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CHESTNUT

CHEVALIER

169

used for tanning, but is worth only about half the also been introduced, of which E. indica is prob price of oak-bark. Young chestnut-trees are much ably the handsomest. E. rubicunda, the so-called esteemed for hop and espalier poles. The chestnut scarlet-flowered horse-chestnut, although sometimes is therefore frequently grown in England as coppice- described as a native of North America, is perhaps wood; but it succeeds well as a timber-tree even in only a variety of the preceding. The American Scotland, although it does not generally ripen its species of Esculus and its practically indistinguishfruit. In Devonshire, however, and in some other able ally, a sub-genus Pavia, are popularly termed parts of England, it is planted as a fruit-tree. It Buck-eye. None is so beautiful, or at least possesses succeeds throughout all the middle latitudes of such a combination of beauties, as the common Germany, but dislikes a damp foggy atmosphere. horse-chestnut; but P. californica, although only It prefers a dry light soil, and succeeds only where reaching a height of 12 to 15 feet, has a singular there is a dry subsoil. The nuts are generally three wealth of fragrant blossom. P. rubra, with its in each husk. They form an important part of the many varieties, is the Red Buck-eye. food of the poor in the south of Europe, being used In Queensland the seeds of Castanospermum, a either roasted or boiled, and are ground into flour, leguminous tree, are sometimes eaten like chestnuts, and made into a kind of bread. They contain 15 and so called; similarly is it at the Cape with the per cent. of sugar, and by pressure yield a fer- seeds of Brabejum stellatum, a Proteaceous plant. mentable sugary juice. When cultivated as a The so-called water-chestnut of Europe is the fruit-tree it is generally grafted, by which means curious horned nut of Trapa natans (order Halorathe better varieties are secured. A variety with giaceae), and is an article of food in southern golden-edged foliage, and another with thin thread- Europe, China, and Cashmere. See TRAPA. like divided leaves, are sometimes cultivated for their foliage. Other species also bear eatable fruits: those of the American Chestnut (C. americana), a tree much resembling the common chestnut, and of the Dwarf Chestnut, or Chinquapin (C. pumila), a low tree, or more generally a shrub Chettle, HENRY, a dramatist and pamphleteer of 7-8 feet high, are used in America.-A number of the 16th century, was editor of Greene's Groat'sof species are natives of the East. The inhabit-worth of Wit (1592), wrote thirteen plays of conants of the mountains of Java eat the fruit of the siderable merit, and was part author of thirty-five Silvery Chestnut (C. argentea), and the Tungurrut others, including Robin Hood in two parts, Patient Tungurrut), boiled or roasted, like the common Grisel, The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, and chestnut. Both of these are large trees, the Tun-Jane Shore. In Meres's Palladis Tamia (1598) he gurrut reaching a height of 150 feet. Closely akin to the true chestnuts is the Californian Chinquapin Castanopsis Chrysophylla).

The HORSE-CHESTNUT (Esculus Hippocastanum) is a wholly distinct Sapindaceous tree, supposed to have been introduced from Asia about the middle or latter half of the 16th century; and of which the exceptionally magnificent foliage and blossom, rapid growth, stately size, and general effect have made it a favourite among arboriculturists, though the timber is soft and of little value. It forms singularly effective avenues: those of Bushy Park at Hampton Court Palace near London are well known and largely visited, particularly when in

Branch, with Blossom, of Horse-chestnut
(Esculus Hippocastanum):

vertical section of single flower; b, fruit; c, a single seed,
its coat partly removed.

flower. The palmate leaves and terminal racemes or panicles need no description, while the characteristic 3-lobed, thick, prickly capsule, with its one or two (rarely three fully developed) beautifully marked and coloured seeds, is among the most familiar recollections of childish treasure-trove in autumn. Other species and varieties have

Chetham, HUMPHREY (1580-1653), a Manchester merchant and cloth manufacturer, founder of a bluecoat hospital and of a public library at Manchester (q.v.). See BOOK-CLUB.

is mentioned as one of the best for comedy amongst us. Of his other works, his Kind-Hart's Dreame (1593?) and Englande's Mourning Garment (1603) are of interest, the former as containing an apology undoubtedly intended for Shakespeare as one of those whom Greene had attacked; the latter, a stanza supposed to be addressed to Shakespeare as silver-tonged Melicert.' Chettle died about

1607.

