digestive system is comparatively short and simple; the circulatory and respiratory systems much like those of the adult; a few aquatic caterpillars have gill-like appendages. History. The caterpillar develops like any other larva from the segmented egg and differentiating embryo; its life is usually more or less active and voracious; it undergoes several mouit |