42 PALO BLANCO-PAMPAS GRASS. sections, in which the mixed black and white fibres much resemble porcupines' quills. PA'LO BLA'NCO (Flotovia dicanthoides, a large tree, a native of Chili, the wood of which is white, and very useful and durable. It is remarkable as one of the few large trees belonging to the natural order Composita. PALO'LO, or BALOLO (Palolo viridis), a dorsi-branchiate annelid, allied to the Lug-worm, extremely abundant at certain seasons in the sea above and near the coral reefs which surround many of the South Sea Islands, as the Samao Islands and the Fiji Islands. The body is cylindrical, slightly tapering at both ends, divided into nearly equal joints, each joint with a small tuft of Palolo Viridis (copied from Seemann's Viti): 1, the entire animal, half natural size; 2, portion of body, gills on each side. In thickness, the P. resembles a very fine straw; it is about three inches long, generally of a greenish color, with a row of round black spots; but the color varies to red, brown, and white. These annelids make their appearance in great multitudes, apparently rising out of the coral reefs, and with a periodical regularity which is very remarkable. They are eagerly sought after by the islanders, who are on the watch for their appearance, and go out in canoes early in the morning to take them by means of nets; but they often occur in such numbers that the water seems to be full of them, and they may be grasped by handfuls. They are a delicacy of which the South Sea Islanders are very fond. To prepare them for use, they are wrapped in bread-fruit leaves, and cooked for twelve or eighteen hours in an oven. PA'LPI (from the Lat. palpo, I touch) are organs occurring in Insects, Crustaceans, and Arachnidans. In Insects, one or two pair of jointed appendages bearing this name are attached to the maxillæ, while one pair is attached to the labium; and in the higher Crustaceans, similar appendages are attached to the mandibles and foot-jaws. In both these classes, the palpi probably serve, through the sense of touch, to take cognizance of the qualities of the substances which are employed as food. In the Arachnidans, the palpi are attached to the maxilliæ only; and vary exceedingly in form and functions. In the scorpions, for instance, they are extremely developed, and terminate in pincers which resemble the chelæ (or pincers) of crabs and lobsters; while in the spiders, they terminate in a single movable claw in the female, and in the male the last joint is dilated, and acts as an accessory generative organ. PALPITATION is the term used to signify inordinately forcible pulsations of the heart, so as to make themselves felt, and frequently to give rise to a most troublesome and disagreeable sensation. It may be either functional or a symptom of organic disease of the heart. Here we shall merely consider it as a functional disorder. Although it may be persistent, it far more frequently comes on in paroxysms, which usually terminate within half an hour, recurring afterwards quite irregularly, sometimes daily or several times a day, and sometimes not till after a long interval. The attack often comes on under some mental or physical excitement, but sometimes when the patient is quite composed, or even asleep. If the paroxysm is a severe one, the heart feels as if bounding upwards into the throat; and there is a sensation of oppression over the cardiac region, with hurried or even difficult respiration. Excluding organic diseases, the causes of this affection are either (1) an abnormally excitable condition of the nerves of the heart, or (2) an unhealthy condition of the blood. 1. Amongst the causes of disturbed innervation may be especially noticed the abuse of tea (especially green tea), coffee, spirits, and tobacco. Any irritation of the stomach and intestinal canal may be reflected to the heart; and hence palpitation may frequently be traced to flatulence, undue acidity, and intestinal worms, especially tape-worms. Everything that causes pressure on the heart, such liable to occasion this affection. as tight lacing, abdominal dropsy, or an enlarged uterus, is also 2. If the blood is abnormally rich and stimulating it may give rise to palpitation, as in Plethora (q. v.); but the opposite condition, known as Anæmia (q. v.), is a much more common cause of this affection. fibrine, and (far more) in red corpsucles; and being thus in an In anæmia the blood is watery and deficient in unnatural state, it acts as an unnatural stimulant, and induces frequent, although not usually strong pulsations. In cases of this kind, singular murmurs (not unlike those which are heard when we apply certain shells to the ear) are heard on applying the stethoscope to the neck over the course of the great jugular veins. The age at which palpitation most usually comes on is from 15 to 25 years; and the affection-especially if it arise from anæmia -is very much more common in the female than in the male sex. The treatment of palpitation must entirely depend upon its cause. The use of all nervous stimulants (tea, coffee, alcohol, and tobacco) should be suspended or abandoned. If the patient is clearly plethoric, with a full strong pulse, he should take saline cathartics, and live upon comparatively low diet (including little animal food) until this condition is removed. When, on the other hand, the palpitation is due to an anæmia condition, the remedies are preparations of iron, aloetic purgatives, an abundance of animal food, bitter ale, the cold shower-bath, and moderate exercise. PA'LSY. See PARALYSIS. PAMIR (also aptly called Bam-i-dunya, 'Roof of the World'), a mountainous region