Chevalier, an honorary title given, especially in the 18th century, to younger sons of French noble families. Brought up in comparative luxury, and left at the death of their fathers almost entirely unprovided for, these men generally lived at the expense of others, as a sort of aristocratic parasites, even when they did not prefer recourse to such less honourable means of livelihood as gave occasion to the synonym for swindler, chevalier d'industrie. In the plays of the 18th century the chevalier is a constant figure.-Both the Old and Young Pretender were called the Chevalier by their partisans.

Chevalier, MICHEL, an eminent French economist, was born at Limoges, January 13, 1806, and was trained as an engineer. At first an ardent St Simonian and busy contributor to the Globe, he attached himself to the party of Enfantin, and took an active part in the compilation of the famous propagandist Livre Nouveau. After six months' imprisonment in 1832, he had the prudence to retract all that he had written in the Globe contrary to Christianity and against marriage. Soon after he was sent by Thiers to inquire into the systems of water and railway communication in the United States. In 1837 he published his chief work, Des Interets Materiels en France. He was made a councillor of state in 1838, and was appointed in 1840 to the chair of Political Economy in the Collège de France. In 1845 he was returned by Aveyron to the Chamber of Deputies. After the revolution of 1848 he made onslaughts that were never met upon the socialism of Louis Blane in Questions de Travailleurs, as well as in the Recue des Deux Mondes and the Journal des Debats. A number of these vigorous and masterly articles were collected under the titles, Lettres sur

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l'Organisation du Travail (1848) and Questions politiques et sociales (1852). A free-trader in economics, Chevalier in 1860 aided Cobden in carrying into effect the commercial treaty between France and England. For this he was created a senator and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. He took an active interest in the great exhibitions at London (1862) and Paris (1867). He died at Montpellier, 28th November 1879.

Chevaux-de-Frise (Fr., Friesland horses,' so called as having been first used in Friesland during the wars of the 17th century) is a military obstacle of the form shown in the

Chevaux-de-Frise.

figure. It is difficult to make unless skilled labour and the necessary materials, such as iron railings, gas-pipes or hop-poles, are at hand, but is kept in a fortress as an article of store. The pattern used by the British army consists of a cylindrical iron tube, 6 feet long and about 5 inches in diameter, pierced with 12 holes to receive as many spears of the same length, which are packed in the tube when not required. Several lengths connected by chains may be used as barriers or as obstacles in the ditch of a fort, or in any place where required. It is, however, generally easy to roll them out of the way, though at the siege of Badajoz, during the Peninsular war, one formed of sword-blades fixed into beams of wood, and placed in the breach, was found to be a very serious obstacle by the British storming party. Chevet. See APSE.

Cheviot Hills, a mountain-range occupying contiguous parts of the counties of Northumberland and Roxburgh, on the English and Scotch borders, and running 35 miles from near the junction of the Till and Tweed, in the NE., to the sources of the Liddel, in the SW. The principal points are Cheviot Hill (2676 feet) and Peel Fell (1964). West of Carter Fell, these hills chiefly consist of Silurian rocks overlaid by Old Red Sandstone, and Lower Carboniferous strata, with which various igneous rocks are associated. The east portion of the range, including higher and more or less conical and abrupt hills, is built up almost exclusively of ancient lava-flows and tuffs (porphyrite and porphyrite-tuff), which are traversed by a mass of augite-granite, and by veins of felsite, dikes of basalt, &c. In the Cheviot Hills are the sources of the Liddel, Tyne, Coquet, and some of the branches of the Tweed. Grouse abound, and the golden eagle is occasionally seen. These hills afford pas ture for the Cheviots, a superior breed of sheep. They have been the scene of many a bloody contest between the English and Scotch, and the name is commemorated in that of the famous old ballad of Chevy Chase, for the history in which see OTTERBURN. See five articles by Professor James Geikie in Good Words (1876).

Chevreul, MICHEL EUGENE, a great French chemist, born at Angers, August 31, 1786. At seventeen he went to Paris, where he pursued the study of chemistry at the College of France, under the famous Vauquelin, with such zeal and success that at twenty he was allowed to take charge of the laboratory. He next lectured at the Collège Charlemagne, and was appointed special professor of Chemistry in charge of the dyeing department