in Central Asia, forming the nucleus of the Central Asian highland system. Hither converge the Hindu Kush, the Himalaya, the Kuen-lun, and the Tian-Shan Mountains. The P. is not so much a plateau or region of lofty plateaux, as a vast mountainous district some 30,000 square miles in area, broken up into ridges and valleys. The ridges rise from 6000 to 9000 feet above the valleys, and the culminating points attain in some cases the great height of 25,000 feet above sealevel. PA'MLICO SOUND, on the coast of North Carolina, U.S., is separated from the ocean by long, narrow islands of sand, an angle of the largest forming Cape Hatteras, and connected with the ocean by narrow passages; it is 80 miles long, and from 10 to 30 miles wide, and receives the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers. PA'MPAS (in the Quichua tongue, a valley' or 'plain') is a term frequently employed in a general sense as a designation of Southern American plains, in contradistinction to the prairies" of North America. It is also used in Peru as a general designation of tracts of level land either on the coast or aniong the mountains. The chief pampas in Peru are those of the Sacramento. But in its more special and proper signification, the word pampas is given to the immense and partly undulating plains bounded by the Rio Negro of Patagonia, the La Plata and Paraguay, and the base of the Cordilleras. These plains Curing the wet season afford abundant pasturage to the many herds of wild oxen and horses which roam over them, but they become rapidly parched under the burning heat of the sun, except in the low-lying tracts, or along the banks of rivers. The most fertile of the pampas lie westwards towards the Cordilleras. From the rapid alternation of vigorous growth with parching drought, the growth of trees is impossible, and their place is accordingly supplied by sparse groups of stunted shrubs. The soil, which is in general poor, is a diluvium composed of sandy clay, and abounds in the bones of extinct mammals. Strips of waterless desert, known as travesias, stretch across the pampas; these travesias are destitute of all vegetation with the exception of a few bushes, and are markedly distinct in geological character. The soil of the pampas is more or less impregnated with salt, and saltpetre abounds in many places. The wild animals of the pampas are horses, oxen (both introduced by the Spaniards), the flesh of the latter, form a most important item in the trade of nandous, and guanacos. The, skins of the horses and oxen, and this region. The half-white inhabitants of the pampas are called Guachos (q. v.). The whole area of the pampas has been estimated at about 1,500,000 square miles. PAMPAS GRASS (Gynerium argenteum), a grass which covers the pampas in the south of Brazil and more southern parts of South America, and has been introduced into Britain as an ornamental plant. It is quite hardy, and its tufts have a splendid appearance. The leaves are six or eight feet long, the ends hanging gracefully over; the flowering stems ten to fourteen feet high; the panicles of flowers silvery white, and from eighteen inches to PAMPELUNA-PANAMA. two feet long. The herbage is too coarse to be of any agricult 43 PAMPHY'LIA, anciently a country on the south coast of ural value. The male and female flowers are on separate plants; Asia Minor, with Cilicia on the east and Lycia on the west. It in panicles; the spikelets 2-flowered, one floret stalked, and the was originally bounded on the inland or northern side by Mount other sessile; the paleæ of the female florets elongated, awn-Taurus, but afterwards enlarged, so as to reach the confines of Phrygia. P. is mountainous, was formerly well wooded, and had numerous maritime cities. The inhabitants-a mixed race of aborigines, Cilicians, and Greek colonists-spoke a language the basis of which was probably Greek, but which was disfigured and corrupted by the infusion of barbaric elements. Their coins show that they had adopted to some extent the religion, arts, and games of the Hellenic race. Its political history is unimportant. Along with Phrygia and Lycia it fell to the share of Antigonus on the partition of the Macedonian empire. It afterwards passed successively into the hands of the Græco-Syrian princes, the kings of Pergamus, and the Romans. PAMPELU'NA, or PAMPLO'NA, a fortified city of Spain, capital of Navarre, of which it is the key, occupies an eminence not commanded by any neighboring height, on the left bank of the Arga, a tributary of the Ebro, 111 m. N.N.W. of Zaragoza by railway, and 200 miles north-north-east of Madrid. The citadel, overlooking the river and commanding the plain, is a regular pentagon, each side being 1000 feet in extent, and is connected with the city by an esplanade or glacis. Magnificent views of the Pyrenees on the north are obtained from the citadel, and there are several very pleasant promenades. The Cuenca (plain) of P. is about 30 miles in circumference; and although the climate is somewhat chilly and damp, the gardens are fruitful and the meadows verdant. The city is well built and clean; water is brought from hills about nine miles distant, by means of an aquaduct built after the solid Roman style by Ventura Rodriguez, and a portion of which, 2300 feet in length, is supported on 97 arches, 35 feet in span, and 65 feet in height. The town contains a number of squares with fountains, a theater, and a regular plaza de toros-bull arena-capable it is said, of containing 10,000 people Agriculture, the wine trade, and the manufacture of linen and leather, are the only noteworthy branches of industry. P. was blockaded by the Carlists in 1874. Pop. (1877) 25,630. P. was called by the ancients Pompeiopolis, from the circumstance of its having been rebuilt by the sons of Pompey in 68 B.C. It was taken by the Goths in 466, by the Franks under Childebert in 542, and again under Charlemagne in 778. It was subsequently for a time in possession of the Moors, who corrupted the name Pompeiopolis into Banbilonah, whence the modern Pamplona. In later times it was seized by the French in 1808, and held by them till 1813, when it fell into the hands of the allies under the Duke of Wellington. 6 PAN, among the Greeks, the chief god of pastures, forests, and flocks. The later rationalizing mythologists, misconceiving the meaning of his name, which they confounded with to pan, the whole,' or 'the universe,' whereas it is more probably connected with pao (Lat. pasco), to feed,' 'to pasture,' represented him as a personification of the universe, but there is absolutely nothing in the myth to warrant such a notion. Pan neither in his genius nor his history figures as one of the great principal deities, and his worship became general only at a comparatively late period. He was, according to the most common belief, a son of Hermes (Mercury) by the daughter of Dryops; or by Penelope, the wife of Ulysses; while other accounts make Penelope the mother, but Ulysses himself the father-though the paternity of the god is also ascribed to the numerous wooers of Penelope in common. The original seat of his worship was the wild hilly and wooded solitudes of Arcadia, whence it gradually spread over the rest of Greece, but was not introduced into Athens until after the battle of Marathon. Homer does not mention him. From his very birth his appearance was peculiar. He came into the world with horns, a goat's beard, a crooked nose, pointed ears, a tail, and goat's feet; and so frightened his mother that she ran off for fear, but his father, Hermes, carried him to Olympus, where all the gods, especially Dionysus (Bacchus), were charmed with the little terrible voice, which bursting abruptly on the ear of the traveler monster. When he grew up he had a grim shaggy aspect, and a in solitary places-for Pan was fond of making a great noiseinspired him with a sudden fear (whence the word panic). It is even related that the alarm excited by his blowing upon a shell decided the victory of the gods over the Titans. He was the patron of all persons occupied in the care of cattle and of bees, in hunting and in fishing. During the heat of the day he used to take a nap in the deep woods or on the lonely hillsides, and was exceedingly wroth if his slumber was disturbed by the halloo of the hunters. He is also represented as fond of music, and of dancing with the forest nymphs, and as the inventor of the syrinx or shepherd's flute, also called Pan's pipe. Cows, goats, lambs, milk, honey, and new wine were offered him. The fir-tree was sacred to him, and he had sanctuaries and temples in various parts of Arcadia, at Troezene, at Sicyon, at Athens, &c. The Romans identified the Greek Pan with their own Italian god Inuus, and sometimes also with Faunus. See FAUN. When, after the establishment of Christianity, the heathen deities were degraded by the church into fallen angels, the characteristics of Pan-viz., the horns, the goat's beard, the pointed ears, the crooked nose, the tail, and the goat's feet-were transferred to the Devil himself, and thus the Auld Hornie' of popular superstition is simply Pan in disguise. 6 PANAMA', a city and seaport of the republic of Colombia, in S. America, capital of the 'state' of the same name, at the head of the Bay of Panama, on the southern shore of the isthmus of the same name, in lat. 8°, 56' N., long. 79° 31′ W. It occupies a tongue of land which extends some distance out to sea in shallow waters. The harbor is safe, but vessels of more than 80 tons burden cannot approach within two miles of the shore, Large vessels anchor at a distance of three miles, near the island of Perico. The important edifices of the city include a beautiful cathedral, a college, and several convents, all of which, however, are falling mother-of-pearl, shells, and gold-dust, obtained in the vicinity. into decay. There is considerable trade with Europe in pearls, P. is chiefly important, however, as the Pacific terminus of the Panama Railway. This railway was completed in 1855, is about PAMPHLET (variously derived from Spanish papaleta, slip of paper on which anything is written, and pagina filata, threaded page), a small book consisting of a sheet of paper, or a few sheets stitched together, but not bound. It generally contains a short treatise on some subject, political or otherwise, which is exciting 48 miles in length, and connects P. on the Pacific with Aspinwall public attention at the time of its appearance. The word is of considerable antiquity, as it is to be met with in Chaucer; but it was not till about the middle of the 16th c. that pamphlets began to be of common use in political and religious controversy in England and France. Under the second French empire, political pamphlets appeared from time to time which were generally believed to be written under imperial dictation, and either to speak the sentiments of the emperor, or to be feelers of public opinion. colony on the Atlantic. By means of it the route to California pletion of the Pacific Railway. Pop. (1870) 18,378. The former city of P., the seat of the Spanish colonial government established in 1518, stood six miles N.