CHEVROTAINS

at the Gobelins. In 1826 he took his seat in the Academy of Sciences, and in 1830 became director of the Museum of Natural History. One of his earliest discoveries was that of margarine, oleine, and stearine in oils and fats. His studies in fatty bodies and his theory of saponification have opened up vast industries. Between the years 1828 and 1864 Chevreul studied colours, publishing important memoirs from time to time. This patriarch of the scientific world, 'le doyen des étudiants de France,' as he loved to be called, kept up his studies to an age seen by but few. In 1886 the hundredth anni versary of his birth was celebrated with great enthusiasm. A medal was struck, and a grand fête given at the Museum in his honour, while he was presented with his bust by his colleagues at the Academy of Sciences. Chevreul was F.R.S. and a Commander of the Legion of Honour. Besides papers and memoirs innumerable in the learned journals, he published works on dyeing (1831), on the optical effects of silk stuffs, on colours and their application to the industrial arts (1864), and histories of chemical science (1866) and of theories of matter (1878). His De la Baguette divinatoire, du Pendule explorateur et des Tables tournantes (1854), is the best book on the subjects which it treats. Died April 10, 1889.

Chevron, in Architecture, a moulding in the form of a succession of chevrons, otherwise called a zigzag moulding. In general, it is characteristic

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a pair of compasses. Chevronel, a diminutive-half the size of the chevron.

CHEVRON is also the name of a V-shaped band of worsted braid or gold lace, worn on the sleeve by non-commissioned officers of the British army as a badge of rank. Four chevrons indicate a sergeant-major or staff-sergeant, three a sergeant, two a corporal, and one a bombardier in the artillery, a second corporal in the engineers, and a lancecorporal in other branches. Good-conduct badges are precisely similar, but the point is upwards instead of downwards. They are worn by non-commissioned officers below the rank of sergeant, and by private soldiers as well. A similar use is made of chevrons in the army of the United States and other countries.

Chevrotains, or MOUSE DEER (Tragulida), a family of small ungulates, intermediate between true deer and hogs. The family includes two genera, Tragulus and Hyomoschus, often confused with musk-deer, with which they have no special connection. As to characters it may be noted that they have no upper front teeth, but well-developed

CHEVY CHASE

pointed canines, especially in the males; there are foar complete toes on each foot; there are no horns nor musk-glands; the stomach has no distinct manyplies, and thus only three chambers; the placenta is diffuse. Tragulus is represented by a Bumber of small species from southern and southeastern Asia, Malay Archipelago, &c.; T. javannicus is much eaten. Hyomoschus is represented by a single species (H. aquaticus) from the west coast of Africa. It is rather larger and stouter than Tragulus, and has aquatic habits. The family dates from the Miocene period. See UNGULATES. Chevy Chase. See OTTERBURN.

Chewing-gum, a preparation the use of which has become a widespread habit in the United States. It is made from a gum called Chicle, produed by a Mexican tree allied to the india-rubber tree, and first imported in 1867 with a view to its employment in india-rubber manufacture. The gim is sweetened, and may be flavoured with peppermint, liquorice, tolu, or other flavouring sultances. Spruce-gum is also much used in its manufacture.

Cheyenne, the capital of Wyoming territory, US, situated on the eastern slope of the Laramie Muntains, at the height of 6000 feet above the sea. It is an important station of the Union Pacific Railroad at its junction with the Denver Pacific and Colorado Central railroads, and is 106 miles N. of

Denver, and 516 miles W. of Omaha. Coal and iron are found in its neighbourhood. Cheyenne, settled in 1967, had in 1870 a population of 1450; in 1880, 3456; in 1890, 11,690.

Cheyenne Indians, a warlike branch of the Algonquin stock, originally on the Red River of the North, later on the Cheyenne River in Wyoming, and as far south as the Arkansas. From 1861 to 1867 the government had frequent wars and other troubles with them. They are now partially settled in Indian Territory.

Cheyne, GEORGE, physician, was born in 1671 at Methlick, in Aberdeenshire, and, after studying at Edinburgh under Pitcairn, started a London practice in 1702, in which year he was elected a Felow of the Royal Society. Full living made him enormously fat (thirty-two stone weight), as well easthmatic, but from a strict adherence to a milk and vegetable diet he derived so much benefit that he recommended it in all the later of his dozen medical treatises, which included A New Theory of Fevers (1701); Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion (1705); Essay of Health and Long Life (1725), and The English Malady, a Nervous Disorders (1733). Cheyne died at Bath, 13th April 1743.