-E. of P., and is now a heap of ruins. was much shortened, and mails were carried over it till the com PANAMA, ISTHMUS OF, is that portion of the narrow ridge of mountainous country connecting Central and South America, which is bounded on the W. by the frontier of Costa Rica, and 44 PANATHENEA-PANDA. king of Mahilâropya or Mihilâropya, in all branches of knowledge required by a king, and for this purpose composed this work. If the latter part of the story be true, it is more probable, however, as Professor Benfey assumes, that Vishn'us arman was merely the teacher of the princes, and that the existing work itself was composed by some other personage; for an older recension of the work does not speak of his having brought his tales into the shape of a work. The arrangement of the P. is quite similar to that of the Hitopades' a. The fables are narrated in prose, and the morals drawn from or connected with them are interwoven with the narrative in verse; many such verses, if not all, being quotations from older works.-On the history of the P., and its relation to the fable-books and fables of other nations, see the excellent work of Professor Theodor Benfey, Panchatantra; fünf Bücher indischer Fabeln, Märchen und Erzählungen (2 vols., Leip. 1859), the first volume containing his historical and critical researches on, and the latter his literal translation into German of, the Panchatantra. on the E. by the surveyed inter-oceanic route from the Bay of instruct, within six months, the unruly sons of Amarasʼakti, a Caledonia on the N. to the Gulf of San Miguel on the S. or Pacific side. It extends in long. from 77° to 83° W. The State' of P., one of those which form the United States of Colombia, is co-extensive with the isthmus of the same name. Area, 29,756. Pop. (1870) 220,542. P. contains the provinces of Panama, Azuero, Chiriqui, and Veraguas. The Isthmus is traversed throughout by a chain of mountains, forming the barrier between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and of which the highest peak is that of Picacho (7200 feet) in the west. Numerous streams, the largest of which is the Tuira (162 miles long, and navigable for 102 miles), fall into both oceans. On the Pacific shores are numerous beautiful islands, among which Las Perlas, so called from their pearl fisheries, and the island of Coiba, are the chief. On the north coast, the principal harbors are the Chiriqui Lagoon, San Blas, and the Caledonia; on the south shore, Damas in the island of Coiba, the Bay of San Miguel, and Golfo Dulce. Gold, which in ancient times was obtained here in great quantities, is still found, and mines of salt, copper, iron, coal, &c., are worked. The climate is unhealthy, except in the interior and on the flanks of the mountains. Almost all the plants of the torrid zone may be raised here, but maize, rice, plantains, &c. (grown for the purpose of supplying the transit), are the chief crops. The imports amount annually to about £500,000, and the exports to the same value. In 1855 a railway across the isthmus, from Aspinwall city on the Atlantic to Panama on the Pacific, was opened. The summit of the railway is 250 feet above the level of the sea; and the average value of the goods that annually pass over it is estimated at £11,000,000. The inter-oceanic canal promoted by M. Lesseps, also between Limon or Aspinwall and Panama, is in the main parallel to the railway. It is a level cutting, without locks, the cost being estimated at £33,000,000. Work was begun in 1881. The name, Isthmus of P., is generally used as interchangeable with Isthmus of Darien (q. v.). PANATHENE'A, the most famous festival of Attica, celebrated at Athens in honor of Athene, patron goddess of the city, and intended to remind the people of Attica of their union into one community by the mythical Theseus. Before the time of Theseus, or to speak more critically-before the formation of the Attic confederacy, this festival was only for the citizens of Athens, and was called simply Athenaa. According to tradition, the Athenæa owed its origin to King Erichthonius about 1506 or 1521 B.C. The later Panathenæa appears to have been a double festival. All writers who mention it, speak of a Lesser and Greater Panathenæa, the former held annually, the latter every fourth year. Both took place in the month Hecatombaon (July), and lasted several days. The lesser Panathenæa was celebrated with gymnastic games, musical competitions, declamations, and a torch race in the evening, the whole concluding with the sacrifices of an ox. The prize of the victors was a vessel filled with oil from the sacred tree on the Acropolis. The greater Panathenæa only differed from the Lesser in being more solemn and magnificent. Rhapsodists sang the Homeric poems; dramatic representations were given; and a splendid procession took place to the temple of Athene Polias, on the last day of the festival, to present the goddess with a peplus or embroidered robe, of crocus color, woven by the maidens (ergastinai) of the city. Not alone the Athenians, but the whole population of Attica poured forth on this occasion. The procession is grandly sculptured on the frieze of the Parthenon by Phidias and his disciples. PA'NAX. See GINSENG. PA'NCAKE. This article of food is prepared by pouring a rich batter of flour, eggs, and milk into a frying-pan, so as to cover it about half an inch in thickness; the pan having been previously heated, and well supplied with butter, lard, or olive oil. A quick fire is necessary to cook it well, and when the under side is done, a dexterous cook by jerking the frying-pan manages to reverse the cake, so as to bring the upper side downward to be cooked in its turn. It is now a common practice to make pancakes rather smaller than the bottom of the pan, and frequently to add minced apples and other materials to vary and flavor them; these are, however, better known under the name of Fritters. This dish is particularly associated with Shrove Tuesday, but the origin of the connection is by no means clear. Perhaps it is the relic of a heathen custom. The Saxons called February, Solmonath, which,' says a writer in Notes and Queries (First Series, vol. v. p. 491), Dr. Frank Sayers, in his Disquisitions, says is explained by Bede, Mensis Placentarum, and rendered by Spelman, in an inedited MS., "Pancake month," because, in the course of it, pancakes were offered by the pagan Saxons to the sun.' PANCHATANTRA (literally, the five books) is the name of the celebrated Sanscrit fable-book of the Hindus whence the Hitopades'a (q. v.) was compiled and enlarged. Its authorship is ascribed to a Brahman of the name of Vishin'us'arman, who, as its introduction in a later recension relates, had undertaken to PANCREAS (from the Gr. pan, all, and kreas, flesh) is a conglomerate gland, lying transversely across the posterior wall of the abdomen, varying in length from 6 to 8 inches, having a breadth of about an inch and a half, and a thickness of from half The under surface of the Stomach and Liver which are raised to show the Duodenum and Pancreas: st, stomach; p, its pyloric end; ?, liver; g, gall-bladder; d, duodenum, extending from the pyloric end of the stomach to the front, where the superior mesenteric artery (sm) crosses the intestines; pa, pancreas; sp, spleen; a, abdominal aorta. an inch to an inch. Its usual weight is about three ounces. The head of the pancreas lies in the concavity of the duodenum. The secretion of this gland, or the pancreatic fluid, is conveyed from its various parts by means of the pancreatic duct to the duodenum. This gland is found in all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and osseous fishes, and in some cartilaginous fishes. The physical and chemical characters of the pancreatic fluid, and its uses in the animal economy, are sufficiently noticed in the article DIGESTION. The diseases of the pancreas are few, and do not signify their existence by any very marked symptoms. The presence of undigested fat in the stools has been frequently observed in cases in which after death the pancreas has been found to be diseased; and if Bernard's view regarding the saponifying power of the pancreatic juice on fatty matters (described in the article already referred to) be correct, the reason why the fat should appear in the evacuations in these cases is sufficiently obvious. The most common form of disease is cancerous deposit in the head of the gland, which frequently induces jaundice by obstructing the common biliary duct near its opening. An accurate diagnosis of disease of this organ is extremely difficult, but fortunately is of comparatively little importance, as it cannot lead to efficient treatment; all that can be done in these cases being to palliate the most distressing symptoms. The pancreas of ruminating animals is a favorite article of food under the name of sweetbread. That of the calf is most highly esteemed, but that of the lamb is often substituted for it. Dr. Edward Smith questions whether the very high price often paid for calf's sweetbread is warranted by its nutritive qualities, or even by its flavor; although he allows that the flavor is perhaps the most delicate of any meat we are acquainted with. either boiled or fried. The thyroid and sublingual glands are also used as sweetbread. It is PANCSOVA, an active.trading town in the south of Hungary, inhabited by Servians and Germans, 70 miles S.S.W. of Temesvar, and close to the mouth of the Temes in the Danube, which is here a mile wide. It is a military station, contains several churches, a high school, and a quarantine establishment. Silk spinning, brandy distilling, and an active trade in cattle, pigs, and corn, are carried on. Pop. (1880) 17,127. PANDA (Ailurus fulgens), a quadruped of the family Ursida (see BEAR), a native of the Himalaya, the only known species of its genus, which has a very short muzzle, small rounded ears, a moderately long tail, covered with long hair, semi-retractile PANDANACEE-PANEL. 45 claws. The P. is about the size of a large cat. It dwells chiefly formed from the fact that it contains upwards of 9000 separate in trees, preying much on birds, but it also eats small quadru- extracts, selected according to subjects from the 2000 treatises rer. peds and large insects. It has a thick, fine, woolly covering, ferred to above. adapting it to a cold climate, concealed by long, soft, glistening, as and richly colored hair, mostly chestnut brown, which passes e into black on the sides and legs, and into white on the head. The P. is said to excel all other animals in the brilliancy of its fur, of Panda (Ailurus fulgens). which, however, has not yet acquired any commercial value. The soles of the feet are thickly covered with woolly hair. The P. is also called Wah and Chit-wa, from a peculiar cry which it utters. The Pandects are divided into 50 Books, and also into 7 Parts, which correspond respectively with Books 1-4, 5-11, 12-19, 20-27, 28--35, 36-44, and 45-50. Of these divisions, however, the latter (into Parts) is seldom attended to in citations. Each Book is subdivided into Titles, under which are arranged the extracts from the various jurists, who are 39 in number, and are by some called the classical jurists, although other writers on Roman law confine that appellation to five of the number, Papinian, Paulus, Ulpian, Gaius (q. v.), and Modestinus. The extracts from these indeed constitute