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Chiabrera, GABRIELLO, an Italian poet, born at Savona, 8th June 1552. He was educated at Rome under the care of his uncle, after whose death he entered the service of Cardinal Cornaro, but was obliged to leave it for revenging himself upon a Roman nobleman who had wronged him. He married at fifty, and after an easy and well-spent life, died at eighty-five, 14th October 1637. Chiabrera's poetical faculty blossomed late. thusiastic student of Greek, he conceived a great admiration of Pindar, and strove not unsuccessfully to imitate him. He was not less happy in catching the naif and pleasant spirit of Anacreon; his can zonette being distinguished for their ease and elegance, while his Lettere Famigliari was the first attempt to introduce the poetical epistle into Italian literature. Chiabrera also wrote several epics, bucolics, and dramatic poems. Collections of his lyrics, under the title Rime, were published at Rome in 1718 (3 vols.), at Venice in 1737 (5 vols.), and at Milan in 1807 (3 vols.). Prefixed is a naïf but interesting fragment of autobiography.

Chia'na (ancient Clanis), a river of Central Italy, originally a tributary of the Tiber, watering the perfectly level Val di Chiana, which its overflow district of Italy. The bed was deepened in 1789(see CHIUSI) rendered once the most pestilential 1816, and in 1823 extensive hydraulic works were undertaken for further improving the river-course, and for leading a northern branch, through canals, to the river Arno, a few miles below Arezzo, the southern stream reaching the Tiber through the Paglia at Orvieto. The double stream is 60 miles long, and to 1 mile broad; and the district has since become one of the most fruitful in all Italy.

Chianti, an Italian mountain-range, in the province of Siena, clothed with olive and mulberry trees and vines; the mountain gives name to an excellent red wine grown here.

Chiapas, LAS, a state of Mexico, on the Pacific, adjoining Guatemala. Largely a part of the table. climate; and where the navigable Rio Chiapas cuts land of Central America, it enjoys a delicious through the middle of the plateau, the valleys are among the most fertile portions of the republic, although the country is still almost everywhere clothed with primeval forest. Area, 21,275 sq. m.; pop. (1882) 205,362, chiefly aborigines, Capital, San Cristobal. Near Palenque, one of its towns, are most extensive and magnificent ruins.

of Syracuse, with trade in wine. Pop. 9364. Chiaramon'te, a town of Sicily, 30 miles W.

Chia'ri, a town of Lombardy, 13 miles W. of Brescia by rail, with manufactures of silk. At one time strongly fortified, it is memorable for the victory here of the Austrians, under Prince Eugene, over the French and Spaniards, under Villeroi, 24 September 1701. Pop. 5999.

Cheyne, THOMAS KELLY, one of the foremost Old Testament scholars in England, was born in London, September 18, 1841. Educated at Merchant Taylors School and Worcester College, Oxford, he carried off among other honours the Chancellor's medal for the English essay, and be tame Fellow of Balliol College in 1869. He was tor of Tendring in Essex from 1881 to 1885, when was appointed Oriel professor of the Interpretaof Holy Scripture at Oxford, and Canon of Foxhester He was a member of the Old Testarest Revision Company, and has contributed Chiar-oscu'ro (Ital.), an artistic term, comany articles on biblical questions to the magazines posed of two Italian words, the one of which and reviews. A critic of ripe scholarship and re-signifies light, the other darkness or shadow. But Larkable clearness in exposition, free from the chiaroscuro signifies neither light nor shadow; tendency to rash destructiveness that mars the neither is it adequately described by saying that work of so many of the best contemporary crities in it is the art of disposing of both the lights and Germany, he has done much to advance biblical shadows in a picture, so long as either is regarded ence in England without weakening the real apart from the other. It is rather the art of battress of the faith. His chief books are The representing light in shadow and shadow in light, Er pheeses of Isaiah (1880; 3d ed. 1885); Exposi- ¦ so that the parts represented in shadow shall still

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have the clearness and warmth of those in light, and those in light the depth and softness of those in shadow. It is not the making of the one die softly and gradually away into the other, but the preservation of both in combination, as we constantly see it in nature, when the light is not the mere glare of the sun striking on a particular object, nor the shadow the entire absence of the influence of light. That the skilful treatment of chiar-oscuro is a matter of extreme difficulty is plain enough from the very small number of artists who ever attain to it. Still, it is a branch of art without the mastery of which no painting can be successful in any department. It is as indispensable in portrait-painting as in the highest departments of ideal arts; and though a just and even a lofty conception of the subject may be distinctly indicated by attention to form alone, it is impossible that its realisation can ever be satisfactorily accomplished by any one who has not mastered this most subtle mode of handling colours. The only mode by which a knowledge of chiarOscuro can be attained, so as to apply it to practice, is by studying it as exhibited in the works of such painters as Titian, Rubens, Rembrandt, and Correggio.