the bulk of the collection; those from Ulpian alone making one-third of the whole work; those from Paulus one-sixth, and those from Papinian one-twelfth. Other writers besides these 39 are cited, but only indirectly, i. e., when cited by the jurists whose works form the basis of the collection. The principle upon which the internal arrangement of the extracts from individual writers was made had long been a subject of controversy. The question seems now to be satisfactorily solved; but the details of the discussion would carry us beyond the prescribed limits. Of the execution of the work, it may be said that although not free from repetition (the same extracts occurring under different heads), and from occasional inaptness of citation, and other inconsistencies, yet it deserves the very highest commendation. In its relations to the history and literature of ancient Rome it is invaluable; and taken along with its necessary complement the Codex, it may justly be regarded (having been the basis of all the medieval legislation) as of the utmost value to PANDANACEA, a natural order of endogenous plants, conthe study of the principles not alone of Roman, but of all European laws. stituting a remarkable feature in the scenery of many tropical countries, but unknown in the colder regions of the globe. They PANDORA (i. e., the All-endowed '), according to Grecian are trees or bushes, often sending down adventitious roots, some-myth, was the first woman on the earth. When Prometheus had times weak and decumbent, or climbing. There are two sections stolen fire from Jupiter, Zeus instigated Hephaestus to make of the order, one (Pandanea) including the genera Pandanus woman out of earth to bring vexation upon man by her graces. Freycinetia, &c., having long, simple, imbricated leaves, usually The gods endowed her with every gift necessary for this purpose, spiny on the back and margin, their base embracing the stem, beauty, boldness, cunning, &c.; and Zeus sent her to Epimetheus, their spiral arrangement often notably visible; the other (Cyclan- the brother of Prometheus, who forgot his brother's warning thea) containing the genera Cyclanthus, Nipa, (q. v.), Carludovica, against receiving any gift from Zeus. A later form of the myth Phytelephas, &c., having pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, and in represents P. as possessing a vessel or box filled with winged general appearance much resembling palms, with which they blessings, which mankind would have continued to enjoy if curihave been often ranked. The two sections, however, are very osity had not prompted her to open it, when all the blessings flew similar in their flowers and fruit, in which they not a little re- out, except Hope. semble the humbler Aracea and Typhacea. The flowers are mostly unisexual, naked, or with only a few scales, arranged on a spadix, and wholly covering it. The stamens are numerous; the ovaries usually clustered, one-celled, each crowned with a stigma; the fruit consists of fibrous, one-seeded drupes, collected or almost combined, or of berries with many seeds.-There are not quite 100 known species. Some are valuable for the fibre of their leaves, some for their edible fruit, &c. See SCREW PINE, KIEKIE, and NIPA. The unexpanded leaves of Carludovica palmata furnish the material of which Panama hats are made. The tree which yields VEGETABLE IVORY (q. v.) is another of the palm-like section of this order. PAN'D'AVAS, or the descendants of Pân'd'u (q. v.), is the name of the five princes whose contest for regal supremacy with their cousins, the Kurus, the sons of Dhr'itarasht'ra, forms the foundation of the narrative of the great epic poem, the Mahabharata (q. v.). Their names are Yudhisht'hira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva the former three being the sons of Pân'd'u, by one of his wives, Pr'ithâ; and the latter two, by his other wife Mâdri. But though Pân'd'u is thus the recognized father of these princes, the legend of the Mahabharata looks upon him, in truth, merely as their father by courtesy; for it relates that Yudhisht'hira was the son of Dharma, the god of justice; Bhima, of Vâyu, the god of wind; Arjuna, of Indra, the god of the firmament; and Nakula and Saladeva, of the As'wins, the twin-sons of the sun. PANDOURS, a people of Servian origin who lived scattered among the mountains of Hungary, near the village of Pandour in the county of Sohl. The name used to be applied to that portion of the light-armed infantry in the Austrian service which is raised in the Slavonian districts on the Turkish frontier. The P. originally fought under the orders of their own proper chief, who was called Harûn-Basha, and rendered essential service to the Austrians during the Spanish War of Succession, and afterwards in the Seven Years' War. They originally fought after the fashion of the 'free lances,' and were a terror to the enemy whom they annoyed incessantly. Their appearance was exceedingly picturesque, being somewhat oriental in character, and their arms consisted of a musket, pistols, a Hungarian sabre, and two Turkish poniards. Their habits of brigandage and cruelty rendered them, however, as much a terror to the people they defended as to the enemy. Since 1750 they have been gradually put under a stricter discipline, and are now incorporated with the Austrian frontier regiments. The name is now obsolete. 