Chiastolite, a variety of the mineral Andalusite (q.v.).

Chia'vari, a port of Italy, 24 miles ESE. of Genoa by rail, with a number of fine churches and palaces, fisheries, and some trade. Pop. 8582.

Chiavenna, a town of Lombardy, beautifully situated to the north of Lake Como, on the way to the Splügen Pass. Pop. 2848.

Chica, a dyestuff giving an orange-red colour to cotton. It is obtained by boiling the leaves of a species of Bignonia (B. chica), a climber of the banks of the Cassiquiare and the Orinoco. Indians use it for painting their bodies. BIGNONIACEAE.-CHICA, or CHICHA, is also the name of a kind of beer made from Maize (q.v.).

The

See

Chicacole, a town of the district of Ganjam, in the Madras province, on the Languliya River, 567 miles NE. of Madras by the Grand Trunk Road. For many years it was a military station, and has a reputation for muslins. Pop. (1881) 16,355.

by J. B. Lippincott Company.

Chicago (pron. Shekah'go) is situated near the north-east corner of the state of Illinois, about the fork and mouth of the Chicago Copyright 1889 in U.S. River, on the west shore and near the head of Lake Michigan, in 41° 52' N. lat., and 87° 35' W. long. The city covers an area of nearly 187 sq. m., or 119,180 acres, and is divided by the river and its branches into north, south, and west sides,' which are connected with each other by forty-eight bridges, and two tunnels for vehicles and passengers. The river frontage, counting both margins, extends 41 miles.

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Joliet and Marquette visited the place in 1673, and a rude church was erected by the latter in the following year. At a subsequent date the French, in extending their possessions to New Orleans, built a fort here, which was afterwards abandoned. In 1795 the Indians, who had been very troublesome, agreed to a treaty whereby they, among other things, ceded to the government one piece of land, six miles square, at the mouth of the Chekajo River, emptying into the south-west end of Lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood;' and near the mouth of the river Fort Dearborn' was built in 1804. The history of Chicago as a city dates from 1837, when it was incorporated, with a population within its limits of 4170. In 1840 the first census was taken, the inhabitants numbering 4479. In 1845, however, these figures were nearly trebled, the statistics showing 12,088. Since that

CHICAGO

time the city has made prodigious strides in extent and in the acquisition of wealth. From a small trading village it has expanded into a great metropolis, ranking, in the United States, second only to New York. It is the largest grain market in the world; and more hogs are killed, and more pork, bacon, and lard shipped, than in and from any other two cities on the continent. Its rapid growth has continued, and the population was in 1870, 298,977; in 1880, 303,185; in 1890, 1,099,133. The site on which to rear such a city was anything but enticing, the land in places being barely on a level with the lake; but thoroughfares were gradually raised from 8 to 12 feet, and the surrounding lots progressively filled in. Now Chicago has some of the finest streets (laid out with mathematical regularity; cf. map) in all America, notably Michigan Avenue and Drexel Boulevard, and its thoroughfares measure altogether 2048 miles. There are eight city railway companies, with 395 miles of track; considerable portions of the north, south, and west side roads being worked by the cable system.

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The dark shading shows the area of the great fire. Among the public buildings of Chicago, many of them noted for their architectural beauty, are the new Board of Trade building, of granite, with a tower, rising 304 feet from the street level; the county court-house and city-hall, a structure of Silurian limestone and Maine granite, erected at a cost of nearly $6,000,000; the criminal court and county gaol; the United States custom-house and post office; the Art Institute building; the Dearborn Observatory; the Exposition Building, an immense structure on the lake front, frequently used for concerts and exhibitions; the Auditorium, a public hall, with a seating capacity of 7500; 24 theatres and several music-halls; 34 hotels, some palatial in size and appointments: the Cook County Hospital, with accommodation for 800 patients; 6 other hospitals, and 25 orphan asylums and other benevolent institutions.