6 PAN'D'U, literally, white,' is the name of the father of the Pân'd'avas (q. v.), and the brother of Dhr'itarâsht'ra. Although the elder of the two princes, he was rendered by his pallor— implying, perhaps, a kind of disease-incapable of succession, and therefore obliged to relinquish his claim to his brother. He retired to the Himalaya Mountains, where his sons were born, and where he died. His renunciation of the throne became thus the cause of contest between the Pân'd'avas, his sons, and the Kurus, or the sons of Dhr'itarâsht'ra. PANEL (through Fr. from Lat. pannus, a piece of cloth, a PANDECTS (Gr. Pandecton, all receiving; from pan, all, and dechomai, I receive), one of the celebrated legislative works of the Emperor Justinian (q. v.), called also by the name Digestum, or Digest. It was an attempt to form a complete system of law from the authoritative commentaries of the jurists upon the laws of Rome. The compilation of the Pandect was undertaken after that great collection of the laws themselves which is known as the Codex Justinianeus. It was intrusted to the celebrated Tribonianus, who had already distinguished himself in the preparation of the Codex. Tribonianus formed a commission consisting of 17 members, who were occupied from the year 530 till 533 in examining, selecting, and compressing, and systematizing the authorities, consisting of upwards of 2000 treatises, whose interpretation of the ancient laws of Rome, was from that time forward to be adopted with the authority of law. A period of ten years had been allowed them for the completion of their work; but so diligently did they prosecute it, that it was completed in less than one-third of the allotted time; and some idea of its extent may be patch), a space or compartment of a wall, ceiling, woodwork, &c. 1 Panels. 3 enclosed by beams, mouldings, framing, and so forth. It is gen-things and universal doom in the year 1000. This expectation erally sunk under the plane of the surrounding styles. In wood-suspended even vengeance and war. The truce of God' was work, panels are thinner parts used to fill in strong framing, as in proclaimed. Enormous riches were placed upon the altars. Wordoors, shutters, &c. These are sometimes highly ornamented ship and praise never ceased. The fields were left uncultivated; with tracery, shields, &c. (as in figs. 2 and 3). In late Gothic serfs were set free; four kings and thousands of nobles retired to architecture, the panel is very often carved into the linen pat- the cloister; and all men, according to their tendencies, prepared tern' (fig. 1). Panelling is a style of ornament greatly used in to die. Elizabethan architecture. The ceilings and walls are covered with it, and every piece of furniture is cut up into panels of every variety of form. Panels are said to 'fielded' when the center of the panel is raised with mouldings, &c. PANEL (properly the slip or 'pane' of parchment on which the names of the jurors are written) is, in the practice of the English law, used to denote the body or set of jurors, consisting of 12 men, who try a cause, civil or criminal. In Scotch criminal law, the prisoner is usually called the panel. PANGE LINGUA (Lat. 'Proclaim, O Tongue'), one of the most remarkable of the hymns of the Roman Breviary, and like its kindred hymn, Lauda Sion, a most characteristic example as well of the medieval Latin versification as of that union of theology with asceticism, which a large class of these hymns present. The Pangé Lingua is a hymn in honor of the Eucliarist, and be longs to the service of the Festival of Corpus Christi. It is from the pen of the great angelic doctor, Thomas Aquinas (q. v.) and consists of six strophes of verses in alternate rhyme. Besides its place in the office of the Breviary, this hymn forms part of the service called Benediction with the Blessed Sacrament, and is sung on all occasions of the exposition, procession, and other public acts of Eucharistic worship. PA'NGOLIN, or PENGOLIN, a name sometimes extended to all the species of Manis (q.v.), but originally belonging to M. pentadactyla, also called SHORT-TAILED MANIS, and in some parts of India BAJJERKEIT; this species being a native of most parts of the East Indies, and P., its Malayan name, derived from a word which signifies to roll up; the animal having the habit of rolling itself up, on apprehension of danger, into a compact ball, the head in the center, and its muscular mail-covered tail enfolding all. The food of the P. consists chiefly of ants, and like the rest of the genus, it is entirely destitute of teeth, and has a round, extensile tongue. Its claws are long and strong; it doubles them up like the American ant-eaters when it walks. It resides in burrows, which it excavates to the depth of seven or eight feet in the ground. It is capable of climbing trees, and the tail is prehensile. The whole length of the animal including the tail, is almost five feet, the tail being not quite half the length of the body. It is a gentle animal, easily tamed, and of an affectionate disposition. PANIC is where fear, whether arising from an adequate or inadequate cause, obtains the mastery over every other consideration and motive, and urges to dastard extravagance, or hurries into danger, or death. An inexplicable sound causes a rusli from a church, a vague report in the market-place causes a run on a bank, and precipitate the very events that are dreaded. This emotion either differs from natural apprehension, or presents so intense and uncontrollable a form of the feeling, that it is propagable from one person to another, and involves alike the educated and ignorant-those who act from judgment as well as those who act from impulse. There are, besides this feature, several grounds for believing that such manifestations of involuntary terror are of morbid origin, and should be regarded as moral epidemics. They have generally arisen during, or have followed, seasons of scarcity and physical want and disease, the ravages of war, or periods of great religious fervour and superstition. The dancing mania, the retreat of the French army from Moscow, and recent and familiar commercial panics afford illustrations of certain of these relations. The most notable instance of universal panic, and that which demonstrates most aptly the connection here indicated, is the dread of the approaching end of the world which pervaded all minds, and almost broke up human society in the 10th century. The empire of Charlemagne had fallen to pieces; public misfortune and civil discord merged into misery and famine so extreme that cannibalism prevailed even in Paris; superstitious and vague predictions became formalized into a prophecy of the end of all It is worthy of note that during all pestilences there have arisen epidemic terrors, not so much of the devastations of disease, as of plots and poisonings directed by the rich against the poor. Even where these epidemic terrors are legitimately traceable to local and physical causes, as in the case of the singular affection timoria, which occurs in the marshy and unhealthy districts in Sardinia, the tremor and trepidation, and other phenomena, are ascribed to the magical influence of enemies. For the origin of the name, see PAN. PA'NICLE, in Botany, a mode of Inflorescence (q. v.) in which the floral axis is not only divided, but also subdivided more or less frequently. The panicle may thus be regarded as a Raceme (q. v.), of which the branches (or flower-stalks) are branched. Most The panicle is a very common kind of inflorescence. of the grasses exhibit it, and' many other plants, both endogenous and exogenous. The common lilac affords a good example of it. The panicle, variously modified as to its form, and the arrangement and relative lengths of its branches and branchlets, becomes a Cyme (q. v.), Thyrsus (q. v.), &c. PA'NICUM. See MILLET. PAN'INI, the greatest known grammarian of ancient India, whose work on the Sanscrit language has up to the present day remained the standard of Sanscrit grammar. Its merits are so great that P. was ranked among the R'ishis (q. v.), or inspired seers, and at a later period of Sanscrit literature, was supposed to have received the fundamental rules of his work from the god S'iva himself. Of the personal history of P., nothing positive is known, except that he was a native of the village S'alâtura, situated north-west of Attock, on the Indus-whence he is also surnamed S'âlâturîya-and that his mother was called Dâkshi, wherefore, on his mother's side, he must have been a descendant of the celebrated family of Daksha. A tale-book, the Kathasaritsagara (i. e., the ocean for the rivers of tales), gives, indeed, some circumstantial account of the life and death of P.; but its narrative is so absurd, and the work itself of so moderate a dateit was written in Caslimere, at the beginning of the 12th c.-that no credit whatever can be attached to the facts related by it, or to the inferences which modern scholars have drawn from them. According to the views expressed by Goldstücker (Pân'ini, his Place in Sanscrit Literatare: London, 1861), it is probable that P. lived before S'akyamuni, the founder of the Buddhist religion, whose death took place about 543 B.C., but that a more definite date of the great grammarian has but little chance of ascertainment in the actual condition of Sanscrit philology.-The grammar of P. consists of eight Adhyayas, or books, each book comprising four Pâdas, or chapters, and each chapter a number of Sûtras (q. v.) or aphoristical rules. The latter amount in the whole to 3996; but three, perhaps four, of them did not originally belong to the work of Pân'ini. The arrangement of these rules differs completely from what a European would expect in a grammatical work, for it is based on the principal of tracing linguistic phenomena, and not concerned in the classification of the linguistic material, according to the so-called parts of speech. A chapter, for instance, treating of a prolongation of vowels, will deal with such a fact wherever it occurs, be it in the formation of bases, or in conjugation, declension, composition, &c. The rules of conjugation, declension, &c., are, for the same reason, not to be met with in the same chapter or in the same order which European grammars would teach them; nor would any single book or chapter, however apparently more systematically arranged-from a European point of view-such as the chapters on affixes or composition, suffice by itself to convey the full linguistic material concerned in it, apart from the rest of the work. In a general manner, P.'s work may therefore be called a natural history of the Sanscrit language, in the sense that it has the strict tendency of giving an accurate description of facts, instead of making such a description subservient to the theories according to which the linguistic material is usually distributed by European grammarians. Whatever objections may be raised against such an arrangement, the very fact of its differing from that in our grammars makes it peculiarly instructive to the European student, as it accustoms his mind to survey language from another point of view than that usually presented to him, and as it must induce him, too, to question the soundness of many linguistic theories now looked upon as axiomatic truths. As the method of P. requires in a student the power of combining many rules scattered all over the work, and of combining, also, many inferences to be drawn from these rules, it exercises, moreover, on the mind of the stu |