Chicago is also a city of church buildings, yet it contains fewer church-going people in proportion to its population than any other American city. All the places of amusement-theatres, concert halls, dime museums, summer gardens, &c.-are crowded with the working-classes on Sunday; and in the summer season the pleasure-steamers are loaded with excursionists. All Sunday laws

CHICAGO

have been repealed, and the day is one of general festivity. Of churches there are about 420 of all denominations, many of them fine specimens of ecclesiastical architecture. The educational scheme of Cincago is excellent. Besides three high schools, there are 194 public schools where, in 1890, 135,551 pupils were enrolled, under 2850 teachers and prin. cials; the total cost of the system for the year being $3,787,222. There are also a large number of testical and commercial colleges, a university at Evanston, 12 miles to the north, with some 800 students, and several religious seminaries in the city and its suburbs; besides about 345 private schools of all denominations, with 31,095 pupils and over 660 teachers. The public library, with 150,257 volumes, in 1890 ranked first in the United States; and in that year the Newberry Free Library, founded by a legacy of $2,000,000, was in course of construction. There are 20 daily newspapers published in Chicago, and about 250 magaEnes and periodicals.

The park system is without a parallel in America; it embraces Lincoln Park, on the lake shore to the north, and five others, and is divided into three sections, all connected or nearly so by magnificent boulevards, which, with the park drives, measure 74 miles. Among other open spaces are 20 large cemeteries, beautifully laid out,

des numerous smaller parks and squares, and three driving parks close to the city. The watersupply system is considered to be the finest of any In the country, with its 1205 miles of pipe; a new tunnel, capable of furnishing 100,000,000 gallons a day, and running 4 miles out into Lake Michigan, was constructed in 1888.

The sewerage of the city is emptied, by a canal for necting the Chicago and Illinois rivers, into the Missippi, and thence to the Gulf of Mexico; and the garbage is disposed of by fire, in a furnace specially constructed for the purpose, capable of e-nsuming 150 tons a day. Of the large cities of the country, Chicago is one of the healthiest. The lowest death-rate was 1570 in 1878, and the highest 23 60 in 1882. The rate of mortality for 1×@ was 18-22.

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The manufactures of the city include nearly every conceivable variety of production, from a child's toy to the largest steam-engine. number of establishments for 1890 is given as 3250; capital employed, $190,000,000; employees, 177,000; wages paid, $96,200,000, with the value of the whole product estimated at $538,000,000. wholesale trade of the city is of equally extensive proportions, the volume of business for 1890 being

The great secret of Chicago's phenomenal growth is it transportation facilities by rail and water. Fly one-third of the railroad system of the United States centres there, and, with its branches, comprises over 66,000 miles of permanent way. The amount of through tonnage forwarded via Chicago Les during 1890 was 4,595,440 tons. But the at waterway by Lake Michigan and its connec-placed at 8486,600,000; the value of imported mer

tons is unquestionably of most importance for the prosperity of the city. In 1890, 11,300 vessels, with a tonnage of 5,052,172, entered, and 11,401,

tha tonnage of 5,063,879, cleared the port. Mt of the lake-vessels, though they are often A and handsome craft, differ considerably in d and rig from sea-going vessels. In 1888 a steamer from London direct landed her cargo at 21 in city. This was the first event of the kind,

mgh sailing-vessels had previously cleared Lence for European ports.

South west of the city, and just beyond its limits, are the Union Stock-yards, established in 1866, the gest live stock market in the world, occupying **acres of land, and costing upwards of $3,500,000. Ievard and pens cover 160 acres, with accommodafon for 25,000 head of cattle, 150,000 head of hogs, 2 sheep, and stabling for 1000 horses. About mies of railroad track are owned by the comv, and these connect with every road centering The combined capacity of the packing - located at the yards is about 80,000 hogs Another remarkable feature of the ngo cattle trade is the 'dressed beef' business; ates large orders for canned meats are also filled,

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chandise entered for consumption was $15,406,786, and the duties collected thereon $5,182,476.50. Chicago has 37 banks, with a total capital of about $25,352,000; the bank clearings for 1890 amounted to $4,093,145,904. The assessed valuation of real and personal property in the city for 1890 was $219,354,368,

What is known as the great fire, which broke out on Sunday, October 7, 1871, devastated a total area, including streets, of nearly 34 sq. m.; about 17,450 buildings were burned, 98,500 persons rendered homeless, and some 200 lives sacrificed, the total money loss being estimated at $190,000,000, As a result of this disaster, when this central portion was rebuilt, brick, iron, and stone structures were erected, and stone pavements also were substituted for wood. Another conflagration, on July 14, 1874, destroyed about $4,000,000 worth of property, including over 600 houses, mostly frame shanties. On the evening of May 4, 1886, occurred the Haymarket Massacre,' in which eight police men were killed and sixty maimed by a dynamite bomb thrown by an anarchist from among a crowd of labour agitators, For this crime four men were hanged, November 11, 1887, and three others

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